A Sovereign People
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additional duties legislation, 46
army leadership, 68, 70, 195
arrests and treatment of rebels, 72, 73–74
articles about Genet and neutrality, 124
blamed for Whiskey Rebellion, 75–76
in cabinet of 1789, 11–12
and certificate holders of debt, 14
criticism of policies and views, 30–31
as de facto leader, 154
debts of government, 12, 91, 112, 115
economic plan and views, 2–3, 12–14
excise tax on alcohol, 15, 16–19
fact-finding mission in Pennsylvania, 32–33
federal action in Whiskey Rebellion, 33–34, 61
on French revolution and republic, 84, 103–104
and E. Genet, 90, 91, 94, 95, 96–97, 100, 111–112, 124, 130
intervention of France in internal politics, 155, 191
on Louis XIV, 100
and Mifflin’s position, 45, 66
militia response to rebels, 50, 51–52, 53, 66–67
mobilization against rebels, 67–69
motives against rebels, 76–77, 79
as nationalist, 11–12
neutrality of US in European war, 95, 98, 102–103, 111–112
newspaper attacks on, 72–73
obligations towards France, 94, 95
and opposition to whiskey tax, 8, 20–21, 26–28, 42, 64, 65–66
presidential proclamation, 35–36, 55
and privateers, 117, 118–120
public credit reports, 12–13, 19
and state authority, 17–18
tax rejection in Kentucky, 23
trade during European war, 90–91
XYZ crisis response, 163
yellow fever, 42
Hamilton, John, 32, 49
Hammond, George
neutrality and sovereignty of US, 101–102, 111–112, 138–139
on privateers, 114–115, 122, 139
Harper, Robert Goodloe, 204
Hauterive, Alexandre Maurice Blanc de Lanautte, Comte d’, 135, 165
Hauteval, Lucien (aka Z), 171, 175, 177, 190
Hebecourt, Francis D’, 74
Henfield, Gideon, 109–110, 125–127
Henry, Patrick, 194
Herald of Liberty, 231
Hillhouse, James, 205
Holland, 93–94
Holt, Charles, 238
Hottinguer, Jean Conrad (aka X), 171, 172–173, 175–177, 178, 190
House of Representatives
economic plan of Hamilton, 13
and excise tax, 27–30
extragovernmental organizations, 77–78
first session in 1789, 10, 83
French insults response, 161–162
neutrality of US, 147–148
support for Whiskey Rebellion measures, 39
Hubbard, Nicholas, 172
immigrants, 203–205, 206–207, 210
See also aliens
Independent Chronicle, 210–211, 226–227
Ingersoll, Jared, 126
Irvine, William, 55
Jackson, James, 14
Jacobins, 135–137, 142–143, 145, 148
Jane ship, 122
Jay, John, 34, 35, 133, 143
Jay Treaty, 148, 155, 156, 159
Jefferson, Thomas
attacks on G. Washington, 107–108
in cabinet of 1789, 11
credentials and arrival of Genet, 91, 103, 104
criticism of and by Genet, 129, 149
debt to France, 112
election of 1797, 153
English influence in US, 90–91, 114, 120, 123, 129
envoy in peace commission, 163, 164
French republic support, 85
French ships actions in US, 108–109
invasion plans of Genet, 131–133
in lawsuit for libel, 143–144
letters on trade and debt of US, 105–106
neutrality of US, 95–96, 98, 102, 104, 112–113
and nullification of laws, 233
opposition to Hamilton and policies, 30–31
perceived alliance from Genet, 114
privateers and recruitment of Americans, 104–105, 109, 110–111, 114, 115, 116, 118–123
recall of Genet, 127–128, 130, 141
reception of Genet, 95, 96, 97–98
and Sedition Act, 218, 223
Sedition Act protest resolutions, 231–234, 235
on sovereignty, 110–111, 137, 138
views on Genet, 118
will of the people threat, 133–134
Johnson, Robert, 24, 45
Kentucky
disregard of federal authority, 43–44
help with Genet’s invasion, 130, 134–135
nullification of legislation, 236–237
rejection of excise tax, 23, 44
Sedition Act protests, 223, 224–225, 231–232
Kentucky Gazette, 224
Kentucky Resolutions, 232–234, 235, 236–237, 242, 248
King, Rufus, 133, 143–144, 159, 178
Kirkpatrick, Adam, 47
Kittera, John, 208, 210
Knox, Henry
in cabinet of 1789, 11
militia response to rebels, 56, 57
presidential proclamation, 55
privateers, 118–120
recall of Genet, 124, 128
reports in Whiskey Rebellion, 47, 59–60
laws and legislation
alien friends, 208–209
on excise tax on alcohol, 19–20, 27, 29–30, 46
and federal authority, 9, 233
for militia call, 29
on naturalization, 204–205
nullification of, 233, 236–237, 243
and presidential powers, 208–209
Whiskey Rebellion challenge and submission to, 9, 62–63
See also specific Acts
Lee, Charles, 212
Lee, Henry “Light Horse Harry”
arrests of rebels, 71–72
on domestic dangers, 140
and E. Genet, 113, 140
as leader against Whiskey Rebellion, 68, 69, 70–71
pardon to all persons, 74–75
Lee, Thomas, 138
Lee, Thomas Sim, 64, 66
Lenox, David, 46
liberty poles, 92, 237
Little Sarah ship crisis, 117–122
Livingston, Edward, 208, 213, 225
Livingston, William, 189–190
Lloyd, James, 210, 212
Logan, George, 196–197
Logan Act, 197
Louis XVI, 83, 96
Louisiana, 43, 131–132
Lynn, John, 64
Lyon, Matthew, 227–230, 238
Macon, Nathaniel, 215
Macpherdon, William, 70
Madison, James
envoy in peace commission, 163, 164
opposition to Hamilton and policies, 14, 30–31
Sedition Act protest resolutions, 234
support of French republic, 85
Marshall, James
arrival in Paris, 170
departure as envoy, 183–184
dispatches of mission, 190
failure as envoy, 186
and Gerry’s personal role, 180–181
as negotiator, 164–165, 186
political situation in France, 169
pressure on, 178
relationship between negotiators, 180–184
views of negotiations, 174, 178
in Whiskey Rebellion, 38, 60
on X and Y demands, 172, 173, 174, 176
Marshall, Thomas, 22
Maryland, 64
Massachusetts, 236
McHenry, James, 165–166, 194
McKean, Thomas, 38–39, 51, 55, 211
Mentges, Frances, 50
Michaux, Andre, 131, 135
Mifflin, Thomas
dealings with G. Washington, 50–51, 52, 56–57
French vie
w of US, 156
Genet’s appeal to the people, 133
as governor of Pennsylvania, 36
legal steps to stop resistance, 37–38, 45, 52
militia mobilization, 51, 52–53, 56–58, 66
negotiation with rebels, 52, 55
pardon to all persons in rebellion, 78
on privateers, 117–118
reaction to presidential proclamation, 37–38
reports on situation, 39–40, 47
militia
in excise tax rebellion, 31, 49–54, 56–58, 65–67, 74
legislation for, 29
and privateers, 117–118, 119–120
Mingo Creek Association, 32, 40, 47
Mississippi River, opening for navigation, 21, 78
monarchy, fear of, 2, 31, 83–84, 107, 129–130
Monroe, James, 156
Morgan, Daniel, 71, 74
Morris, Gouverneur, 84, 124, 127–128, 130, 142–143
Moultrie, William, 92–93, 99, 145
Mount Pleasant Register, 220
Mountflorence, James, 171, 177
Mud Island battery, 119–120, 122
Murray, William Vans, 102, 169–170, 198–199
National Gazette, 107–108, 128
nationalism
modern view vs. reality of early years, 6
rise through crises of 1790s, 3, 5–6, 246, 248–249
views of in first cabinet, 11–12
Naturalization Act, 203, 204–205
naturalization laws, 204–205
Nemours, Pierre du Pont de, 178
Neville, John, 23, 32, 40, 47, 48–49
Neville, Presley, 48
Nicholas, George, 224, 225
Nicholas, John, 161, 214, 216
Nicholas, Wilson Cary, 235
Norfolk Herald, 223
Otis, Harrison Gray
on T. Adams, 227
naturalization laws, 204, 208
on rejection of Pinckney, 161
sedition bill, 213, 215, 216
Otis, Samuel Allyne, 85
Paine, Thomas, 170
Parkinson Ferry leadership, 62–63
Pastoret, Claude E. J., 159
Patterson, William, 229
Peck, Jedidiah, 238
Pennsylvania
compliance to excise tax, 40
federal action as solution to opposition, 33–35
inspectors and tax collectors, 22–23, 24–25, 41, 43, 45, 46–47, 59
legal actions by federal government, 35, 37–39
loyalty to resisters, 46, 48–49
militia mobilization, 49–54, 56–58, 65–67
peace terms polling and result, 62–63, 64–65
post-rebellion events, 78
renewal of violence, 42–43, 46–48, 49
resistance to whiskey tax, 20–27, 32
role of whiskey in, 21
Philadelphia, yellow fever, 41–42, 179
“Philo-Agis,” 231
Pickering, Thomas/Timothy
negotiations with France, 162–164
and Sedition Act, 219–220, 222–223, 226, 238–239
view of peace mission, 199
war preparations, 194
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth
arrival in Paris, 170
credentials rejection, 156–157, 160, 161
departure as envoy, 183–185
failure as envoy, 185, 186
E. Gerry’s personal role and failure, 180–181, 185, 186
as negotiator, 164, 165, 185–186
political situation in France, 169
pressure on, 178
relationship between negotiators, 180–184
and Sedition Act, 222
treatment of negotiators, 177
views of negotiations, 174, 178
and X’s mission, 172–173, 175–176
Porcupine’s Gazette, 211
presidency, in first election, 10
Proclamation of Neutrality, 95, 96, 98, 99, 109
Proclamation on Violent Opposition to the Excise Tax (1794), 43
property rights, 208–209
The Prospect Before Us (Callender), 240
Randolph, Edmund
in cabinet of 1789, 11
court business in excise tax, 35–36
in lawsuit for libel, 143
on Mifflin’s actions, 56–57
and military response, 50–51, 53–54, 61
neutrality test case in US, 126
peace commission reports, 59
position on privateers, 105
proclamation in Genet affair, 96
Rawle, William, 72, 126
rebellions, 7–8, 24
Redick, David, 45, 69–70
Report on Public Credit, 13
republic, France as model to US, 84
Republican press
attacks on president, 210–212, 222, 223
immigrant support, 210
Sedition Act arrests, 219–222, 226–227, 230–231, 237, 238, 241–242
on sedition bill and Act, 213–215, 218
Republicans
attacks by press, 211
battle against Federalists, 201–202
on consolidated government, 216
and Constitution, 207, 216, 242–243, 248
French insults and political intervention, 155–156, 161
French republic view, 85
Genet affair impact, 82–83, 106–107, 145–147
E. Genet as threat, 82–83, 107, 129, 133, 134
law and order vs. free associations, 77–78
naturalization laws in 1798, 204–205
nullification of laws, 202, 243
in peace commission, 163
priorities in US republic, 89
Sedition Act use, 241
on sedition bill and Act, 213–216, 218
support of immigrants, 203–204, 210
Whiskey Rebellion impact, 53–54
and XYZ failure, 189–190
XYZ response, 190–192, 193–194, 196–197
XYZ treaty impact, 199–200
Revolutionary War debts, 12–14
Rhode Island, 235–236
Richmond Examiner, 210
Rittenhouse, David, 100
Robespierre, Maximillian, 135, 137
Ross, James, 54
Rush, Benjamin, 16, 41–42, 211
Sans Culottes ship, 114–115
Schuyler, Philip, 146
Sedgwick, Theodore, 199
sedition, definition and punishment, 206
Sedition Act. See Act in Addition to the Act, Entitled An Act for the Punishment of Certain Crimes Against the United States; Alien and Sedition Acts crisis
Sergeant, Jonathan Dickinson, 126
Shays’ Rebellion, 7, 24
Shelby, Isaac, 43
Singletary, John, 109
slaveholders, rights of aliens, 207
Smilie, John, 38
Smith, William Loughton, 161
Society of United Freemen (later the Mingo Creek Association), 32
Spain, opening of Mississippi River, 21, 78
Spooner’s Vermont Journal, 228
Sprigg, Thomas, 64
St. Clair, Arthur, 144
state governments
authority over aliens, 206–207
constitutionality of Alien and Sedition Acts, 231–237
disregard of federal authority, 5, 43–44
and excise tax on alcohol, 17–18
Federalists on, 246
rights and sovereignty, 232, 234, 249
and sedition bill, 215
in union vs. compact, 206, 232
states
in Hamilton’s economic plan, 12–13
military response in Whiskey Rebellion, 56, 61
northern vs. southern, 13, 29
opposition to federal government, 9
Sedition Act protests in, 223–225, 230–232
See also state governments
Steele, John, 29, 30,
99–100
Stone, Michael, 13
Talleyrand, Charles-Maurice de
background, 168–169
departure of envoys, 183–184
first encounter in negotiations, 170–171
as foreign minister, 168
meeting with three negotiators, 182–183
personal meetings with Gerry, 175, 176, 177–178
tactics and use of intermediaries, 171, 172, 177, 180, 181, 187
taxation of alcohol and government authority, 17–18, 246
See also excise tax on alcohol
Taylor, John, 235
Tenth Amendment, 232
Ternant, Jean Baptiste, 102
Time-Piece, 214, 219–220
Tom the Tinker, 42–43, 48
trade
embargo on foreign ships, 147–148
French attacks on, 90, 154, 158, 159, 163
impact of European war, 90–91
letters of Genet on, 105–106
restrictions in treaty negotiations, 167, 172
treaties of 1778 (France-United States: Treaty of Alliance and Treaty of Amity and Commerce)
abrogation, 192
actions of French ships, 108
applicability after war declaration, 94–95, 96–98
French interpretation, 81, 87
obligations of US, 94
recruitment of Americans and arming of privateers, 81, 87, 114, 116, 122
in XYZ new treaty, 167
Treaty of Amity and Commerce. See treaties of 1778
Treaty of San Lorenzo, 78
Troup, Robert, 132, 146
Vattel, Emer de, 103
Virginia
Sedition Act protests, 223–224, 231, 234–235
Whiskey Rebellion in, 23, 58, 60, 65
Virginia Gazette and General Advertiser, 223
Virginia Resolutions, 235, 242, 248
“The Warning, No. I” (Hamilton), 155, 191
Washington, George
asylum to Genet, 145
attacks on about monarchy, 107–108, 129–130
cabinet of 1789, 11
cabinet position during Genet affair, 91, 95–96
cautious approach to Whiskey Rebellion, 35, 37, 61, 76, 79
challenges ahead in government, 1, 10–11, 245
criticism of, 124–125, 128–129
criticism of Genet, 146
dealings with Mifflin, 50–51, 52, 56–57
and disregard of federal authority, 43
duties collection powers, 46
federal action as solution to opposition, 34–35, 43
in first election, 10
on French collaborators, 162
French insults in XYZ, 161–162
Genet’s arrival and credentials, 91, 103
Genet’s views of, 115–116, 140
on E. Gerry, 185
insulted by Genet, 82, 119, 127, 137–138, 140–142
and Jay Treaty, 156
law and order vs. free associations, 77–78
lawsuit for libel, 143
meetings with Findley and Redick, 69–70
military action, 37, 61, 70–71
militia response to rebels, 49–51, 52–54, 56, 57–58