The Knockoff Economy
Page 33
Himself, 106
H&M, 25-26
Hollywood, 230-31
Holmgren, Mike, 129
Hope, Bob, 100
Horyn, Cathy, 37
Howard Stern Show, The, 114
HSBC, 160
IBM, 188
“I-bone” offensive formation, 128, 130
Ibuprofen, 196-97
Ideas
credit given to author of, 109
lack of copyright law protection for, 103, 105
unattributed copying of, 108
“I’m Lovin’ It!”, 69
Imitation
innovation and, 16, 115-16, 168, 210
lessons about, 172-202
monopoly theory and, 168
In Rainbows, 224
Index funds, 124-25, 159
Induced obsolescence, 43-47, 49, 173
Industrial revolution, 142
ING, 71
Innovation
benefits of, 203
brands effect on, 197
competition and, 168
as competitive process, 15
Constitutional protection of, 5-6
copying effects on, 6, 15-16, 90, 118, 166, 192, 207
in culinary industry, 9-10, 62, 88, 90, 189
economic growth benefits of, 15
factors that affect, 203
in financial services, 155-61
font design, 150-51
in football, 12-14
imitation and, 16, 115-16, 168, 210
incentivizing, 89
lessons about, 172-202
in magic industry, 122
monopoly theory of, 6, 8, 16, 39, 150, 166-68, 203, 238n6
prizes used to inspire, 203
protection of, 5-6
returns on, 203-4
Innovative Design Protection and Piracy Prevention Act, 20, 35-36, 237n2
Intellectual property
competition and, 237n3
Constitutional protection of, 5
definition of, 5
in fashion industry, 29
historical descriptions of, 81
innovation and, 14
patents. See Patents
political economy of, 238n7
power of, 5
premise of rights, 191
protection of, 4, 15
reasons for, 171
Supreme Court rulings, 237n4
Interlude, 72, 76, 80
International Association of Culinary Professionals Code of Ethics, 80
Internet
cuisine copying and, 68-69
radio on, 232
iPad, 142
iPhone, 142, 155
iPod, 147, 220 Iron Chef, 10, 87
iTunes, 176, 209, 218-20
J. Cole, 223-24
Jacobs, Marc, 5, 50-51, 54-55
Jagger, Mick, 183, 222
Jambands, 225-27
JCPenny, 25
Jefferson, Thomas, 6, 238n5
Jewelry, 27-28
Jobs, Steve, 142, 232
John Varvatos, 41
Joke(s). See also Comedians; Comedy industry
buying of, 110, 117
copyright protection of, 12, 103
firstness in performing of, 110-11
joint ownership of, 109-110
one-liner, 101-2, 116-17
ownership rules, 110-11, 116
plagiarism of, 108
premise of, 108-110
punch line ownership, 109
selling of, 110
Joke copying
detection of, 111, 118
enforcement against, by comedians, 111-15
examples of, 97-98, 103-7
historical differences in views on, 101, 109, 116-17
premise of joke, 108-110
prevalence of, 100-101
proving of, 103, 108
refusal to deals as form of sanction for, 114
reputational sanctions for, 112-14
social norms against, 107-15, 117, 177-78
violent retaliation for, 114
Jones, Rickie Lee, 141
Junk bonds, 159
Kamp, David, 60
Kawakubo, Rei, 24
Kazaa, 217
Keaton, Buster, 15
Keller, Thomas, 62, 77, 81, 85, 90, 190
Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co., 196
“Kick it up a notch!”, 69
“Killing Them Softly,” 107
Kinkade, Thomas, 88
Kinno, Dan, 114
Klein, Calvin, 51
Kogi, 9, 184
Kolb, Steven, 36
Krueger, Alan, 183
L.A. Unified School District, 166
LaCroix, Christian, 51
LaDou, Ed, 61
Lagasse, Emeril, 69
Lanvin, 41
Late Show with David Letterman, The, 19
Lauren, Ralph, 24, 38
Laurent, Yves Saint, 24, 38-39, 242n45
Lawson, Nigella, 66-67
Le Pavillon, 60
Leach, Mike, 130, 133-34, 189
LeBeau, Dick, 129
Lee, Biby, 98
Lee, Spike, 176
Lefebvre, Ludovic, 200
Lemley, Mark, 132
Lennon, John, 141
Leno, Jay, 110
Letterman, David, 110
Levitt, Steven D., 145
Levy, Marv, 130
Lexis-Nexis, 162, 194
Linux, 186, 188
Live in Houston, 11
Live musical performances, 182-84, 222, 226, 233
Local cuisines, 60
“Lockhorns, The,” 100
Logos, 29
Long Tail, The, 215
Lopez, George, 98, 107, 114
Los Angeles Times, 166
Louie, 10
Louis C.K., 10-12, 101, 179, 208-9
Louis Vuitton, 24, 44
LPs, 228-29
LVMH, 25
Madey v. Duke University, 143, 249n11
Magic tricks, 119-20
Magicians, 119-22, 178
Manguera, Mark, 8-9
Marie Claire, 20, 36
Maron, Marc, 11
Maskelyne, John Nevil, 119, 248n24
Master of ceremonies, 99
MathWorks, 136-38, 189
Matsuhisa, Nobu, 63
McCardell, Claire, 23
McFarland, Ed, 57-59
Melisse, 76
Mencia, Carlos, 97, 103-6, 114-15
Meredith Corporation, 65-66
Meredith v. PIL, 65-66, 68
Mermaid Oyster Bar, 201
Merton, Robert, 156, 161
Meyer, Danny, 61
Meyer, Urban, 135
Michelin Guide, 78
Mickey Mouse, 15
Microsoft, 185, 188, 194, 220
Middleton, Kate, 4
Middleton, Pippa, 4
Miedlinger, Max, 146
Miller, Mac, 223-24
Mirabella, Grace, 24
Miyaked, Issey, 24, 174
Modernist cuisine movement, 62-63
Molecular gastronomy, 59
Molten chocolate cake, 63-64
Momofuku, 71, 76, 180
Monopoly theory of innovation, 6, 8, 16, 39, 150, 166-68, 203, 238n6
Montana, Joe, 129
Moradi, Omid, 2
Morgan, Walter, 124
Morgan Stanley, 160
Motion Picture Association of America, 172, 221
Moto, 62, 71
Movie rentals, 230
Mozilla Firefox, 186
mp3 files, 228-29
Mr. Chow, 70
Murry, Charlie, 45
Music. See also Songs
cover songs, 139, 141
digital copies of, 182
disposable nature of, 232
distribution of, 208, 223-24
as experience, 222-23
fads in, 176
filesharing of, 213, 216, 229, 255n4
innovations in, 228
licensing fees of,
232
live performances, 182-84, 222, 226, 233
on LPs, 228-29
piracy of, 37-38, 176, 213-19, 225
production costs of, 208, 223
quality of, 227-28
sampling of, 76
as social network, 223-27
social norms, 227
trends in, 176
tweaking of, 139, 141, 208
vinyl records, 228
Music copying
description of, 224
economic costs of, 214
history of, 213
prevalence of, 221
Music industry. See also Record labels
Apple’s rise in, 220-21
changes in, 215
copying effects on, 214
creativity and, 231
decline of, 214-16
definition of, 214
Napster effects on, 216-19
revenues of, 215
Musical compositions
compulsory licensing fee for using, 140
player piano “copying” of, 139-40
tweaking of, 141
Musical concerts, 182-83, 222
Musicians, technology effects on, 215
“My Favorite Things,” 141-42
Myspace, 195, 223
Napster, 213, 216-19
National Collegiate Athletic Association, 127
NCAA. See National Collegiate Athletic Association
Nelson, Willie, 141
Netflix, 203, 230
Network externalities, 194, 251n6
New Orleans, 60
New York Times
fashion coverage by, 37, 48, 50
restaurant reviews by, 62
Nigella Bites, 66
Nimmer on Copyright, 68
“No Huddle Offense,” 13, 129-30
Nondisclosure agreements, 160
Nystrom, Paul, 27, 240n15
Obsolescence, induced, 43-47, 49, 173
“Oh, Pretty Woman,” 74
Old Navy, 25
Oliar, Dotan, 98, 104
OMIM database, 162
One-liner jokes, 101-2, 116-17
Open source creativity and, 190
in culinary industry, 189
description of, 173
tweaking in, 187
Wikipedia as example of, 185-86
Open-source software
commercial software versus, 187
cost savings associated with, 187
description of, 14, 90
examples of, 186
innovation and, 90
source code, 187
Optimism bias, 204-6, 253n36
Orbison, Roy, 74
Orphan works, 144
Oswalt, Patton, 101
Over-the-counter derivatives, 159-60
Owens, Tim, 182
Oysters and Pearls, 85
Painkiller, 93
Palm, The, 69
Pandora, 232
Pantograph, 149
Pantomime, 249n28
Parker, Charlie, 141
Parker, Sean, 213
Parody, 74
Patek Phillipe 198
Patents
business method, 157-58
Constitutional protection of, 5
difficulty of obtaining, 28
fashion design, 28
in financial services industry, 157-60
font protection, 149
food industry, 71-72
football application of, 131
inventions protected by, 6
magic tricks, 120
Pioneers and, 143
purpose of, 195, 203
rejection of, 28
scope of, 7
Tweakers and, 143
Payless, 29
PDT, 91
Pearl Oyster Bar, 57-58, 69, 201
Penn and Teller, 120
Perfect copying, 84
Petty, Tom, 141
Pharmaceutical industry, 171
Phillipe Chow, 70
Phish, 225
Pierre Cardin, 23, 55
PIL, 65-66
Pink, David, 185
Pinkberry, 5
Pioneers
computer programming industry example of, 137, 189
in football, 132-36, 189
in music industry, 141
of open-source software, 187
Piracy
books, 145-46
fashion, 44
in Hollywood, 221
music, 37-38, 176, 213-19, 225
Piracy paradox, 44, 49, 52, 54, 174, 193
“Pistol” football formation, 135-36
Plant, Arnold, 30
Player piano, 139-41
Pollan, Michael, 87
Positional goods, 40, 242n50
Positive network externalities, 194, 251n6
Power, Cat, 141
PPr, 25
Prada, 24, 38
Printed fabric, 28
Printing press, 145-46
Product versus performance
cuisine as example of, 180-81. See also Cuisine; Culinary copying
description of, 172, 179-80
Promgirl, 2
Property rights, 35
Prouenza Schouler, 46, 51
Prude’s Demise, 92
Puck, Wolfgang, 61
Pusser’s rum, 93
Radio, 232
Radiohead, 224-25
Ramsay, Gordon, 82
Randall, Alice, 74, 144
Rapidshare, 218
Recipes. See also Chef(s); Culinary industry; Food
“built food” versus, 64-65, 67-68
copyright issues for, 64-66, 245n23
creativity of, 66
definition of, 64
historical descriptions of, 81
International Association of Culinary Professionals Code of Ethics for, 80
as procedures, 65, 67
reworking of, 74
sheet music versus, 67
“substantial literary expression” with, 66
Record labels. See also Music; Music industry
business model used by, 229
copyright effects on, 221
Napster and, 216-19
revenue losses by, 215-16
Recording Industry Association of America, 216-18
Red Hat, 187-88
Rentner, Maurice, 33-35, 39, 52
Reputation
of chefs, 86-89
of comedians, 112-14
Restaurant(s). See also Chef(s); Culinary copying; Food
advertising effect, 201
apprenticing in, 190
atmosphere of, 181
design and decor of, 69-71, 198, 201
experience of eating in, 85-86, 180
“packaging” of, 85
staging in, 73, 75, 190
“trade dress” protection for, 69-70
trade secret protection for, 71
trademark protections for, 71
“unfair competition” protections, 70-71
Restaurant industry. See also Culinary industry
annual sales in, 58
trade dress, 69-70, 180, 198
Restaurant reviews, 62
Retaliation, 10
Rhapsody, 231-32
Robuchon, Joel, 82
Rock, Chris, 101
Rodarte, 27
Rodriguez, Rich, 130, 134-35, 189
Rogan, Joe, 97, 103, 115
Rogers and Hammerstein, 141
Rolling Stones, 183
Romeo and Juliet, 15
Rubell, Jennifer, 64
“Run-and-shoot” offense, 133-34
Ryan, Rex, 138, 189
Saban, Nick, 138
Sahl, Mort, 101
Saverin, Eduardo, 213
Savile Row, 23
Schmulen, Leon Bendel, 34
Schultz, Mark, 225-27
Schumer, Charles, 158
Schwartz, Allen B., 20, 36
Secondary meaning, 149
Secrets of a Restaura
nt Chef, 87
Seinfeld, Jerry, 101
Self-knockoffs, 54-55
Sex and the City, 25
Shaffir, Ari, 97-98, 104
Shakespeare, William, 15, 43
Sheet music
copyright protection of, 67, 139
recipes versus, 67
Shilliday, Beth, 42
Shin, Alice, 9
Shumer, Chuck, 20
Silverman, Sarah, 101
Simmel, Georg, 43
“Sit-wrap” license, 72
Smith, James R., 128
Smith, Patti, 141
Smoot-Hawley tariffs, 23
Social networks
description of, 194
music as, 223-27
Social norms
chef’s use of, 78-83, 178
in comedy industry, 98, 104-17, 177-79
copying affected by, 177-79
creativity, 115
description of, 172, 177
enforcement of, 81-82
in fashion industry, 49-52
joke copying, 107-15, 117, 177-78
limitations of, 82
magicians, 119-22, 121-22
Software
first-mover advantage in, 194
open-source. See Open-source software
Songs. See also Music
cover, 139, 141
filesharing of, 213, 216, 229, 255n4
illegal downloading of, 216-20
singles, 229-30
tweaking of, 141
Sony Corp. v. Universal City Studios, 237n 4
Soule, Henri, 60
Sousa, John Philip, 139-40
“Spago,” 69
Splichal, Joachim, 77
Spotify, 231-32
Spread Offense, 130, 134
“Spread-option” football formation, 135
Springsteen, Bruce, 141
Stand-up comedy industry. See Comedy industry
State Street Banka and Trust Co. v. Signature Financial Group Inc., 157-58
Stationers’ Company, 145
Status of fashion designs, 39-40
Statute of Anne, 145
Steamboat Willie, 15
Steampunk, 155-55
Stewart, Jon, 102
Streep, Meryl, 47
Subconscious appropriation, 111
Substantial similarity, 83
Sui, Anna, 26
Sumptuary codes, 40
Taco Bell, 69
Taco Cabana, 70, 180
Tailor, 92
Tar Pit, 92
Texas Tech, 130, 133
Theory of the Leisure Class, 39
“Thief of Bad Gags,” 101
30 Minute Meals, 87
Thomas, Dana, 40
Time Magazine, 32-33, 53
Times New Roman font, 147-48, 152
Tobias, Henry, 247n6
“Toomlers,” 100-101
Top Chef, 10, 87
Topshop, 25
Torondel, Laurent, 77, 84
Tournament markers, 206-8
Tower Records, 213-14
“Trade dress”
fashion industry use of, 29-30, 198
nonfunctionality requirement for, 240n21
packaging, 245n27
product design, 245n27
restaurant industry use of, 69-70, 180, 198
Trade secrets
culinary copying and, 71, 79
financial services and, 157-58
magic tricks and, 120-21
Trademark(s)