Delphi

by Scott, Michael

  Pydna, battle of, 190, 193; dedication commemorating victory, 299–300

  Pylaioi, 174

  Pyrrhus of Epirus, 173, 175

  Pythaïs festival, 194–95, 204, 299; hymn inscription, 299; procession, 204

  Pythia: access to, 90, 135, 136; and arbitration of disputes, 58, 135–36, 138, 140, 174; as authority on ritual practices, 86, 155–56; and competition among oracles, 39–40; decline of influence, 336n19; discover of “lost” oracles, 145; establishment of, 48, 53–54; “forced” prophecy, 20–21, 311n13; as fraud, 22–23, 27–28; in literature, 285–86; longevity and, 39, 41–42, 132; “madness” of the, 21–22, 312n34; as “management consultant,” 30, 55, 57; myths linked to, 319n8; operation during reconstruction, 96–97; “peristyle house” as residence of, 214; political roles of (see political roles of oracle; politics); as religious authority, 364n33; reputation of, 26–27, 30, 39–42, 61, 63, 127–28, 132, 142, 145, 210, 285, 336n19; selection of, 12, 312n26, 315n14; “vapors” and inspiration of, 20–24, 211, 284, 357n18. See also consultation of the Pythia

  Pythian, meaning of epithet, 32

  Pythian games, 73, 75, 79–80, 123–24, 142, 174; 20th century revival of, 277; access to, 169; agonothetes, role of, 213; boycotted by Athens, 155; canceled during Sulla’s campaign, 198; commemoration of victories at, 174; decline in attendance, 237; as economic enterprise, 236–37; “export” of, 236–38; funding of, 72; gymnasium and stadium built for, 157–59, 158; Jason of Pherai and intent to preside over, 145; Nero as competitor in, 209–10; as Pan-Greek occasion, 76; Perseus and, 189; Philip II of Macedon and, 155; popularity of, 183–84, 197; returned to Greek control, 213; as Soteria festival, 175–76; theater constructed for, 295–296; victors list compiled, 159; women as competitors in, 209

  Pythian Odes, 73

  pythioi, 56

  Pytho (serpent), 35, 36, 121, 316n30

  quarries, 95, 235, 285

  Quintus Fabius Pictor, 179

  Raikes, Henry, 255

  “Red house” (maison rouge), 64, 74

  Regilla (wife of Herodes Atticus), 230

  Replat, Joseph, 274–75

  Revett, Nicholas, 252

  Rhegion, 123

  Rhodes, 184; border dispute arbitrated by, 188; sculpture of Helios dedicated by, 160 (another one collect)

  Rhodopis, 87–88, 219

  Robertson, Noel, 72

  rock of the Sibyl: discovery and excavation of, 272

  Romaia festival, 187, 220, 350n14

  Rome, 173; Achean War, 193; consultation of Delphi by, 168–69, 179–80; control and management of Delphi, 194–96, 213, 226; dedications by, 168, 175, 179, 184–85, 190, 193, 203–4, 223; defeat of Antiochus and allies, 185–86; defeat of Carthage, 193; as enemy of Greece, 180; and “liberation” of Delphi, 186, 190; and “liberation” of Greece, 184–85, 209, 211; occupation of Delphi by, 189–90; and Perseus of Macedon, 189–90; Philip V of Macedon as enemy or ally of, 185; and Punic Wars, 179–80; relationship with Delphi, 168–69, 201–2, 203–14; Romaia festival at Delphi, 187; unified Greece as part of empire, 205–6; “unipolar” domination of Mediterranean by, 190–91, 193

  roofing styles, 86–87, 329n50

  Ross, Ludwig, 257

  running track, 213, 224–26

  sacred space: activities prohibited in sanctuary, 348n45; adyton as restricted space, 18; agriculture on sacred land, 183, 226; boundary markers and definition of, 66; cultivation of sacred land, 71–72, 73, 75, 80, 151, 161, 169; dedicators attempts to monopolize, 127; definition of boundaries for, 196; entryways into, 66, 103, 242, 246, 294, 347n28; land belonging to Apollo, 210; manipulation of dedicatory landscape within sanctuary, 167; monopolization of, 176, 293; paths and movement within, 103; placement of dedications and rivalry among dedicators, 166; reorganization and repositioning of dedications, 173; structures and definition of, 74–75, 87; visibility and domination of, 87; walls and definition of, 177

  Sacred War, 72; First, 71–74, 144–45; Second, 130–32; Third, 149–51; Fourth, 161–62; Alcmaeonids and, 131–32; Amphictyony and, 144–45; in literature, 72–73, 160; and status of Delphi, 286

  “sacred way,” 103, 246, 293, 299; 331n23, 299

  sacrifice, 15, 17–21, 26, 47, 67–68, 364n33; altars for, 94; and consultation of the Pythia, 15, 17–21, 364n33; Croesus and human, 84

  sacrilege: accusations of, 148–49; theft and, 148–49, 199

  Salamis, 81; battle at, 117, 120

  Salamis Apollo, 120, 295; location of, 16

  Samnite Wars, 168–69

  Samos, 46–47; sanctuaries at, 173

  Samos, sanctuary at, 47

  Sarapion, 217

  Sarcophagus of Meleager, 231–32, 232, 257, 296

  Sardinia, 132

  Sardis, 179, 229

  Satyrus of Samos, 184, 349n3

  scandals, 114–16, 195–96; bribes, 25, 100–101, 111–12, 114–16, 134, 141; during Persian invasion, 114–16

  Sciathus, inscription of, 17, 141, 311n16

  Scipio Africanus (P. Cornelius Scipion), 350n12

  Scordisci, 199

  sculpture: Aetolian monument style at Delphi, 176; cultural homogeneity and, 77; as dedications, 87–88; and definition of community identity, 133; Elgin and Parthenon marbles, 256; kouroi statues, 110; kouros/kore style, 77; on metope panels, 82; paint and metal embellishment of, 107; pedimental sculptures, 102, 103, 298; reconstruction depicting placement of, 129; Roman copies of Greek works, 362n15. See also Specific dedications

  Scylla and Hydra group, 210–11

  Scyros, 126

  Sebasta festival, 220

  Second Punic War, 179–80

  Second Sacred War, 130–32

  Seleucids, 173, 185

  Seleucius II, 347n32

  Septerion festival, 221

  Septimus Severus, 235

  serpent column. See Plataean serpent column

  serpent of Delphi, 35, 36, 121; and Christian myth of St. George, 248

  Seven Sages, 138, 184, 362n13

  shields: as dedications, 67–68, 111, 113, 128, 160, 171–72, 185, 332n39, 346n25; in Museum, 296

  Sibyls, 35–36

  Sicily: Athenian expedition to, 136–37; colonization and, 60–63; dedications, 16, 122–23, 142, 151, 295

  Sicyon, 75, 105, 179; conflict with Corinth, 325n13; dedications of, 75, 82–83, 105, 272, 297, Plate II; and purification of Apollo, 35; Sicyonian treasury, 105, 272, 297, Plate II; tholos and monopteros dedications by, 82, 105; treasury at Olympia, 332n31; and war against Crisa, 71–72, 75

  Sicyonian treasury: discovery and excavation of, 272

  Sikélianos, Angelos, 277

  silver: bull, 88, 89, 297; mines of Siphnos, 105–6; vessels, 83, 84, 93, 151, 198

  Sinope, 238

  Siphnos,: Gigantomachy frieze, 107; reconstruction, 106; Siphinian Treasury at Delphi, 105–8, 147, 293

  slavery: manumissions at Delphi, 200, 355n58, 355n59

  Smyrna, 176

  Snodgrass, Anthony, 62

  Society of Dilettanti, 252, 255–56

  Society of Friends of the Muses, 254

  Socrates, 139–40

  Solon, 71, 81

  Sophists, 229

  Sosius Senecio, 215

  Soteria (festival of “the saving” of Delphi), 173, 175–76, 220, 348n41, 354n52

  space: dedications designed for Delphic, 107; Delphi as neutral, 134; domination of sanctuary, 87, 130, 162, 176; sanctuary space as undefined, 64–66, 68, 74; spatial politics of Delphi, 288; walls and definition of, 74–75, 89, 93

  Sparta, 56–57, 70, 109; Aegospotamoi, dedication to victory at, 129, 137, 147, 156, 219; Athens as political/military rival of, 100–102, 111, 130–32, 134–35, 134–37, 139–40; constitution and government of, 141; consultation of the Pythia by, 56–57, 114, 126, 137, 232; control of Delphi, 130–31, 134–37, 142; decline of, 140; dedications by, 129, 131–32, 137, 141, 146, 199; defeat at Leuctra, 145–46; Delphi and, 134, 140–41; Great Rhetra constitution, 56–57; and Messe
nia, 57, 320n17; and Peristratid/Alcmaeonid rivalry, 98–101, 130–32; preeminence in Delphi, 142; promanteia granted to, 131; proxenia granted to, 199; reconstruction depicting dedications at entrance to Apollo sanctuary, 129

  Spartan stoa, 128, 129, 137

  spatial politics. See sacred space

  Speusippos, 72

  Sphinx, Naxian, 87, 88, 147, 278, 297, Plate II

  Sphinx of Delphi, 87, 88, 147

  Spon, Jacob, 251

  springs, sacred: dragon of Delphi and, 32

  Spurius Postumius Albinus, 197

  stadium, 157–59, 158, 197, 231; completion of, 173; Herodes Atticus and, 231, 235; inscriptions on, 157–58, 296; location of, 3, Plate I; used for target practice during W.W.II, 281

  statuary. See sculpture

  Stewart, Iain, 295

  Stoa of Attalus, Plate II; converted to cistern for baths, 365n43; dedication of, 177; location of, 16

  stoas: converted to house, 246; Spartan, 128, 129, 137; the West Stoa, 171–72, 347n28, Plate II. See also Stoa of Attalus

  Strabo, 6, 21, 35, 60, 72

  Stuart, James, 252

  Sturtzenbecker, A. F., 253

  Sulla, 197–98, 206

  Syngros, Iphigenia, 273

  Syracuse, 86, 122–23, 137, 144–45

  Tarantines, 127–28 Tarquinius Superbus, 168

  Temple of Apollo, 295, Plate II; Amphictyony and construction of, 75, 113; archaeological excavation of, 258; Domitian and refurbishment of, 211–12; fourth century construction, 295; inscriptions on, 208, 211–12, 215; location of, 16; pedimental sculptures, 153, 153, 153–54, 298; photograph of, 157; rebuilding of columns, 278; restoration during Roman period, 235; sixth century, reconstruction, 101; temple terrace, 16, 102, 295, Plate II

  Tenos, 176

  terracing of site, 45, 87, 94, 102–3, 156, 287; and destruction of previous structures, 102, 105, 156; polygonal wall and, 102; during renovation of sanctuary, 156; for stoa of Attalus, 177; Temple Terrace, 16, 102, 295, Plate II; for West Stoa, 171–72

  Thasos, 136

  theater, 295–296, Plate II; civic use of, 326n23; constructed at Delphi, 188; Delphi as theatron, 6; Delphi in Greek tragedies, 126–27, 135, 136; plays staged at Delphi, 136, 277, 371n16

  Thebes, 110, 145; as ally of Athens, 161; dedications commemorating victories by, 160; defeated at Chaeroneia, 161–62; as Persian ally, 160; Phocians accused of sacrilege by, 149; rebellion and destruction of, 165; rivalry with Athens, 148; sanctuary of Dionysus at, 178

  theft: accusations of, 85, 148–49; appropriation of dedications, 195; bandit attacks on pilgrims, 73; Brennus the Gaul and looting of Delphi, 170–71; northern tribes looting of Delphi, 199; tripod stolen by Heracles, 74

  Themis, 132

  Themistocles, 117, 122, 335n8

  Theocles, 207

  Theodosius II, Emperor, 244–45

  Theogony (Hesiod), 38–39

  Theopompus, 219

  Theoxenia, 220

  Thermon, sanctuary at, 346n27

  Thermopylae, 78, 117, 120; Roman defeat of Antiochus and allies at, 185–86; sanctuary at, 164

  Theseus, 113, 126, 198, 298–99, 316n27

  Thessalonike, games at, 237

  Thessaly, 43, 45, 52, 70, 75, 132, 145; Aetolians and control of, 178; as Amphictyony member, 82, 210, 227, 342n44; dedications from, 239, 323n56; dedications from Daochus of, 163; and purification of Apollo, 35; relationship with Delphi, 82, 323n56, 342n44; as Roman province, 238–39; and war against Crisa, 71–72

  Thiersch, Friedrich, 257

  Third Sacred War, 149–51

  tholos, 82; in Athena sanctuary, 149, 220, 278, 292; dedicated by Sicyonians, 82, 105; reconstruction of, 278

  Thrace, 199

  Thucydides, 59, 63, 121, 135, 136

  Thurii, 132–33

  Thyades, 152, 220–21

  Tiberius, 207

  Tiberius Flavius Soclarus, 213

  Timon, 116–17

  tin, inscribed sheets used in oracle consultation, 151–52

  Titus, emperor of Rome: as archon of Delphi, 211

  Titus Quinctius Flamininus, 184–85 tourism: 18th century, 252–53; 19th Century, 253–54; Plutarch on, 218–19; sights in modern city of Delphi, 300–301; tour of Museum, 296–300; tour of site, 291–96; visitors per year, 283

  Tournaire, Albert: drawing by, 296

  trade, 46–48, 52–53; trade networks and provenance of dedications, 68

  Trajan, 214–15

  treasuries at Delphi, 66, 68, 81, 86–87; Athenian, 112–13, 115, 128, 194, 274–75, 293–94, Plate II; Cnidian, 212, 272, Plate II; converted to mundane use, 239, 246; Corinthian (Cypselus’s), 66, 108, 327n32, Plate II; Cyrenean, 160, Plate II; Massalian, 105, Plate III; repurposing of Athena sanctuary, 159; Sicyonian, Plate II; Siphinian, 105–8, 147, 293, Plate II; Sulla and raid of, 197–98, 206; Theban, Plate II

  treaties, 111, 136, 189, 346n20; between Philip II of Macedon and Athens, 155, 160

  Tricoupis, Charilos, 265, 266, 267, 268

  tripods, 45, 49, 53, 64, 66, 69; Heracles’ theft of Delphic tripod, 74; and Platean serpent, 121; as symbol of Pythia, 121

  Troizen, 117

  Trojan War, 75

  Trophonius, 32

  Troy: discovery and excavation of, 263

  Tryphosa, 209

  tyranny: and consultation of the Pythia, 25, 57–59, 63–64; Delphi as antityrannical, 83, 328n39

  Valens, 244

  Valentinian, 244

  Valerian, 238

  vapors as source of prophetic inspiration, 20–24, 211, 284, 357n18

  Vernon, Francis, 251

  verse: dedications honoring poets, 197, 362n15; oracle’s responses in, 27–28, 200, 218, 312n26

  Vespasian, 209, 211

  vessels: cauldrons, 67–68, 151, 296; craters, 125, 157; melted down to finance war, 151; Minoan rhyton, 42; mixing bowls, 83, 84, 93, 151, 175, 198. See also ceramics

  virginity or chastity, 12–13, 312n26 visibility, 110, 141, 146–47; Cnidian lesche and view of sanctuary, 128; omphalos as optical device, 315n19; placement of dedications, 105; terracing and, 87

  von Pückler Muskau, Prince Hermann, 258

  von Wilamovitz Moellendorff, 233–34

  Walker, W: painting by, Plate VII

  walls, 252; archaeological excavation of, 258; collapse during earthquakes, 145, 177; construction of boundary, 93–96; for defense of Delphi, 150, 249, 367n14; and definition of sacred space, 177; as foundation for treasuries, 105; inscriptions on, 157–58, 200, 201, 252; interpretation of “wooden wall” oracle, 117; perimeter wall of Apollo sanctuary, 74–75, 87; polygonal wall, 102

  Walpole, Horace, 252

  war in Greek culture: Apollo’s association with war, 40; community self-definition and warfare, 54, 59; dedications commemorating military victories, 16, 120–23, 127–29, 133, 137, 147, 156, 160, 167, 178, 190, 191, 193, 210–11, 219, 238–39, 293–95, 299–300; destruction of dedications to finance war, 151; maritime power, 117, 120; oracle consultation and military advice, 57, 59, 110, 112–17, 314n58; supernatural heroes as warriors, 112, 116, 120, 170; war as context for civic reforms, 109–10. See also Specific battles, wars

  War of the Allies, 179

  water: site engineering and run-off channels, 156. See also baths, Roman; Castalian fountain

  wedding at Delphi, conflict and, 148–49

  West Stoa, 171–72, 347n28, Plate II

  Wheler, George, 251, 253

  Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, 252–53

  wolf statue, 131

  World Heritage Site, Delphi as, 373n3

  World War I, 275

  World War II, 278–82

  Wormell, Donald, 11–12, 22, 140, 164, 167–68, 183

  Xenocrates of Agrigentum, 125

  Xenophon, 25, 139–40

  Xerxes, 116

  “Yellow house” (maison jaune), 64, 74