Small Wars, Faraway Places: Global Insurrection and the Making of the Modern World, 1945-1965
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armed struggle against Americans, 194–5
conflict between Japanese occupiers and, 26–7, 192–3, 207
counter-insurgency campaign against, 202–5
internal discipline, 208–9
petering out of rebellion, 207–8
roots, 26–7
Humphrey, George, 248
Humphrey, Hubert, 428
Hungary, 62, 298–9, 302
crushing of revolt by Soviets, 281–2, 283
Hunt, Howard, 435
Hurley, Patrick, 103, 105
Huxley, Julian, 361
Hu Zongnan, 66
Hyam, Ronald, 122
hydrogen bomb, 60, 262, 440
imperialism, 4–5, 11, 319
India, 8, 21–5, 305–12, 317–20
Bengal famine (1943), 23–4
and Britain, 21–5, 121
and China, 4, 311–12, 318, 319
independence and departure of British (1947), 24–5, 98, 116
independence campaign, 22–4
Kashmir dispute with Pakistan, 305–6, 309–10, 315
and Korea, 311
under Nehru, 309
and Second World War, 21–2
and Soviet Union, 317
and United States, 305, 306, 307–11, 317–8
war with Japan, 22, 23
Indian Communist Party, 305
Indian National Army, 15
Indian National Congress party, 21, 306
Indochina, 6, 27–39, 211–43. See also Vietnam
destruction of French rule by Japanese, 28–9, 32
and France, 6, 27, 28–9, 36–9, 123–4, 126–8
re-establishment of French rule, 36–9, 123–4
and Second World War, 28
war between French and Viet Minh (See Indochina War (First))
Indochina War, First, 38–9, 128–9, 211–32
aerial resupply, French reliance on, 221
airborne insertions, 224
battle of Dien Bien Phu, 223–30
battle of Vinh Yen, 216
Chinese support for Viet Minh, 211–2
conditions endured by French, 219–20
death toll, 234
and De Latre Line, 217
fighting between Viet Minh and French forces, 215–7
French forces, 212–3
French intelligence, 213
French strategy, 213–4
mechanization of French forces, 221
military brothels, 220–1
and Navarre Plan, 222
peace talks, 230–31
and United States, 214, 221–4, 229
Indonesia, 39–46
crushing of communist rising (1948), 63
Dutch military offensive (1948), 63–4
Dutch ‘police’ campaigns, 45
independence, 45–6, 64
Japanese occupation, 39–42
negotiations between Dutch and nationalists
and agreement reached, 44, 45
Inglis, Admiral, 65
Inter-American Development Bank, 415
Inter-American Organization of Workers, 412
Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (IBM), 251
Iran, 8–9, 75–79, 263–75
and Britain, 75–77, 79, 264–75
and Japan, 268
under Mossadeq, 268
nationalization of Anglo–Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), 263–6
overthrow of Mossadeq, 263, 269–74
Reza Shah’s rule, 77–8
and Soviet Union, 78–81
and United States, 79, 80, 267–8
Iranian Revolution (1979), 274
Iraq, 74–5, 288–9
Iraqi Petroleum Company, 74, 75
Iraq War, 1
Irgun, 91, 92, 93, 96, 98, 350
Irwin, General, 65
Israel, 84
creation of, 99–100
and Egypt, 289
and France, 290–1, 303
and Suez Crisis, 297–99
Israeli Defence Forces (IDF), 290–1
Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 289
Itote, Waruhiu, 371
Jabotinsky, Vladimir, 91
Japan, 13–17, 138
conquest and occupation of Indonesia, 39–42
conquest and occupation of Philippines, 25–7, 191–2
conquests during Second World War, 13–16, 22
and Indochina, 28–9
and Iran, 268
policy in China, 16
rule in Korea, 20, 21
war with China, 17, 19–20, 31
war with India, 22, 23
Java/Javanese, 39, 45, 46
Jebb, Gladwyn, 119, 267
Jenkin, William, 175
Jewish Agency, 92, 96
Jewish Brigade, 92
Jews, 120–1
Nazi murder of, 92
relations between Eisenhower and US, 252
war with Arabs in Palestine, 90
Jiménez, Marcos Pérez, 413, 414
Jinmen (Quemoy), 458
Jinnah, Mohammed Ali, 23, 314
JMWAVE, 438
Jock Scott Operation (Kenya), 364
Johnson, Alexis, 487
Johnson, Harold, 490
Johnson, Louis, 59, 133
Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 229, 446, 462–3, 477–9, 495
background and political career, 477–8
and Vietnam, 9, 481–92
Johnston, Carruthers ‘Monkey,’ 375, 376
Jordan, 84, 290
Jouhaud, General Edmond, 347, 348–9, 350
Juanín (boat), 439
Kádár, János, 281
Kaganovich, 279
Kalonji, Albert, 388–9
Kamau wa Ngengi. See Kenyatta, Jomo
Kapenguria Six, 364–5
Kareme, Gitonga, 373
Kasavubu, Joseph, 385, 386, 387, 389, 390, 391, 393
Kashani, Ayatollah, 263, 266–7, 272
Kashmir dispute, 305–6, 309–10, 315
KAU (Kenyan African Union), 360, 361–2
Kaunda, Kenneth, 408
Kavtaradze, Sergei, 79
KCA (Kikuyu Central Association), 356, 357, 358, 360
Keating, Kenneth, 444
Kelly, Pat, 198
Kennan, George, 50–2, 133, 198, 255
Kennedy, Bobby, 432, 433–4, 438, 443, 446, 447, 452, 477, 495
Kennedy, Joe, 431, 432, 433
Kennedy, John F., 55, 232, 233, 339, 428–9, 430
and Africa, 380–1
assassination of, 436, 454, 474, 477
background and political career, 431–2
and Bay of Pigs fiasco, 434–6, 437
and CIA, 437
and Congo, 395, 396, 397–8
and Cuban Missile Crisis, 444, 445, 447, 448, 448–9
economic sanctions against Cuba, 440
and Mafia, 9, 440
personal life, 432–3
vendetta against Castro, 436
and Vietnam, 460, 461, 463, 465–6, 467–8, 472, 474–5
wins presidential election, 433
Kenya, 6, 188, 353–78
Kikuyu’s land grievance, 356–7
lifting of state of emergency, 406
as location for film-makers, 353
Mau Mau (See Mau Mau insurrection)
settlers behavior, 360–1
Swynnerton Plan (1953), 377–8
Kenyan African Union. See KAU
Kenya Police Reserve, 370
Kenyatta, Jomo, 374–5, 378, 406, 495
arres
t and trial of, 364–6
background, 356–60
as president of KAU, 360
as symbolic figurehead of Mau Mau, 362–3
Keynes, John Maynard, 116, 402
KGB, 280, 440
Khanh, General Nguyen, 474, 486
Khider, Mohamed, 328
Khiem, Ung Van, 468
Khmer Rouge, 230
Khomeini, Ayatollah, 274
Khrushchev, Nikita, 4, 277–7, 282–3, 317, 382, 495
background and political career, 277–9
criticism of Stalin, 279, 457
and Cuba, 427–8, 430
and Cuban Missile Crisis, 441–3, 450, 451–2, 453
downfall, 455
and Guinea, 400
and Mao, 282–3, 458
and Sino-Soviet split, 458–9
and Suez Crisis, 299–300
and U2 plane incident, 383–4
and Vietnam, 468
Kikuyu, 356–7, 360, 371–2. See also Mau Mau insurrection
and Mau Mau, 367
oath taking, 361–2
and Swynnerton Plan, 377–8
Kikuyu Central Association. See KCA
Kilmuir, Lord Chancellor, 293
Kim, Le Van, 472
Kimathi, Dedan, 364, 374
Kim Il Jong, 20
Kim Il Sung, 15, 20, 69, 72, 105, 131–2, 135, 142, 143–4, 495
Kim Jong Eun, 155
King David Hotel, attack on (1946), 96
King’s African Rifles, 364, 369
King Solomon’s Mines (movie), 353
Kipling, Rudyard, 1
Kirkpatrick, Sir Ivone, 297
Kitson, Frank, 374
Kitt, Eartha, 417
KMT, 16, 18–20, 30, 31, 34, 64–6, 128–9
Korda, Alberto, 427
Korea, 6, 20–1. See also Korean War; North Korea
division of at 38th parallel (1945), 68
Korean Civil War, 7, 68–72
Korean Communist Party, 20
Korean People’s Army, 72
Korean War, 56, 131–55, 313–4
armistice talks and signing of, 151–2, 153, 154
bombing of North Korea, 152
and Britain, 160
casualties, 154–5
and China, 134–5, 142–51, 152, 153
Chinese attacks on US troops and fighting between, 145–7, 150, 152
crossing of US troops into North, 141–2
decision not to deploy nuclear weapons by US, 148
deployment of US ground troops, 137–8, 139–40
and Eisenhower, 153–4, 247
financial costs, 133
invasion of South by North Koreans, 136
and MacArthur, 136, 138, 139–42, 145, 148, 149–50, 154
Operation Chromite and taking of Inchon by US, 140
Operation Hudson Harbor, 152
origins, 131–5
prisoner repatriation issue, 153, 154
and Soviet Union, 134–6, 150–2
taking of Seoul by US and reinstallation of Syngman Rhee, 141
US public opinion on, 153
Kosygin, Aleksei, 487
Kotelawala, Sir John, 319
Krim, Belkacem, 87, 349
Krulak, Victor, 473
Kubitschek, Juscelino, 415
Kuk, Ah ‘Shorty,’ 161
Kuomintang. See KMT
Kurds, 74–5
Ky, Nguyen Cao, 486
Labour Party, 120, 121–2
Lacoste, Robert, 328, 332–3, 342
Lagaillard, Pierre, 327
Lai Teck, 161
Lampson, Sir Miles, 83
Lam Swee, 172
Langlais, Lieutenant-Colonel Pierre, 227
Langworthy, Harold, 167–8
Lansdale, Helen, 198
Lansdale, Major-General Edward, 191, 438–9, 495
and the Philippines, 197–207
and Vietnam, 235–43
Lansky, Meyer, 416, 417
Laos, 35, 230, 231, 461, 468
Lari massacre, 368
Latin America, 409–10. See also individual countries
anti-Americanism, 414
and Soviet Union, 410–11, 420, 430
and United States, 409–15
Lau Yew, 161, 166
Lava, Jesus, 208
Lava, Jose, 208
Leakey, Louis, 353, 354, 363
Leakey, Mary, 353
Leclerc, General Philippe, 35, 36, 37, 38, 127, 128
Lee, Irene, 182–84
Lee Meng, 184–5
legacy files, 7
Lehrer, Tom, 447
LeMay, General Curtis, 60, 152, 448, 480, 487
Lend-Lease, 39, 76, 78, 114
Lennox-Boyd, Alan, 374, 375–6, 377
Léopold, King, 384
Le Pen, Jean-Marie, 341
Liaquat Ali Khan, 313, 314
Lie, Trygve, 136
Liew Kon Kim, 185
Lin Biao, 66, 69, 143, 144
Lincoln, Abraham, 149–50
Linlithgow, Marquess of, 21, 22–23, 24
Lippmann, Walter, 3–4, 54, 316, 451
Liu Bocheng, 66
Liu Shaoqi, 67
Lloyd, Selwyn, 263, 292, 296, 297, 298
Luce, Henry, 106
Luciano, Salvatore, 416, 429
Lumumba, Patrice, 385–6, 387, 388–92
attempts to get rid of by CIA, 389–92
capturing of and death of, 392
Lundula, Victor, 389–90
Lyttelton, Oliver, 175, 176
MAAG (Military Assistance and Advisory Group), 221, 233, 241, 461, 465
MacArthur, General Douglas, 25, 26, 42–3, 69, 111, 132, 138–42, 153, 463
character, 138–9
death, 496
dismissal of, 149–50
in Japan, 138
and Korean War, 136, 138, 139–42, 145, 147, 149–50, 154
and Philippines, 193–4
McCarthyism, 153
McCarthy, Joseph, 55
McClellan, General George, 149–50
McCone, John, 437, 444, 446
McConnell, General John, 490
MacDonald, Malcolm, 90, 91, 124, 165
McDonald, Admiral David, 490
McGhee, George, 314, 379–80
MacGillivray, Donald, 187
McGovern, George, 489
Machado, Gerardo, 416
McKinley, President William, 409
Maclang, Adonias, 194
Maclean, Donald, 299–300
Maclean, Fitzroy, 269
Macleod, Iain, 7, 401, 405–7, 408, 496
Macmillan, Dorothy, 402
Macmillan, Harold, 263, 294, 377, 394, 402–3
and Africa, 403–4, 406–7, 408
background and political career, 402
death, 496
on Eden, 258
personal life, 402
premiership, 403
and Suez Crisis, 295–6, 299, 300, 301, 302
tour of Africa, 404–5
‘winds of change’ speech, 404–5
McNamara, Robert, 446, 448, 449, 451, 452, 469, 473–4, 479, 480–1, 496
Maddox, USS (ship), 483–4
Madiun revolt (1948), 46
Madoc, Guy, 177
Mafia, 9, 235, 417, 429–30, 439–40, 440
Magsaysay, Ramon, 199, 200–2, 204, 205, 206–7, 208, 209, 210, 235
Maheu, Robert, 429, 430
Makins, Roger, 295
Malawi (was Nyasaland), 408
Malaya,
6, 15, 122, 157–89, 466
British rule, 159
Chinese squatters, 160–1
establishment of independent government (1957), 186, 187–8
population, 159
rubber and tin industries, 159, 160, 161
strikes, 161
Malayan Chinese Association, 174, 184
Malayan Communist Party, 157, 161
Malayan Federation, 188
Malayan People’s Anti-British Army, 161–2
Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA), 158
Malayan Security Service (MSS), 163, 169
Malay Emergency, 157–89, 466–7
atrocities committed, 164
Malay Emergency (cont.)
attacks on planters and defence strategies, 163–4, 165–6
attempt to reduce ethnic tensions, 178–80
chemical defoliant, use of, 181–2
counter-insurgency campaign by British, 162–3, 167–75, 175, 188–9
death toll, 174
declaration of ‘State of Emergency,’ 164–5
demoralization of Communists, 185–6
deployment of Voice aircraft, 182
deportation of Chinese communist sympathizers, 169
end of, 187–8
fortified villages, 163, 170–2, 178
intelligence war and women’s courier network, 182–5
killing of Gurney, 174
military tactics taken against Communists, 180–2
origins and background to, 157–60
restricted-goods policy, 171–2
seeking to divide Communists by British, 172–4
surrendering of top terrorists, 185–6
and Templer, 175–82
Malenkov, Yegor, 278
Malinovsky, Rodion, 442, 443
Malinowski, Bronislaw, 358–9
Mallaby, Brigadier Aubertin, 44
Malraux, André, 350–1
Manchuria, 19–20
Soviet invasion (1945), 104, 109–10
Mandela, Nelson, 208
Mandelson, Peter, 264
Manhattan Project, 110
Mankiewicz, Joseph, 242
Manningham-Buller, Reginald, 293
Mansfield, Mike, 232
Mao Zedong, 2–3, 4, 18–19, 64–8, 69, 104, 105, 222, 282, 399, 485
background, 18
death, 496
and First Indochina War, 211, 218
Great Leap Forward, 441
and Great Leap Forward, 457–8
and Khrushchev, 282–3
and Korean War, 134–5, 142–4, 149, 150, 152, 154
and Soviet Union, 457, 457–9
and Stalin, 67
and Vietnam, 68, 485
view of nuclear weapons, 67
and war against KMT, 19, 64–6
wins Chinese civil war, 113
Marcos, Ferdinand, 208
Mariano, Celia, 200
Marshall, General George, 42–3, 51, 54, 55, 57, 61, 107, 108–9
Marshall Aid, 46
Marshall Plan, 61–2, 63–4