Hell's Cartel_IG Farben and the Making of Hitler's War Machine
Page 54
I would like to say a very big thank you to the archivists and librarians of the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum Archives, the Unternehmensarchiv der BASF AG, the Werksarchiv der Bayer AG, the Bundesarchiv, the Berlin Document Center, the British Library, the Carl Bosch Museum, the Chester Fritz Library at the University of South Dakota, the Hoechst Archive, the Imperial War Museum (Duxford), the London Library, the Manchester Museum of Science and Industry, the National Newspaper Library, the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom National Archives (formerly the Public Record Office), the University of Southampton Library, the University of Sussex Library, the U.S. Library of Congress, the U.S. National Archives, the U.S. Holocaust Museum, and the Wellcome Library for the History and Understanding of Medicine. Without exception, the staffs of these institutions were courteous and patient when responding to my requests and provided more assistance and advice than I had any right to hope for, particularly as, at times, they also had to cope with my very obvious linguistic deficiencies. Hans Hermann Pogarell at Bayer and Dr. Susan Becker at BASF were especially helpful in this regard, and I am very much in their debt. In a similar vein, I am beholden to Mark Nash for helping me find relevant material in the United States, to Karl Hause and Sonia Remer for doing the same in Germany and for providing much-needed help with translation, and to Neil Gower for the excellent chart and map.
It is equally important, I feel, to pay tribute to the scholarship of the many academic historians whose insights and erudition informed my understanding of the relationship between German industry and the Nazi state, the nature and scale of IG Farben, and the tragedy of Auschwitz. There are too many of them to name individually and, in any case, a full list of relevant books and articles can be found in the bibliography, but the works of the following were particularly helpful: Michael Burleigh, Richard Evans, Peter Hayes, Gottfried Plumpe, Martin Gilbert, Adam Tooze, Franciszek Piper, Deborah Dwork, and Robert Jan Van Pelt. In addition, I should mention the late Primo Levi, whose published accounts of his dreadful experiences at the Buna-Werke proved a constant inspiration.
I am also very grateful to the National Ex–Prisoner of War Association for helping me find former British POWs from IG Auschwitz and to Denis Avey, Ronald Redman, Jack Green, John Melville-White, Cyril F. Quartermaine, and a number of other surviving POWs and their families who prefer to retain their privacy for sharing their often painful memories with me in letters and conversation. Their tale, which I have only touched on in this book, has been somewhat overshadowed by the wider tragedy of the Holocaust but it deserves to be remembered and I hope that one day a better storyteller than I will do it full justice. My deepest thanks, too, go to Belle Mayer Zeck, Drexel Sprecher (both, sadly, now deceased), and Benjamin Ferencz for their memories of Nuremberg; to Ernst Eichengrün for his insights on Arthur Eichengrün’s work at Bayer; to the late Hermann Müller and the Wolff, Gordon, and Heuytens families for their time and reflections; and to others, among them descendants of former IG Farben employees, who agreed to help me anonymously.
My extraordinarily gifted editor, Sara Bershtel, somehow imposed order on the complex narrative that landed on her desk, corrected my most egregious mistakes, and was always on hand with advice and encouragement. Her colleague Riva Hocherman supplied invaluable readings and ingenious suggestions. Any writing of merit in this book is surely down to them, and to Roslyn Schloss, who copyedited the manuscript with remarkable sensitivity and attention to detail. I am enormously grateful for the professionalism, skill, and patience of all those involved in the editorial production process at Metropolitan Books. Likewise to Bill Swainson at Bloomsbury, who was unstinting with support, wise counsel, and perceptive, constructive criticism. I am also delighted to be able to thank the Society of Authors and the Authors’ Foundation, in particular Antonia Fraser, Daniel Johnson, John Mole, Stella Tillyard, and Erica Wagner, for giving material assistance at an absolutely critical juncture, and Ileen Maisel, who always believed in this book and generously provided lunch and encouragement at difficult times.
My agent and dear friend Anthony Sheil, who astonished me yet again by his willingness to read through and comment incisively on early drafts of a manuscript, was typically unflagging in his kindness and support and dispensed wine, sympathy, and sound advice whenever things got tough. As ever, I am hugely indebted to him and to Leah Middleton, Sally Riley, and all at Aitken Alexander Associates for their careful handling of my affairs.
And last but not least, I want to thank my parents, family, and friends for their love and understanding and for enduring my preoccupation with a project that took far longer than anyone anticipated. Fortunately, Patsy, Laura, and Joe, who had to live with it every day, never let me forget what was truly important. They know what I owe them.
INDEX
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
Abbott Laboratories
Abwehr (military intelligence service)
Abyssinia
acetanilide
acetophenetidine
acetylsalicylic acid. See aspirin
Adkin, John
Adolzfurt DAG plant
advertising
A.E.G. (German electrical power combine)
Agfa (Aktiengesellschaft für Anilinfabrikation)
agriculture
Albania
alizarin red
Allied bombing
WW I and
WW II and
Allied Chemicals
Allied Control Council
Allies, WW I. See also specific countries
chemical industries and
German settlement with
peace commission, post–WW I
poison gas and
Rhineland occupation by
U-boat campaign vs.
Allies, WW II, See also specific countries
advance at end of war
death camps and
IG Farben at end of war and
alloy mines
Alsace-Lorraine
aluminum
Ambros, Otto
Amchan, Morris
American IG Chemical Company
ammonia, synthetic. See nitrogen and nitrates, synthetic
ammonium sulphate saltpeter
anarcho-syndicalists
aniline dyes See also coal tar; and specific dyes
animal experiments
antiepilepsy drugs
Antifebrine (acetanilide)
antipyrine
anti-Semitism. See also Jews
antitrust laws
antranalic acid
Anzio, battle of
AO (Auslandorganisation, Foreign Organization)
Arbeitsausschuss (Working Committee)
Argentina
Armistice Commission at Wiesbaden
arsenicals
Aryanization
aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)
Latin America and, (Cafiaspirina)
UK and
U.S. and
Aspro brand
Association for Sales Promotion
Aufsichstrat (supervisory board)
Auschwitz camps. See also Buna-Werke; Monowitz
Aussiger Verein firm
Austria
Anschluss and
autarky (self-sufficiency)
Autobahnen
automobile industry
Aventis
Avey, Denis
Baeyer, Adolf von
BASF-Agfa-Bayer Dreibund
BASF (Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik)
American assets and
Dreibund and
early dye industry and
fuels research and
IG Farben founding and
Ilgner at
labor and
nitrates and
&
nbsp; Oppau explosion and
poison gases and
post–WW I
post–WW II
rubber research and
Schmitz hired by
VKPS uprising and
WW I and
WW II and
BASF Group
Bauer, Max
Baumann, Ernst
Bayer, Friedrich
Bayer AG
aspirin and
Dreibund and
Duisberg and
early pharmaceuticals and
founded as Friedrich Bayer and Company
heroin and
IG Farben and
joins IGDT
labor and
Lower Rhine work group and
nitrate research and
patents and
pharmaceuticals and
pharmaceuticals division, and WW II
poison gas and
post–WW II
rubber research and
South America and
U.S. and
WW I and
Bayer and Company (U.S. subsidiary)
Bayer family
Bayer Rensselaer plant
BBC
Bedford, Fred
Beilin, Aharon
Belgian labor
Belgian POWs
Belgium
Belorussia
Belzec camp
Benes, Eduard
Benzinvertrag (gasoline contract)
Bergen-Belsen camp
Bergius, Friedrich
Bergius process
Berlin
Allied bombing of
Depression and
at end of war
Olympics of 1936
Berlin, University of
Berliner Handelsgesellschaft
Berlin NW7 (satellite departments)
Berlin West bank
Berlin work group
Berndt, Erich
Berr, Raymond
Bethmann-Hollweg, Chancellor
Billingham hydrogenation plant
Birkeland, Kristian
Birkenau camp
Bismarck, Otto von
Black Reichswehr
blitzkrieg
Blockmeisters
Blomberg, Werner von
Bockelberg, Alfred von Vollard
Bohemia
Bohle, Ernst
Bölitz DAG plant
Bolshevisim
Bormann, Martin
Boruta dye firm
Bosch, Carl
death of
death of Duisberg and
Depression and
DuPont and
early career of
IG Farben and
Nazis and
Nobel Prize and
Oppau explosion and
politics and
Standard Oil and
synthetic fuels and
Versailles Treaty and
Bosch, Robert
Bosch firm (electrical manufacturer)
Bose, Herbert von
Bracht, Fritz
Braun, Werner von
Braunkohlenwerke Bruckdorf AG
Braunsfeld DAG plant
Brazil
Brest-Litovsk Treaty (1917)
British Army
Expeditionary Force
Fifteenth Corps
Intelligence
Seventh Armored Division
British Association for the Advancement of Science
British Chemical Warfare Service
British Foreign Office
British Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee (BIOS)
British Labour Party
British Parliament
British POWs
British Royal Air Force (RAF)
British Royal College for Chemistry
British Royal Navy
bromine gas (T-Stoff)
bromine process
Brüggemann, Max
Brunck, Heinrich
Bruning, Adolf
Bruning, Gustav von
Bruning family
Brüning, Heinrich
Brunner Mond and Company
Brzeszcze coal mine
Buchenwald camp
Budapest
Bulgaria
buna (synthetic rubber)
Buna-Werke (Auschwitz)
Bureau Haber
Bürgin, Ernst
Burth, Georg
butadiene
Bütefisch, Heinrich
butyl
Caesar, Julius
Caladium seguinum bush
Caporetto, Battle of
Carbidwerke Deutsch-Matrei AG
Caro, Heinrich
cartels, American
Cassella (Leopold) firm
Catholic Center Party (German)
Catholic Church
cellophane
Central Committee (IGF)
Central Germany work group
Central Powers
Central Rhine work group
Chamberlain, Neville
Charmatz, Jan
Charteris, Horace
Chelmno death camp
Chemical Industry Association (Verein zur Wahrung der Interessesen der chemischen Industrie Deutschlands)
chemicals sales combine
chemical weapons (poison gas)
Chemie Grünenthalemie-Verwaltungs AG
Chemische Fabrik von Heyden
chemistry. See also specific companies, individuals, and products
origins of industrial
rise of German, in nineteenth century
Childers, Erskine
Chile
China
chlorine
Ciba
cinchona bark
Circle of Economic Advisers
Circle of Friends
Clay, Lucius
coal
coal tar
Cold War
Cologne factory
Commercial Committee
Commerzbank association
Commissar Order (1941)
Communism
Communist Party (Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands, KPD)
Communist Party (Soviet Union)
concentration camps. See also specific camps
Condor Legion
Congo red
Conservative People’s Party (German)
Coolidge, Calvin
Coronel, Battle of
corporatism
Coward, Charles
Creditanstalt
Crookes, William
Crowley, Leo
Czechoslovakia
Dachau camp
Daily Mirror
Daily Telegraph
Dales, Leonard
Daly, Edward
Davidson, Frederick
Dawes Plan
Decree for the Consolidation of the German Nation (1939)
deflationary measures
Degesch. See Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung
Deladier, Edouard
denazification
Denmark
depression
of 1920–21
of 1929–33, (Great Depression)
detergents
Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung (wire service)
Deutsche Bank
Deutsche Gasolin group
Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Schädlingsbekämpfung (Degesch, German Pest Control Company)
Deutsche Länderbank
Deutschland (U-boat)
Dietrich, Gerhard
Dietrich, Hermann
Die Zeit (newspaper)
diglycol
divisional management committees
Doctors’ Trial
Donau-Chemie AG
Dondero, George A.
Dönitz, Karl
Dow Chemical
Doyle, Eric
Dreibund
Dresdener Bank
Dreser, Heinrich
DuBois, Josiah E.
Duchemin, René
Duisberg, Carl, Jr. (son)
Duisberg, Curt
Duisberg, Friedrich Carl, Sr.
Duisberg, Friedrich Carl (“Carl”)
death of
Dreibund and
early career of
IG Farben and
Leverkusen house of
Nazis and
synthetic fuels and
U.S. and
Versailles Treaty and
Weimar and
WW I and
Duisberg, Joanna
Duisberg, Walter
Duisberg, Wilhelmine
Duisberg explosive plant
Dulles, Allen
Düneberg DAG plant
Dunkirk evacuation
DuPont Corporation
Durlach plant
Dürrfeld, Walter
Düsseldorf Industrial Club
DVNP. See German National People’s Party
dye industry. See also specific companies
products evolved from
Dyhernfurth plant
Dynamit AG (DAG)
Dynamit Nobel AG
Dzieditz mine
Ebert, Friedrich
Eckell, Johannes
Economy Party (Wirtschaftspartei)
Edison, Thomas
Ehrlich, Paul
Eichengrün, Arthur
Eichmann, Adolf
Einsatzgruppen
Einstein, Albert
Eisenhart, Karl
Eisenhower, Dwight D.
Elberfeld factory
emergency decrees
Empelde DAG plant
Enabling Act (1933)
Engelhorn, Friedrich
Engelmann, Max
Enigma code breakers
Essen Krupp works
Essen plant
Etablissements Kuhlmann
Ethyl Export Corporation
Ethyl Gasoline Corporation
Eugénie, empress of France
Europäische Revue (periodical)
explosives. See also nitrogen and nitrates, synthetic
Eyde, Samuel
Falkenhayn, Erich von
Falkland Islands
Farbenfabriken of Elberfeld Company (Bayer subsidiary)
Farbenfabriken vormals Friedrich Bayer & Co.
Farish, Walter
Fascists, Italian
Faust, Max
Feder, Gottfried
Federal German Republic (West Germany)
Federation of the German Chemical Industry
Feinberg, Kai
Ferde DAG plant
Ferenca, Benajmin B.
Ferris, Robert
fertilizers
fibers, synthetic
Fifth Amendment (U.S.)
First Bavarian Regiment
Fischer, Franz
Fischer-Tropp process
Flachslaender, Joseph
Flick, Friedrich
Flick firm
foreign currency reserves
Foreign Economic Administration