by H. W. Brands
7. Matthew P. Breen, Thirty Years of New York Politics Up-to-Date (New York: published by the author, 1899), 159. Breen was writing from memory; the impression was doubtless accurate even if the language was reconstructed.
8. William L. Riordon, Plunkitt of Tammany Hall: A Series of Very Plain Talks on Very Practical Politics, ed. Terence J. McDonald (1905; Boston: Bedford Books, 1994), 27–28.
9. Ibid., 49.
10. Callow, Tweed Ring, 199–206; Hershkowitz, Tweed’s New York, 112–18.
11. New York Times, July 22, 1871; Callow, Tweed Ring, 254.
12. Callow, Tweed Ring, 268–74; The Diary of George Templeton Strong: Postwar Years, 1865–1875, ed. Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas (New York: Macmillan, 1952), 394.
13. Ackerman, Boss Tweed, 261, 298–309.
14. Maury Klein, Union Pacific: Birth of a Railroad, 1862–93 (Garden City: Doubleday, 1987), 291; David Haward Bain, Empire Express: Building the First Transcontinental Railroad (New York: Viking, 1999), 679.
15. Bain, Empire Express, 696. The findings of the commission were published as Report of the Select Committee to Investigate the Alleged Credit Mobilier Bribery (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1873).
16. Klein, Union Pacific, 296.
17. Ibid., 296–97; Bain, Empire Express, 700.
18. Klein, Union Pacific, 298; Bain, Empire Express, 700–03.
19. Whisky Frauds, 44th Cong., 1st sess., 1876, HR Miscellaneous Document 186 (Serial Set Document 1706), 3.
20. William S. McFeely, Grant: A Biography (New York: Norton, 1981), 405–14; Jean Edward Smith, Grant (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 584–93.
21. Malfeasance of W. W. Belknap, Late Secretary of War, 44th Cong., 1st sess., 1876, HR Rep. 186, (Serial Set Document 186), 3.
22. Ibid., 5–6; McFeely, Grant, 427–36; Smith, Grant, 593–95.
23. McFeely, Grant, 430.
24. Callow, Tweed Ring, 297–98.
25. Curtis, Other Essays from the Easy Chair, 47.
CHAPTER 13: THE SPIRIT OF ’76
1. “John Lewis Reports the Centennial,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 79 (1955): 364–66.
2. Ibid., 366–67.
3. Ibid., 368–74.
4. Hayes: The Diary of a President, 1875–1881, ed. T. Harry Williams (New York: David McKay, 1964), 1–2.
5. Ari Hoogenboom, The Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1988), 8–11.
6. De Alva Standwood Alexander, A Political History of the State of New York (New York: Henry Holt, 1906–23), 3:32; Matthew Josephson, The Politicos, 1865–1896 (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1938), 245–47.
7. David Saville Muzzey, James G. Blaine: A Political Idol of Other Days (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1934), 60–61.
8. Ibid., 23–28; Muzzey, Blaine, 82–97.
9. Harry Thurston Peck, Twenty Years of the Republic, 1885–1905 (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1917), 17–20.
10. Josephson, Politicos, 216; Hayes Diary, 26–27.
11. Peck, Twenty Years, 115–16; H. Wayne Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877–1896 (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1969), 74–76.
12. Roy Morris Jr., Fraud of the Century: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel Tilden, and the Stolen Election of 1876 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003), 107–15.
13. Ibid., 136.
14. Ibid., 164; Hayes Diary, 47; Lewis L. Gould, Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicans (New York: Random House, 2003), 74–75; Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 574; Keith Ian Polakoff, The Politics of Inertia: The Election of 1876 and the End of Reconstruction (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1973), 199–231.
15. Hayes Diary, 74; Hoogenboom, Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes, 48–49; Morris, Fraud of the Century, 237–38, 253; Alexander Clarence Flick, Samuel Jones Tilden: A Study in Political Sagacity (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1939) 401–02, 410.
CHAPTER 14: LIVES OF THE PARTIES
1. James Bryce, Studies in History and Jurisprudence (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1901), 1:382.
2. James Bryce, The American Commonwealth (London: Macmillan, 1888), 1:100–02.
3. Ibid., 117–28.
4. Kenneth D. Ackerman, Dark Horse: The Surprise Election and Political Murder of President James A. Garfield (New York: Carroll & Graf, 2003), 379–427.
5. H. W. Brands, TR: The Last Romantic (New York: Basic Books, 1997), 77–80.
6. Ibid., 130–49.
7. Ibid.; Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Ballantine Books, 1979), 227–45; Paul Grondahl, I Rose Like a Rocket: The Political Education of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Free Press, 2004), 68–98.
8. Mark Wahlgren Summers, Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion: The Making of a President, 1884 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 124–25.
9. David Saville Muzzey, James G. Blaine: A Political Idol of Other Days (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1934), 274–75.
10. Brands, TR, 167–71.
11. The Selected Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, ed. H. W. Brands (New York: Cooper Square Press, 2001), 33–35.
12. Summers, Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion, 198.
13. Harry Thurston Peck, Twenty Years of the Republic, 1885–1905 (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1917), 32; Selected Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 35.
14. Brands, TR, 176–78.
15. Summers, Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion, 162.
16. Morton Keller, Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth-Century America (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1977), 310–11, 522–23.
17. Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington: Bureau of the Census, 1976), 2:1071–72.
18. Muzzey, Blaine, 316–19.
CHAPTER 15: CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS
1. “The Curious Republic of Gondour,” Atlantic Monthly, Oct. 1875.
2. Fred Kaplan, The Singular Mark Twain (New York: Doubleday, 2003), 218.
3. Ibid., 220–21, 260.
4. Ibid., 306–07; Mark Twain’s Letters, vol. 5, ed. Lin Salamo and Harriet Elinor Smith (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 643–44.
5. Albert Bigelow Paine, Mark Twain: A Biography (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1912), 1:554–55.
6. Francis Parkman, “The Failure of Universal Suffrage,” North American Review, July–Aug. 1878, 1–20.
7. Charles Albro Barker, Henry George (New York: Oxford University Press, 1955), 3–64; Jacob Oser, Henry George (New York: Twayne, 1974), 17–23; John L. Thomas, Alternative America: Henry George, Edward Bellamy, Henry Demarest Lloyd, and the Adversary Tradition (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1983), 6–16.
8. Barker, Henry George, 102–37; Oser, Henry George, 25–28.
9. Henry George, Progress and Poverty: An Inquiry into the Cause of Industrial Depressions and of Increase of Want with Increase of Wealth: The Remedy (1879; New York: Robert Schalkenbach Foundation, 1966), 5–10, 406–07, 461–62.
10. Arthur E. Morgan, Edward Bellamy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1944), 9.
11. Ibid., 20–25.
12. Ibid., 45–49.
13. Ibid., 127–29.
14. Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward, 2000–1887 (1888; New York: Signet, 2000), 7–9, 32–38.
15. Morgan, Edward Bellamy, 250–62.
16. John Hope Franklin, “Edward Bellamy and the Nationalist Movement,” New England Quarterly 11 (Dec. 1938): 754–57.
CHAPTER 16: MEET JIM CROW
1. The Booker T. Washington Papers, ed. Louis R. Harlan, Stuart B. Kaufman, and Raymond W. Smock (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972–), 3:108.
2. Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells, ed. Alfreda M. Duster (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), 7–10; Linda O. McMurry, To Keep the Waters Troubled: The Life of Ida B. Wells (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 3–15.
3. Crusade
for Justice, 23–24, McMurry, To Keep the Waters Troubled, 26–28.
4. Louis R. Harlan, Booker T. Washington, vol. 1: The Making of a Black Leader, 1856–1901 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972), 110; Booker T. Washington, Up from Slavery (1901; New York: Dover, 1995), 71–75.
5. Washington, Up from Slavery, 88–93.
6. Alexander Keyssar, The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States (New York: Basic Books, 2000), 107–09.
7. The most thorough (and recent) account of the Lodge bill controversy is Thomas Adams Upchurch, Legislating Racism: The Billion Dollar Congress and the Birth of Jim Crow (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004), chs. 4–8.
8. Keyssar, Right to Vote, 113–15. For the case of Mexican Americans in Texas, see David Montejano, Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836–1986 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1987), 143–47.
9. New York Times, April 5 and 26, 1892.
10. McMurry, To Keep the Waters Troubled, 357n1.
11. Ibid., 131–33.
12. New York Times, March 11, 1892.
13. Ibid., March 11 and 24, 1892.
14. Crusade for Justice, 47–52; McMurry, To Keep the Waters Troubled, 139–41.
15. Crusade for Justice, 64.
16. Southern Horrors and Other Writings: The Anti-Lynching Campaign of Ida B. Wells, 1892–1900, ed. Jacqueline Jones Royster (Boston: Bedford Books, 1997), 51–52.
17. Ibid., 52; McMurry, To Keep the Waters Troubled, 147–49.
18. McMurray, To Keep the Waters Troubled, 150; Southern Horrors, 54–55, 78.
19. Southern Horrors, 57–58, 68–72, 82–87. Other students of lynching have disagreed with Wells (and with one another) on the number of persons lynched during this period. Current estimates for the 1890s range from about 1,000 to about 1,500. The most careful enumeration is Stewart E. Tolnay and E. M. Beck, A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882–1930 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995). But see also Michael J. Pfeifer, Rough Justice: Lynching and American Society, 1874–1947 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004).
20. C. Vann Woodward, Origins of the New South, 1877–1913 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971), 117–18.
21. Edward L. Ayers, The Promise of the New South: Life after Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 10–11.
22. Woodward, Origins of the New South, 127.
23. Ibid., ch. 5; Ayers, Promise of the New South, chs. 3–5.
24. Woodward, Origins of the New South, 318–19.
25. Selected Speeches of Booker T. Washington, ed. E. Davidson Washington (Garden City: Doubleday, Doran, 1932), 2–4.
26. Washington, Up from Slavery, 99–100.
27. Ibid., 100–01; “An Account of Testimony before the House Committee on Appropriations,” Booker T. Washington Papers, 5:422–23.
28. Washington, Up from Slavery, 102; Harlan, Booker T. Washington, 1:210; Booker T. Washington Papers, 5:572.
29. Washington, Up from Slavery, 103–05; Harlan, Booker T. Washington, 1:213–17.
30. Booker T. Washington Papers, 5:583–87.
31. G. Edward White, “John Marshall Harlan I: The Precursor,” American Journal of Legal History 19 (1975): 6–7. More recent, fuller accounts of Harlan’s career and jurisprudence are Loren P. Beth, John Marshall Harlan: The Last Whig Justice (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1992); Tinsley E. Yarbrough, Judicial Enigma: The First Justice Harlan (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); and Linda Przybyszewski, The Republic according to John Marshall Harlan (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999).
32. Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883).
33. Otto H. Olsen, ed., The Thin Disguise: Plessy v. Ferguson: A Documentary Presentation (1864–1896) (New York: Humanities Press, 1967), 43; C. Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974), 38–40.
34. Olsen, Thin Disguise, 54.
35. Charles A. Lofgren, The Plessy Case: A Legal-Historical Interpretation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 21–22.
36. Tourgée’s remarkable career is the subject of Otto H. Olsen, Carpetbagger’s Crusade: The Life of Albion Winegar Tourgée (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1965).
37. Olsen, Thin Disguise, 55–57.
38. Lofgren, Plessy Case, 39–40.
39. Olsen, Thin Disguise, 71–74.
40. Ibid., 78.
41. Ibid., 80–103.
42. Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).
43. Ibid.
CHAPTER 17: AFFAIRS OF THE HEARTLAND
1. Black Elk, Black Elk Speaks, as told through John G. Neihardt (1932; New York: Pocket Books, 1972), 196–202.
2. Dee Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1970), 431–38.
3. Black Elk Speaks, 217.
4. Ibid., 217–23; Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, 439–45; Robert M. Utley, The Last Days of the Sioux Nation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963), 200–30.
5. Eleventh Census: 1890, Report on Population, part I, xxxiv.
6. Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Significance of Frontier in American History,” in The Frontier in American History (1920; New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1947), 11–12, 37–38.
7. Elizabeth Sanders, Roots of Reform: Farmers, Workers, and the American State, 1877–1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 105–06.
8. Munn v. Illinois, 94 U.S. 113 (1877).
9. Sanders, Roots of Reform, 109–16; National Party Platforms, 1840–1968, comp. Kirk H. Porter and Donald Bruce Johnson (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970), 57.
10. Richard E. Welch Jr., The Presidencies of Grover Cleveland (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1988), 80; Allan Nevins, Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1964), 331–32.
11. Of the People, By the People, For the People … and Other Quotations by Abraham Lincoln, ed. Gabor S. Boritt et al. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), 60.
12. John D. Hicks, The Populist Revolt: A History of the Farmers’ Alliance and the People’s Party (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1961), 96–113; Fred A. Shannon, The Farmer’s Last Frontier: Agriculture, 1860–1897 (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1945), 309–17.
13. Norman Pollack, ed., The Populist Mind (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967), 34–35.
14. Ibid., 3–4.
15. Hicks, Populist Revolt, 54.
16. Ibid., 57; Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington: Bureau of the Census, 1976), 1:208.
17. Hicks, Populist Revolt, 62.
18. Ibid., 119–27; Robert C. McMath Jr., Populist Vanguard: A History of the Southern Farmers’ Alliance (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975), 87–88; Lawrence Goodwyn, Democratic Promise: The Populist Moment in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), 162–66.
19. Sanders, Roots of Reform, 127.
20. National Party Platforms, 89–91; Pollack, Populist Mind, 60–66.
21. Hicks, Populist Revolt, 165; Fred Emory Haynes, James Baird Weaver (Iowa City: State Historical Society of Iowa, 1919), 310–43.
22. Hicks, Populist Revolt, 159–60.
23. Ibid., 162–63; Karek Denis Bicha, “Jerry Simpson: Populist without Principle,” Journal of American History 54 (1967): 291–306.
24. Hicks, Populist Revolt, 162–64, 235; Martin Ridge, Ignatius Donnelly: The Portrait of a Politician (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), 279–309; Ignatius Donnelly, Caesar’s Column: A Story of the Twentieth Century (1890; New York: AMS Press, 1981), 123–24.
25. Pollack, Populist Mind, 363–70; C. Vann Woodward, Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel (New York: Macmillan, 1938), 186–209.
26. H. Wayne Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877–1896 (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1969), 343.
27. Ibid., 451
–52.
28. William H. Harvey, Coin’s Financial School (1894), ed. Richard Hofstadter (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1963), 95–110, 114–19, 126–30, 140, 183, 191–93, 215, 220–39.
29. Ignatius Donnelly, The American People’s Money (Chicago: Laird & Lee, 1895).
30. The conspiratorial aspect of Populist rhetoric has inspired considerable controversy among historians. Richard Hofstadter, in The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F.D.R. (New York: Vintage, 1955), argued that the rhetoric captured the reality of the Populists’ thinking and that their movement was fundamentally irrational. From irrationality, xenophobia and anti-Semitism followed naturally. Populism’s defenders responded with angry reviews of Hofstadter’s book and with books and articles of their own. Norman Pollack landed several blows, including “Hofstadter on Populism: A Critique of The Age of Reform,” Journal of Southern History 26 (Nov. 1960): 478–500; “The Myth of Populist Anti-Semitism,” American Historical Review 68 (Oct. 1962): 76–80; and The Populist Response to Industrial America: Midwestern Populist Thought (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962). For accounts of the controversy, see Lawrence Goodwyn, Democratic Promise: The Populist Moment in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), 600–14 (which discusses the literature on Populism generally), and Robert M. Collins, “The Originality Trap: Richard Hofstadter on Populism,” Journal of American History 76 (June 1989): 150–67.
31. William Allen White, “What’s the Matter with Kansas?” in The Autobiography of William Allen White (New York: Macmillan, 1946), 280–83.
CHAPTER 18: THE WAGES OF CAPITALISM
1. Erik Larson, The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair That Changed America (New York: Crown, 2003), 107, 175, 286; Robert Muccigrosso, Celebrating the New World: Chicago’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 (Chicago: I. R. Dee, 1993).
2. Mark Carlson, “Causes of Bank Suspensions in the Panic of 1893,” Federal Reserve Board Finance and Economics Discussion Series, 2002; Paul Studenski and Herman E. Krooss, Financial History of the United States (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963), 218–19.
