by David Barton
See also William B. Erdman, Erdman’s Handbook to Christianity in America, ed. Mark Noll (Grand Rapids: William B. Erdmans Publishing Co., 1983), 210.
32. William Maxwell, A Memoir of the Rev. John H. Rice (Philadelphia: J. Wetham, 1835), 51–52.
33. Alexander Campbell, “To Timothy,” Memorial University, March 1, 1827, accsessed October 25, 2011, http://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/acampbell/tcb/TCB410.HTM#Essay5.
34. Douglas Allen Foster, The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004), 356.
35. J. F. Burnett, Elias Smith: Reformer, Journalist, Doctor; Horace Mann: Christian Statesman and Educator (Dayton: The Christian Publishing Association, 1921), accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/jburnett/eshm/ESHM.HTM.
36. Thomas Jefferson, “Thomas Jefferson Papers, to Francis A. Van Der Kemp on July 9, 1820” Library of Congress, accessed October 25, 2011, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib023864.
37. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), 35–354.
38. Ibid., 4:360–361.
39. Thomas Jefferson, “Thomas Jefferson Papers, to Salma Hale on July 26, 1818,” Library of Congress, accessed October 25, 2011, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib023250.
40. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), 349.
41. Ibid. 4:358.
42. Ibid.
43. Thomas Jefferson, “Thomas Jefferson Papers, to Ezra Styles Ely on June 25, 1819,” Library of Congress, accessed October 25, 2011, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib023541.
44. Thomas Jefferson, The Adams-Jefferson Letters, ed. Lester J. Cappon, vol. 2 (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1959), 421.
45. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvil, 1830), 321.
46. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Henry A. Washington, vol. 7 (New York: Derby & Jackson, 1859), 395.
47. Thomas Jefferson, “The Thomas Jefferson Papers, to Martha (Patsy) Jefferson on December 11, 1783,” Library of Congress, accessed October 25, 2011, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib000839.
48. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), 326.
49. Ibid., 327.
50. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 1 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904), 69.
51. Thomas Jefferson, “The Thomas Jefferson Papers, to Ezra Styles Ely on June 25, 1819,” Library of Congress, accessed October 25, 2011, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib023541.
52. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 2 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904), 260, “Notes on Religion,” October 1776.
53. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), Vol. IV, p. 322, to William Short on April 13, 1820.
54. Thomas Jefferson, “The Thomas Jefferson Papers, to Thomas B. Parker on May 15, 1819,” Library of Congress, accessed October 25, 2011, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib023495.
55. Thomas Jefferson, “The Thomas Jefferson Papers, to Salma Hale on July 26, 1818,” Library of Congress, accessed October 25, 2011, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib023250.
56. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), 358.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid., 4:363.
59. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 10 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1899), 144n.
60. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), 366.
61. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 9 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1898), 412.
62. Judith S. Levey, ed., The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia (New York: Avon Books, 1983), 872.
63. See Rev. Charles Buck, A Theological Dictionary Containing Definitions of All Religious Terms (Philadelphia: Edwin T. Scott, 1823), 582; An Answer to the Question, Why Do You Attend a Unitarian Church? (Christian Register Office, circa 1840); Daniel Rupp, An Original History of the Religious Denominations at Present Existing in the United States (Philadelphia: J. Y. Humphrys, 1844), 711; etc.
64. Daniel Rupp, An Original History of the Religious Denominations at Present Existing in the United States (Philadelphia: J. Y. Humphrys, 1844), 711.
65. James Truslow Adams, ed., Dictionary of American History (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1940), s.v. “Unitarians.”
66. John Quincy Adams, Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, ed. Charles Francis Adams, vol. 7 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1875), 324.
67. Ibid.
68. Eliakim Littell, ed., “The Antislavery Revolution in America,” in The Living Age, vol. 86 (Boston: Littell, Son, and Company, 1865), 200.
69. Samuel J. May, Some Recollections of Our Antislavery Conflict (Boston: Fields, Osgood, & Co., 1869), 335.
70. Including Benjamin Rush, Charles Clay, John Adams, William Short, and Thomas Cooper.
71. See Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), 206; Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 15:1; etc.
72. See Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 9 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905), 459n; Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), 320; Benjamin Rush, Letters of Benjamin Rush, ed. L. H. Butterfield, vol. 2 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951), 863– 864; Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), 4:44–49, 3:413; Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 4 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904), 413; Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 8 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1897), 130; etc.
73. Thomas Jefferson, “Syllabus of an Estimate of the Merit of the Doctrines of Jesus, Compared with Those of Others,” in The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 9 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905), 459n.
74. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (Boston: Gray and Bowen, 1830), 361.
75. Ibid., 4:360.
76. Ibid., 4:350.
77. Wilburn E. MacClenny, from “The Prospect Before Us,” in The Life of Rev. James O’Kelly and the Early History of the Christian Church in the South (Suffolk: Edwards & Broughton Printing Company, 1910), 217.
78. Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 14:385.
79. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 3 (Boston: Gray and Bowen, 1830), 506.
80. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Henry A. Washington, vol. 7 (New York: Derby and Jackson, 1859), 127.
81. Dumas Malone, Jefferson the President, First Term 1801–1805, vol. 4 (Boston: Little Brown & Co., 1970), 205.
82. Ibid., 202.
83. Benjamin Rush, The Autobiography of Benjamin Rush (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1948), 152.
84. Benjamin Rush, Letters of Benjamin Rush, ed. L. H. Butterfield, vol. 2 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951), 864.
85. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Henry A. Washington, vol. 7 (New York: H. W. Derby, 1861), 281.
86. American Heritage Dictionary (1983),
2nd College Edition, s.v. “Deism”; American College Dictionary (1947), s.v. “Deism.”
87. See Thomas Jefferson, “Query XVIII The particular customs and manners that may happen to be received in that state?” Notes of the State of Virginia (Philadelphia: Matthew Carey, 1794), 236–237; Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 11 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905), 419–420; Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 11 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905), 471; and others.
88. Thomas Jefferson, “Second Inaugural Address on April 4, 1805,” The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 8 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1897), 348.
89. See Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph (Charlottesville: F. Carr and Co., 1829), 3:439, 4:23; Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 12 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905), 474n; etc.
90. See Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), 4:349–350, “Syllabus of an Estimate of the Merits of the Doctrines of Jesus, Compared with Those of Others,” 3:514–517; Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 10:376–377, 12:315; Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph (Charlottesville: F. Carr and Co., 1829); etc.
91. See, for example, Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), 23–24, 176.
92. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, 672.
CONCLUSION: THOMAS JEFFERSON: AN AMERICAN HERO
1. Jack M. Balkin, “Tradition, Betrayal, and the Politics of Deconstruction—Part II,” Yale University, 1998, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/jbalkin/articles/trad2.htm.
2. Henry S. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 3 (New York: Derby & Jackson, 1858), 673.
3. Paul Vitz, Censorship; Evidence of Bias in our Children’s Textbooks (Ann Arbor: 1986), 77.
4. Ibid., 80.
5. John Adams, The Works of John Adams, ed. Charles Francis Adams, vol. 2 (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1850), 17.
6. See, for example, B. L. Rayner, Life of Thomas Jefferson (Boston: Lilly, Wait, Colman, & Holden, 1834); Sarah Randolph, The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1871); John T. Morse, Jr., Thomas Jefferson (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin Company: 1885); Andrew Allison, The Real Thomas Jefferson (Washington, DC: National Center for Constitutional Studies, 1983); Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vols. 1–6 (Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1951–1981); etc.
7. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 1 (New York: Derby & Jackson, 1858), http://books.google.com/books?id=TRxCAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:Q73dCAMDp8QC&hl=en&ei=T1X_TdfhBMuutwfGyIy-Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false); Henry S. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 2 (New York: Derby & Jackson, 1858), http://books.google.com/books?id=lxxCAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:Q73dCAMDp8QC&hl=en&ei=T1X_TdfhBMuutwfGyIy-Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false); Henry S. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 3 (New York: Derby & Jackson, 1858), http://books.google.com/books?id=a9NQEl4jfP8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:Q73dCAMDp8QC&hl=en&ei=T1X_TdfhBMuutwfGyIy-Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false).
8. Margaret Thatcher, “Lady Margaret Thatcher at Monticello, on the Occasion of the 253rd Anniversary of the Birth of Thomas Jefferson and the Presentation of the First Thomas Jefferson Medal for Statesmanship,” document from Monticello, April 13, 1996.
9. The Debates, Resolutions, and Other Proceedings, in Convention, on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, ed. Jonathan Elliot, vol. 2 (Washington, DC: Printed for the Editor, 1828), 281.
10. Jefferson, Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 14:384.
11. “Take the Quiz: What We Don’t Know,” Newsweek.com, accessed June 21, 2011, http://www.newsweek.com/2011/03/20/take-the-quiz-what-we-don-t-know.html.
12. Scopes v. State, 289 S.W. 363 (Tenn. 1927).
13. Clarence Darrow, as quoted in The World’s Most Famous Court Trial: Tennessee Evolution Case (Cincinnati: National Book Company, 1925), 74.
14. Robert Byrd, “A Failure to Produce Better Students,” Library of Congress, June 9, 1997, accessed November 11, 2011, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/search/citation.result.CREC.action?congressionalRecord.volume=143&congressionalRecord.pagePrefix=S&congressionalRecord.pageNumber=5393&publication=CREC.
15. D. Salahu-Din, H. Persky, and J. Miller, “The Nation’s Report Card: Writing 2007,” National Center for Education Statistics, 2008, accessed October 25, 2011, http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pdf/main2007/2008468.pdf.
16. Sheldon and Jeremy Stern, “The State of State U. S. History Standards in 2011,” Thomas Fordham Institute, February 2011, accessed October 25, 2011, www.edexcellencemedia.net/publications/2011/20110216_SOSHS/SOSS_History_FINAL.pdf. These findings are based on the published scope and sequence of history standards for the various states. States that require students to learn only from 1900 forward are California, Connecticut, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, and Washington. States that require students to learn from Reconstruction forward are Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, New Mexico, Ohio, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, and Utah.
17. “Losing America’s Memory: Historical Illiteracy in the 21st Century,” American Council of Trustees and Alumni, August 4, 2003, accessed October 25, 2011, https://www.goacta.org/publications/downloads/LosingAmerica%27sMemory.pdf.
18. Peter Wood, “Vanishing Act,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, May 19, 2011, accessed October 25, 2011, http://chronicle.com/blogs/innovations/vanishing-act/29479.
19. Sean Alfano, “Poll: Majority Reject Evolution,” CBS, February 11, 2009, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/10/22/opinion/polls/main965223.shtml.
20. Google Books, http://books.google.com/; Project Gutenberg, http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Main_Page; Page By Page Books, http://www.pagebypagebooks.com/authorlist.html; Online Books (Monergism), http://www.monergism.com/free_online_books.php; Read Print, http://www.readprint.com/; Internet Archive, http://www.archive.org/details/texts); etc.
21. Mark Noll, Nathan Hatch, and George Marsden, The Search for Christian America (Colorado Springs: Helmers & Howard, 1989).
22. Thomas Paine, The Writings of Thomas Paine, ed. Moncure Daniel Conway, vol. 3 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1894), 68, “Letter Addressed to the Addressers on the Late Proclamation [Royal Proclamation Against Seditious Writings],” 1792.
23. Noah Webster, An American Dictionary of the English Language, vol. 1 (New York: S. Converse, 1828), 101, s.v. “History.”
24. Randolph, The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson, 38.
25. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, 3:675; Randolph, The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson, 337.
26. Randolph, The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson, 289–290.
27. Ibid.
28. “Social Hours of Daniel Webster,” Harper’s Magazine (July, 1856), as quoted in Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, 1:490–491.
29. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, 3:671
30. Randolph, The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson, 344–345.
31. Ibid.
32. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, 3:671.
33. Ibid., 3:673.
34. Randolph, “Dr. Dunglison’s Memoranda,” in The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson, 394–395.
35. Calvin Coolidge, “Address Before the Congress Sitting in Joint Session in the House of Representatives,” American Presidency Project, February 22, 1927, accessed October 25, 2011,, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=418&st=&st1=#ixzz1PNL7rdMJ.
Acknowledgments<
br />
Anytime that a work of this magnitude is produced—a work that includes hundreds of footnotes from thousands of historical sources—there are many who must be acknowledged. After all, the Scriptures remind us that we should give honor to whom it is due (Romans 13:7) and among those worthy of public recognition are:
• Early American historians (such as Jared Sparks, Benson Lossing, George Bancroft, Richard Frothingham, Charles Coffin, John Fiske, and others) who believed that they should objectively report history without spin or personal opinion—that it was their duty to record everything that occurred, including not only the bad and the ugly (which is too often the limit of historical examination today) but also the good.
• Current websites that invested extensive time and money in placing thousands of original unedited historical documents online so that they can now be read in their entirety by any citizen without the extraneous personal opinions with which many scholars seek to bias readers. Such praiseworthy websites include the Avalon Project, the Library of Congress, the American Presidency Project, a Century of Lawmaking, and many others.
• Jefferson scholars such as Dr. Mark Beliles, who in 1993 not only researched Jefferson’s faith by reading scores of Jefferson’s own writings but also studied countless letters, writings, diaries, and memoirs from scores of clergymen who personally interacted with Jefferson. Beliles thus presents remarkable insight into Jefferson’s complex relationship with the clergy, reaching conclusions that, although consistent with primary source historical data, are dramatically different from the opinions of many today who call themselves Jefferson scholars but have read few of Jefferson’s own writings. Others worthy of mention who demonstrate the same sound historical approach include Dr. Daniel Dreisbach and Dr. Philip Hamburger.
• My own research staff who took hundreds of tedious questions I posited them and provided answers from primary source documents. Among the many who were vital in the research and writing of this book were Sarah Freeman, Caroline Henry, Tim Stackpole, Kristy Stedman, Brian Freeman, Damaris Schuler, Timothy Barton, Gabriella Franks, Derringer Dick, and Jennifer Farley.
