Who Built the Moon?

by Knight, Christopher

  This brings us to a discussion of the dimensions of the Moon. In comparison with the size of its host planet the Moon is huge. Its circumference would only fit into that of the Earth 3.66 times. Another of the terrestrial type planets, Mars, has two moons, but they are tiny when set against Earth’s Moon, which in terms of size might reasonably be termed a planetoid. Even bearing in mind the vast size of the planetary super-giants, with their proliferation of moons, Earth’s Moon is still the fifth largest in the whole solar system.

  A close examination of Moon rock, brought back by both American astronauts and Soviet unmanned missions, shows that they are very similar to specific rocks on the Earth. Analysis of the rocks proves that they were created at the same distance from the Sun, so there is no longer any real doubt that the Earth and the Moon have a common origin. Yet there is something very strange about the Moon that isn’t easy to explain. Although it is 1/3rd as big as the Earth it has only 1/81st of the Earth’s mass.

  Had the Moon been composed of a representative sample of ‘all’ Earth’s rocks and still been the size it is, it would have been much more massive. Conversely, if the Moon had exactly the same composition as the Earth and had exerted the gravitational pull it presently does, it would have been very much smaller in size.

  These facts are discussed in greater detail elsewhere, but it is the weird composition of the Moon, which is comprised of very light, Earth-type rocks, that means it can be large enough to create a total solar eclipse and yet not rip the surface of the Earth to pieces with its gravitational pull every time it passes overhead.

  In a Universe filled with incredible wonders, and one so big that it might as well be infinite as far as we are concerned, we are certain to stumble across what looks to us like outrageous coincidences. Even conservative astronomers admit that total eclipses are very unlikely but still maintain such happenings must be a random chance event. We beg to differ!

  Appendix Five

  The World From a Barley Seed

  The previous work we had undertaken for our book Civilization One had featured a number of ancient measuring systems. None of these surprised us more than that created by the Sumerians, a culture that originated in what is presently known as Iraq at about the same time as the Megalithic culture was flourishing in Britain and France. Our ongoing work for the present book made us look again at some aspects of the Sumerian measuring system. It could be that yet another part of the message left to us, indicating a deliberate intervention into the origin and progress of humanity, is encapsulated within the methods the Sumerians used to measure their world.

  Out of a plethora of different linear lengths, weights and measures, it was possible for us to reconstruct the entire Sumerian system as we are sure it was originally meant to be. We have demonstrated how the Sumerians used a pendulum and the planet Venus in order to establish the basic unit of linear length, which was known as the double kush. Existent statues of the Sumerian King Gudea demonstrate that the double kush was intended to measure 99.88cm. Units of volume and weight were derived from the double kush by creating a cube with sides of 1/10th of a double kush. The amount of pure water held by such a cube represented the sila, which was the Sumerian unit for measuring volume. The weight of this water was known as the mana or mina and was the Sumerian unit for measuring mass. How we untangled all of this from the Sumerian records is explained in detail in our book Civilization One.47

  There seemed to be no doubt that the double kush had indeed been created by way of a pendulum and observations of the planet Venus but it was not the only way the Sumerian system could be recreated. Everything in the system also relied on the size, shape and weight of a humble barley seed.

  To the Sumerians a barley seed was known as a se. Until our own investigations, many experts had believed that the use of the barley seed by the Sumerians for measuring purposes was probably an abstraction. It was generally considered that the Sumerians might originally have used such seeds (as was the case in ancient western Europe), but that as in the case of Europe the seeds ultimately came to be words representing sizes and weights that no longer related to barley seeds at all.

  The Sumerians claimed that 360 barley seeds was the measure of the double kush, something that experts on the Sumerian culture actively deny or at best have totally ignored.

  Our extensive investigations showed conclusively why this state of affairs had come about. Experts had undoubtedly assumed that if the Sumerians had used barley seeds as tiny units of length, they must have laid the seeds end to end. It is likely to be for this reason that it is now generally considered that the seeds themselves eventually lost all contact with units of measure, because when they are laid end to end they make no sense at all. However, we discovered that if the seeds were laid on their sides and front to back (as they may have been carefully strung on a necklace) they conformed absolutely to the Sumerian system.

  We then went on to demonstrate, by practical experiment, that the Sumerians had also been quite correct in their estimation of the ‘weight’ of an average barley seed and we were staggered to discover that even modern barley seeds have almost exactly the same dimensions and weight as their Sumerian counterparts.

  It has been possible to show that in terms of mass measurement the whole Sumerian system was irrevocably and seemingly quite deliberately tied to the overall mass of the Earth itself. We appreciate that this sounds absolutely absurd for such an early culture but when one sees the figures involved, there is no doubt about it.

  According to Sumerian texts it was considered that there were 10,800 barley seeds to the unit of weight known as the ‘mana’. The weight of water held in the double mana, assuming a double kush of 99.88cm and a cube with sides of 1/10th of this, would have been 996.4 grams.

  The mass of the Earth is held to be 5.976 x 1024 kg. If we divide this by .9964 in order to establish how many double mana there are to the mass of the Earth, we arrive at 5.99759 x 1024 double mana. This number is so close to 6 x 1024 (99.99per cent) that this must surely have been the number intended. Since there are 10.800 barley seeds to the mana and therefore 21,600 to the double mana it is possible to show that the mass of the Earth is equal to that of 1.296 x 1029 barley seeds. This might not seem to be a particularly impressive number but it has some very important properties.

  If we were to segment the Earth, as we might an orange, we would discover that each 1/360th segment of the Earth has a mass equal to 3.6 x 1026 barley seeds. A further split of sixty brings us to 6 x 1024 barley seeds and yet another split of sixty results in 1 x 1023 barley seeds, which can be expressed fully as 100,000,000,000,000,000, 000,000.

  The starting point of this exercise was an Earth mass of 6 x 1024 double mana for the mass of the Earth, which would have been highly significant in Sumerian terms since there’s was a sexagesimal (sixty base) system.

  For all the reasons explained in Civilization One, we cannot accept that this state of affairs is a coincidence. What we have with the Sumerian system is a fully integrated way of measuring length, volume, mass, area and time, using the same number bases in each case. The whole system can be constructed from a pendulum set by the movements of Venus across one degree of arc of the horizon or else from the bottom up with nothing more complicated than barley seeds.

  The real question has to be whether or not the Sumerians themselves could have possibly known just how incredible their measuring systems were? We are left with the impression that the system would have been very useful in the marketplace and on the farm in order to ensure equity of measurement throughout Sumerian society but that it is highly unlikely that the Sumerian Priests could have known the dimensions of the Earth, let alone its mass. It is most likely that both concepts would have been absolutely alien to them.

  This appears to be yet another example of direct and deliberate intervention into the development of humanity. In other words, as their own mythology demonstrates, someone ‘taught’ the Sumerians about weights and measures and told them the num
bers to use. By so doing they supplied the Sumerians with one of the hallmarks of true civilization, namely an integrated and replicable measuring system. At the same time, the use of the barley seeds added to a significant series of messages about these events in prehistory that were intended for our consumption. Since it seems unlikely that a cereal grain as widespread and useful as barley could, by chance, behave in the way that it does in terms of its size and weight, it seems very likely to us that the crop was genetically engineered. It was used by the Sumerians for bread but also brewed into a beer that was drunk for many centuries across the whole of civilization.

  Notes

  Fox News: June 18th 2004

  Heath, Robin: Sun, Moon and Earth. Wooden Books Ltd, 2001

  Knight C and Lomas R: Uriel’s Machine. Arrow, 2000

  Shlain, L: The Alphabet Versus the Goddess. Arkana, 1998

  Hawkins G: Stonehenge Decoded. Hippocrene Books, 1988

  Graham, Joseph Walter: The Palaces of Crete. Princeton University Press, 1962.

  A ‘library angel’ is a term used by researchers for the strange moments when the required information seems to search them out. It is, of course, just a function of chance because when you are involved with seeking out a great deal of material you are going to get very lucky from time to time.

  For an excellent description of the Allais effect see: http://www.flyingkettle.com/allais/eclipses.htm

  Hartmann, William K: Origin of the Moon. Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, 1986

  Hartmann, W K and Davis, D R: Icarus Edition 24, Cornell University, 1975

  Lissauer, J.J: ‘It’s not easy to make the moon’, Nature Magazine 389, 1997

  Ruzicka, A., Snyder, G.A. and Taylor, L.A.: ‘Giant Impact and Fission Hypotheses for the origin of the moon: a critical review of some geochemical evidence’, International Geology Review 40, 1998

  Knight, Christopher and Butler, Alan: Civilization One. Watkins Books London, 2004

  Shklovskii, I S and Sagan C: Intelligent Life in the Universe. Emerson-Adams, 1998

  Hood L L: The American Geophysical Union’s Geophysical Research Letters. August 1st, 1999

  Bhattacharjee C et al: ‘Do animals bite more during a full moon? Retrospective observational analysis’. British Medical Journal. 2000 December 23; 321(7276): 1559–1561

  Lieber A L: ‘Human aggression and the lunar synodic cycle’, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1978 May; 39 (5):385-92

  Laskar, J, Joutel, F & Robutel P: Nature 361, 1993

  Comin N F: What If the Moon Didn’t Exist? HarperCollins Publishers. 1993

  Wegner, Alfred W, The Origin of Continents and Oceans. First Published 1915, publisher unknown. Published Dover Publications, Dover, 1966.

  N F Comins, Voyages to Earth That Might Have Been, HarperCollins New York 1993

  Nature, Genetics, DOI: 10.1038/ng1508

  Rennie. J: ‘15 Answers to Creationist Nonsense’ Scientific American. July 2002

  Rose, C & Wright, G: ‘Inscribed matter as an energy-efficient means of communication with an extraterrestrial civilization’, Nature vol 431 p 47

  Jacobsen, Stein B: ‘How Old Is Planet Earth?’ Science Jun 6 2003: 1513–1514

  Haas J, Creamer W & Ruiz A: ‘Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru’, Nature 432, 1020–1023

  Flew A: How to Think Straight. Prometheus Books. (2nd edition) 1998

  Lathe R: ‘Fast Tidal Cycling and the Origin of Life’. Icarus 168(1) (2004) pp 18–22

  Yockey, Hubert P: Information Theory and Molecular Biology. Cambridge University Press, UK, 1992

  Dembski, William A: The Design Inference: Eliminating Chance Through Small Probabilities, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1998

  Morowitz, H J: ‘The Minimum Size of Cells’, Principles of Biomolecular Organization, eds. G.E.W. Wostenholme and M. O’Connor, London: J.A. Churchill. 1966

  Mora, Peter: ‘Urge and Molecular Biology’ Nature, 1963

  Bernal, J D: The Origins of Prebiological Systems and Their Molecular Matrices,1965

  Hoyle, F: ‘The Universe: Past and Present Reflections’, Engineering and Science, November 1981.

  Hoyle, F: Intelligent Universe. M Joseph London, 1983

  Davies, P: ‘The Ascent of Life’, New Scientist, 11 December, 2004.

  Adams, D: The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy. Tor Books, London, 1979

  Hoyle, F: The Black Cloud. Buccaneer Books Inc (1992)

  Knight, C & Lomas R: The Book of Hiram. Arrow. 2004

  Chronobot: If we may be forgiven for inventing another word, this seems an appropriate term for a machine that labours across time.

  Deutsch, D & Lockwood, M: ‘The Quantum Physics of Time Travel’, Scientific American, March 1994

  Deutsch, D & Lockwood, M: ‘The Quantum Physics of Time Travel’, Scientific American, March 1994

  Deutsch, D & Lockwood, M: ‘The Quantum Physics of Time Travel’, Scientific American, March 1994

  Davies, P: ‘Do we have to spell it out?’ New Scientist, 7 August 2004.

  Knight and Lomas: Uriel’s Machine, Transworld Books, London, 1999

  Knight and Butler: Civilization One, Watkins Books, London, 2004

  Hawkins, Gerald: Stonehenge Decoded. Hippocrene Books, London, 1988

  Knight and Butler: Civilization One. Watkins Books, London, 2004

  Plates

  Plate 1 The Earth.

  Plate 2 The Moon.

  Plate 3 The Sun. If you divide the circumference of the Sun by that of the Moon and multiply by 100 you get the polar circumference of the Earth. And that is just the beginning: the number play involved in the Earth-Moon-Sun system is nothing less than staggering.

  Plates 4 & 5 The Lascaux caves. Around 250 generations after the Abri Blanchard bone was carved, another astronomer recorded this already ancient knowledge onto a cave wall at Lascaux in France. These photographs show reconstructions of the paintings.

  Plate 6 The Abri Blanchard bone. Experts agree that the markings carved onto the 25,000-year-old Abri Blanchard bone accurately correspond with a two-month lunar calendar.

  Plate 7 The Willendorf Venus c. 24000–22000 BCE. Studies have suggested that these early ‘Venus’ images of the female figure were self-portraits.

  Plate 8 Craters on the surface of the Moon.

  Plate 9 A drawing of the Moon surface map found at Knowth, Ireland, superimposed onto the face of the Moon.

  Plate 10 Active volcanoes indicate the molten nature of the Earth’s core.

  Plate 11 Mountain ranges are the proof of plate tectonics at work. But why is Earth the only planet to show evidence of this? The answer, it would seem, lies with the Moon.

  Plate 12 Newgrange Passage Tomb, Ireland, and Plate 13 the Ring of Brodgar, Scotland. Structures like these tell us a great deal about the Neolithic people’s fascination with the Moon.

  Plate 14 The view from the Moon: Earthrise.

  Plate 15 The first human footprint left on the Moon. Between 1969 and 1972 twelve astronauts walked on the Moon. The information gathered during those expeditions has greatly increased our knowledge of the Moon. But it has also posed as many questions as it has answered.

  Plate 16 The Apollo 17 Insignia, the last manned voyage to the Moon.

  Plate 17 The Lunar Module (LEM), the first manned vehicle to land on the Moon.

  Plate 18 Could electrical storms on earth have contributed to the appearance of DNA?

  This edition published in the UK 2005 by

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  © Christopher Knight and Alan Butler 2005

  Christopher Knight and Alan Butler have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the authors of this work.

  All rights reserved.

  No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, without prior permission in writing from the Publishers
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