The Devil Wins: A History of Lying from the Garden of Eden to the Enlightenment

by Dallas G. Denery II

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  Index

  Accetto, Torquato, 184–87

  Acontius, Jacobus, 25, 55–59

  Abraham, 117–18, 122, 13

  Adam: and Christ 22–24; role in Fall, 45–46, 59–61, 156

  adornment: and lying, 208–11; in men and women, 231–35; and rhetoric, 234–35

  Alan of Lille, 76

  Albert the Great: on lies, 126–27; on prudence, 215–16, 222

  Alexander of Hales: on lying, 122–24; on words and speech, 123–24

  Ambrose of Milan: on the devil’s mousetrap, 70–71, 75; on the Fall, 27, 40–45; on women, 203

  amphibology (mixed speech), 141–45

  Anselm of Bec: and monasticism, 131–32; on truth and Truth, 128–32

  Antoninus of Florence: on dissimulation, 136; on mental reservation, 136–39

  Aquinas: on concealing the truth, 122; on devil’s mousetrap, 71–72, 74–75; on the Eucharist, 79; on the Fall, 49; on lying, 119–22; on mortal and venial lies, 120–22; on perplexity, 174; on prudence, 74–76; on truth and Truth, 128–30; and the university, 131–33

  Aristotle: Ethics, 126–27; on women, 211–12

  Astruc, Jean, 29

  Augustine of Hippo: on biblical interpretation, 31–32, 116–19; on concealing truth, 117–18; on creation of world, 30; definition of lying, 113–16; on the devil’s mousetrap, 67–68, 70; on divine deception, 64–65; on the Fall, 31–32, 39–40, 44–45, 48–49, 60–61; on intention, 114–16; and lying, 7–8, 105–119, 126; scholastic reception of, 119, 126–27, 142–43; theology of language, 110–13

  Avitus, Alcimus Ecdicius, 23–24

  Azor, Juan, 144–45

  Azpilcueta, Martin. See Navarrus

  Bartholomew the Englishman, 213

  Bayle, Pierre, 94–96, 98–99, 103–4

  Bernard of Clairvaux, 3–4

  bestiaries, 67

  Bevir, Mark, 259n22

  Boccaccio, Giovanni, 221–24

  Bonaventure: on the devil’s mousetrap, 72–73; on the Eucharist, 77–78; on the Fall, 41, 46, 50; on prudence, 72–74

  Buridan, John: on complexion, 212–14; on lying, 121–22; on women and prudence, 214

  Calvin, John: on creation of world 30; on divine deception, 65–66, 91–94; on the Fall, 34, 51–52

  Campin, Robert, 72

  Carteret, John, 191

  Casa, Giovannia della, 183

  Castiglione, Baldassare: and pessimism, 153–54; and rhetoric, 161–62

  casuistry, critique of, 108–10, 145–49

  Chartier, Alain, 154–56, 181

  Chobham, Thomas, 76

  Christ. See devil’s mousetrap

  Christine de Pizan: on the court, 163–65, 181; on dissimulation, 177–78; and hypocrisy, 180–81; and John of Salisbury, 163–65; on lying, 176–81, 187, 189, 225; on misogyny, 199–200, 204–5, 216–25; on prudence, 175–77, 222–25; on self-knowledge, 216–25; and skepticism, 164–65

  Chrysostom, John, 26, 33–
34, 37–39

  Cicero, 169–70, 234

  circumstances, rhetorical: Charron on 160–61, Cicero on, 169–70; John of Salisbury, 171–72; and sin, 76–77

  civility: as complaisance, 241–46; Guazzo on, 188–90; Pierre Nicole on, 194; Philibert de Vienne on, 182–83; Scudéry on, 241–46; Walker on, 188–90

  complaisance. See civility

  complexion, 212–16; Bartholomew the Englishman on, 213; John of Paris on, 213

  Consentius, 106, 110

  court: Charron on the, 160–61; Chartier on, 154–55; Christine de Pizan on, 163–65, 181; critique of, 153–58, 163–65, 167–68, 181–84, 193; Damian on, 156–57; and the fallen world, 156–58; John of Salisbury on, 153–54, 163–65, 167–68; Peter of Blois on, 157–58; Philibert de Vienne on, 182–83; and the salon, 238; Walker on, 183–84

  cunning (astutia). See prudence

  Cyril of Alexandria, 70

  Damian, Peter, 156–57, 181

  Dante Alighieri, 1–3, 8, 10

  David of Augsburg, 133–34

  Descartes, René: on biblical interpretation, 96–98; on divine deception, 63, 95–104; and skepticism, 159; on understanding God, 99–102

  Devil: and Eve, 37, 205–8, 210–11; and exterior and interior temptation, 36–38; as false preacher, 41–55; as Father of Lies, 25–26, 113; and God, 27, 63–65; and prudence, 74–77, 214; as rhetorician, 41–45; and the serpent, 26, 33–34, 37–39; wins, 6, 103–4, 256

  devil’s mousetrap: Ambrose on, 70–71; Aquinas on, 71–72, 74–75; Augustine on, 67–68, 70; in bestiaries, 67; Bonaventure on, 72–73; Gerson on, 72; Gregory of Nyssa on, 68–70; Holkot on, 82–83; Luther on, 88–89

  de’Zorzi, Pietro, 226

  dialectic. See rhetoric

  dissimulation: Accetto on, 184–87; Alexander of Hales on, 123–24; Antoninus on, 136; Castiglione on, 162; Christine de Pizan on, 177–78; defined, 136, 184–85; as lying, 185–87; Navarrus on, 142–43

  divine fishhook. See devil’s mousetrap

  Dury, John, 55

  equivocation. See mental reservation

  Eucharist: Aquinas on, 79; Bonaventure on, 77–78; as deception, 79–82; Holkot on, 81–85, 88; Ockham on, 80; as sacrament of truth, 77–79, 85; Wycliff on, 85–88

  Eve: Augustine on, 39–45; Calvin on, 51–52; Christine de Pizan on, 222–23; Chrysostom on, 37–40; Luther on, 48–51; Philo of Alexandria on, 210–11; role in Fall, 37–52, 59–61, 205–7; Rupert of Duetz on, 205–7; Vincent of Beauvais on, 207–8

  Fall: Adam’s role in, 43, 45–46, 59–61; as allegory, 30–32; Ambrose on, 40–45; Augustine on, 31–32, 39–40, 44–45, 60–61; Bonaventure on, 41, 46, 50; Calvin on, 51–52, 65–66; consequences of, 23–24, 26–28, 54, 146–47, 208; and divine deception, 63–64; Eve’s role in, 37–52, 59–61, 205–8; as heresy/misinterpretation, 27–28, 47–55, 58–61; as historical event, 31–33, 47; Hugh of St. Victor on, 49; interpretive problems with, 28–35; Kant on, 255–56; Luther on, 32–33, 47–51; Milton on, 59–61; as model for all temptations, 24–25, 27; Nicholas of Lyra on, 36–37; Pascal on, 146–47; Philo of Alexandria on, 31; role of Devil in, 33–34, 37–52, 59–61, 205–7, 210–11; Rousseau on, 247–49; Rupert of Deutz on, 205–7

  Fifteen Joys of Marriage, The, 201

  flattery: Chartier on, 154–55; Christine de Pizan on, 163–64; Guazzo on, 184, 189–90; John of Salisbury on, 153, 164, 172–73; Mandeville on, 192–93; Walker on, 183–84

  Fonte, Moderata: on language and truth, 230–32; on male dishonesty, 226–32, 235–37; on male vanity, 231–34; on marriage, 228, 236–37; and Venetian society, 227

  Foulechat, Denis, 164, 167–68

  Galen, 212

  Garden of Eden. See Temptation

  Gerson, Jean, 72

  God: Augustine on, 62–65; Bayle on, 94–96, 98–99, 103–4; Calvin on, 65–66, 91–94; as deceiver, 63–66, 81–104; Descartes on, 62–63, 94–104; and devil’s mousetrap, 67–77; and the Eucharist, 77–88; Holkot on, 81–85; as inscrutable, 66, 84, 87–88, 90–94; Luther on, 88–91; Malebranche on, 102–3; Wycliff on, 85–88

  Gombaud, Antoine (Chevalier de Méré), 193

  Gracián, Baltasar, 193–95

  Gratian, 173–75

  Gregory of Nyssa, 68–70

  Gregory of Rimini, 94–95

  Guazzo, Stefano: on civility, 188–90; on dissembling and lying, 187–90; on flattery, 184, 189–90

  Guido de Monte Rocherii, 76–77

  Hammond, Henry, 105, 145

  Hebrew midwives, 116–17, 125

  Holkot, Robert, 81–85, 88, 90

  Hugh of St. Victor, 37, 39, 45–46, 49

  Humbert of Romans, 135

  hypocrisy, 133–34, 180–81

  Isidore of Seville, 156

  Jacob, and Esau: Alexander of Hales on, 122–23; Antoninus on, 136; Aquinas on, 122; Augustine on, 118–19

  Jean de Meun, 202, 220

  Jehan le Fèvre. See le Fèvre, Jehan

  Jerome, 107–8

  John of Paris, 213

  John of Salisbury: on flatterers, 153–54, 163–64; on lying, 172–75, 181–82, 189, 202; on prudence, 168; and skepticism, 164–68; and self-knowledge, 163–64, 170–71

  Kant, Immanuel, 254–57

  Kramer, Heinrich, 204, 216

  Langland, William, 76

  La Rochefoucauld, François duc de, 189, 195

  Law, William, 197–98

  le Fèvre, Jehan, 200–201, 203

  Lombard, Peter, 37, 65, 119

  Luther, Martin: on the devil’s mousetrap, 88–91; on divine deception, 88–92; on the Fall, 32–33, 47–51; and literal interpretation, 47–48, 52–55

  lying: and amphibology, 141–45; and dissimulation, 185–87; and the historiography of Early Modern Europe, 6–10; and masculine nature, 226–37; and mental reservation/misleading, 117–18, 122, 136–45; as necessary to society, 191, 196–98, 238, 245–46, 253–54; as sin against justice, 119–21, as sin against Truth, 110–16, 126; as sin against truth, 124–31; types of, 114–15, 120–21, 125–27; and women, 199–211, 214–16, 225

  —acceptable: Christine de Pisan on, 176–81, 225; Guazzo on, 187–90; John of Salisbury on, 172–175, 180–81, 202; Rousseau on, 251–52, 254; Walker on, 188–90

  —definitions of: Alexander of Hales’, 122–23; Antoninus of Florence’s, 138–41; Aquinas’s, 119–21; Augustine’s, 113–15; Prierias’s, 139–41; Rousseau’s, 250–51; Scotus’s, 124–25

  —prohibited: Aquinas on, 119–22; Augustine on, 7–8, 105–14; Kant on, 254–55; in the scholastic tradition, 8, 107–8, 119–35, 143–44

  Machiavelli, Niccolò, 6–7, 8

  Malebranche, Pierre, 102–3

  Mandeville, Bernard: on civility, 193; on flattery and lies, 191–94, 196–98; on human nature, 191–92

  Marinella, Lucrezia: on masculine adornment, 232–34; on masculine dishonesty, 226–27; and Venetian society, 227

  Martin, John Jeffries, 259n19

  Matheolus. See Matthew of Bologne

  Matthew of Bologne (Matheolus), 199–200

  mental reservation: Antoninus on, 136–39; Azor on, 144–45; Pascal on, 109; Prierias on, 139; restrictions on, 139–41

  Mersenne, Marin, 94–95

  Milton, John, 33, 59–61

  Mirandola, Pico della, 234

  misogyny: biblical, 205–11; Boccaccio and, 221–24; Christine de Pizan’s critique of, 204–5, 216–25; Chrysostom and, 211; in The Hammer of Witches, 203–4; institutionalized, 235–37; medical, 211–16; in medieval literature, 199–203; Tertullian and, 203, 208–11

  Navarrus (Martin Azpilcueta), 141–45

  Nicholas of Lyra, 26, 35–37, 45, 63–64

  Nicole, Pierre, 194–96

  Nider, Johannes, 134–35

  Ockham, William, 80–81

  Origin, 32

  Pascal, Blaise: on original sin, 146–49; and Jesuit casuistry 108–10, 145

  Paul (saint), 23, 25, 27

  Peacham, Henry, 234–35

  Pecham, John, 7
9

  perplexity, moral, 173–75

  Peter of Blois, 157–58, 181

  Philibert de Vienne, 182–83

  Philo of Alexandria, 31, 210–11

  Physiologus, 67

  Prierias, Sylvester, 8

  Priscillian, 106

  probability. See rhetoric

  prudence (prudentia): Albert the Great on, 215–16, 222; Aquinas on, 74–75, 214; Bonaventure on, 73–74; Buridan on, 214; Charron on, 160–61; Christine de Pizan on, 175–76, 222–25; and cunning, 74–75, 214–16, 222; and the devil’s mousetrap, 73–77, 90; John of Salisbury on, 168; Oresme on, 214; and women, 214–16, 222–25

  Quintillian, 234

  Radbertus, Paschasius, 78–79

  Rainolds, John, 159–60, 170–71

  Régis, Pierre Sylvain, 99

  rhetoric: Castiglione on, 161–62; Cicero on, 169–70; and ethics, 169–75; and gender, 232–35, 239–40; and God, 103–4; John of Salisbury on, 165–73; Rainolds on, 159–60; Scudéry and, 239–41; and skepticism, 159–68, 170–71

  Rousseau, Jean-Jacques: and Augustine, 251–52; on the Fall, 247–49; on lying, 250–52; on the origin of deception, 247–50; on sincerity, 254

  Rupert of Deutz, 205–7, 261n17

  salon, 238

  Salust, Guillaume de, Sieur du Bartas, 33

  Scotus, John Duns, 124–26

  Scudéry, Madeleine de: on bad conversation, 237–39; on complaisance, 241, 243–45; on lying, 245–46; on self-interest, 240–41

  self-knowledge: Christine de Pizan on, 216–25; Fonte on, 235–36; John of Salisbury on, 153–54, 163–67, 170–71, 175–76; La Rochefoucauld on, 195; Nicole on, 195; Scudéry on, 242–43

  self-love, 194–98

  serpent. See Devil

  Semiramis, 223–24

  skepticism: Castiglione and, 161–63; Charron on, 160–61; Christine de Pizan and, 164–65; and the court, 160–62, 164–67; Descartes and, 159; and European historiography, 158–59, 162–63; and Early Modern Europe, 158–63; John of Salisbury on, 164–68; and perplexity, 173–75; and prudence, 160–63; Rainolds on, 160; and rhetoric, 159–68

  simulation. See dissimulation

  sincerity, 254, 259n17

  Souvré, Madeleine de, 193–94

  Temptation. See Fall

  Trilling, Lionel, 259n17

  truth, virtue of: and justice, 119–21