Jean Edward Smith

by FDR

  60. FDR to Lord Louis Mountbatten, November 8, 1943, 2 F.D.R.: His Personal Letters 1468.

  61. Winston S. Churchill, Closing the Ring 328 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1951).

  62. Ibid. 341.

  63. Ibid.

  64. Lord Moran, Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran 143 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1966).

  65. Churchill, Hinge of Fate 434.

  66. W. Averell Harriman and Edie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941–1946 536 (New York: Random House, 1975).

  67. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 344.

  68. Charles E. Bohlen, Witness to History: 1929–1969 136 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973).

  69. Michael F. Reilly and William J. Slocum, Reilly of the White House 179 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1947).

  70. FRUS, Cairo and Teheran 483. “Bohlen Minutes,” Roosevelt-Stalin meeting, 3 P.M., November 28, 1943.

  71. Bohlen, Witness to History 136.

  72. Ibid. 139.

  73. Ibid. 142.

  74. Combined Chiefs of Staff Minutes, November 28, 1943, in FRUS, Cairo and Teheran 497.

  75. Bohlen Supplementary Memorandum, November 28, 1943, ibid. 513.

  76. In the years before the Treaty of Westphalia (1648), Richelieu aligned France with the numerous German dukes against Hapsburg hegemony. Tripartite Dinner Meeting, November 28, 1943, ibid. 511.

  77. Tripartite Political Meeting, December 1, 1943, ibid. 600.

  78. Ibid. 602–603.

  79. Churchill, Closing the Ring 374.

  80. Bohlen, Witness to History 143.

  81. Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew 85 (New York: Viking, 1946.)

  82. FRUS, Cairo and Teheran 512; Churchill, Closing the Ring 362.

  83. FRUS, Cairo and Teheran 594. Also see Harriman, Special Envoy 279.

  84. WSC to FDR, October 18, 1944, FRUS, Cairo and Teheran 884–885. For the full text of the cable, see 3 Churchill and Roosevelt 358–359.

  85. FRUS, Cairo and Teheran 594–595.

  86. FRUS, Cairo and Teheran 489.

  87. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear 681.

  88. FRUS, Cairo and Teheran 535–537; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 788–789; Lord Moran, Churchill 147.

  89. Lord Moran, Churchill 147.

  90. FRUS, Cairo and Teheran 538.

  91. Lord Moran, Churchill 147.

  92. Bohlen, Witness to History 148.

  93. FRUS, Cairo and Teheran 539. Admiral William D. Leahy, I Was There 207 (New York: Whittlesey House, 1950).

  94. Leahy, I Was There 207.

  95. Bohlen, Witness to History 148.

  96. FRUS, Cairo and Teheran 578.

  97. Stimson diary (MS), December 5, 1943, Yale University.

  98. Churchill, Closing the Ring 384–385.

  99. Bohlen, Witness to History 149.

  100. Lord Hastings Ismay, The Memoirs of General Lord Ismay 340 (New York: Viking, 1960).

  101. FRUS, Cairo and Teheran 583. Also see Harriman, Special Envoy 276; Lord Moran, Churchill 154.

  102. Churchill, Closing the Ring 387.

  103. John Martin letter, December 2, 1943, quoted in Martin Gilbert, 7 Winston S. Churchill 586 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986).

  104. Stalin spent the years 1894 to 1899 as a student at Tiflis Orthodox Theological Seminary. Anthony Eden, The Reckoning 427 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965).

  105. Harriman, Special Envoy 277.

  106. FRUS, Cairo and Teheran 585.

  107. Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew 84–85.

  108. Sergo Beria, Beria, My Father 92–94 (London: Duckworth, 2001).

  109. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 770.

  110. David Eisenhower, Eisenhower at War, 1943–1945 42–43 (New York: Random House, 1986).

  111. The texts of Pershing’s letter and Roosevelt’s reply are in Katherine Tupper Marshall, Together 156–157 (New York: Tupper and Love, 1946).

  112. Forrest C. Pogue, The Supreme Command 27 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1954).

  113. Leahy, I Was There 192.

  114. Pogue, Supreme Command 32; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 803.

  115. Pogue, 3 George C. Marshall 321 (New York: Viking, 1973).

  116. Ibid. 321–322.

  117. FRUS, Cairo and Teheran 819.

  118. Churchill, Closing the Ring 620.

  TWENTY-SIX | Last Post

  The epigraph is from FDR’s campaign remarks in Bridgeport, Connecticut, November 4, 1944. 13 Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt 391 Samuel I. Rosenman, ed. (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1950).

  1. Charles E. Bohlen, Witness to History 137 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973).

  2. Lord Hastings Ismay, The Memoirs of General Lord Ismay 338 (New York: Viking, 1960).

  3. Stimson diary (MS), December 17, 1943, Yale University.

  4. Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time 489 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994).

  5. Goodwin, interview with Elliott Roosevelt, ibid.

  6. Quoted in John R. Boettiger, Jr., A Love in Shadow 253 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978).

  7. Bernard Asbell, Mother and Daughter: The Letters of Eleanor and Anna Roosevelt 176 (New York: Fromm, 1988).

  8. 22 Complete Presidential Press Conferences of Franklin D. Roosevelt 246–252 (New York: Da Capo Press, 1972).

  9. Roosevelt’s blood pressure was recorded as follows:

  July 30, 1935 136/75

  April 22, 1937 162/98

  November 30, 1940 178/88

  February 27, 1941 188/105

  March 27, 1944 186/108

  Dr. Howard G. Bruenn, “Clinical Notes on the Illness and Death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt,” 72 Annals of Internal Medicine 579–591 (1970).

  10. Grace Tully, F.D.R.: My Boss 273–274 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1949); Jim Bishop, FDR’s Last Year 5 (New York: Morrow, 1974).

  11. Tully, F.D.R.: My Boss 274; James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: Soldier of Freedom 448 (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970).

  12. Asbell, Mother and Daughter 177.

  13. Ibid.

  14. As the Navy’s wartime surgeon general, a post to which he was appointed in 1938, McIntire had command responsibility for 175,000 doctors, nurses, and other professionals, 52 hospitals, and 278 mobile medical units. Robert H. Ferrell, The Dying President: Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1944–1945 8 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1998).

  15. Asbell, Mother and Daughter 177.

  16. Bishop, FDR’s Last Year 4.

  17. FDR to Frederic Delano, chairman of the National Capital Park and Planning Commission, December 1, 1938, FDRL.

  18. Bishop, FDR’s Last Year 4.

  19. Doris Kearns Goodwin interview with Dr. Howard Bruenn, in Goodwin, No Ordinary Time 494.

  20. Bishop, FDR’s Last Year 6.

  21. Goodwin, No Ordinary Time 494–495.

  22. Bruenn, “Critical Notes” 580.

  23. Goodwin interview with Dr. Bruenn, quoted in No Ordinary Time 495.

  24. Ibid. 496.

  25. Ibid.

  26. Bruenn, “Clinical Notes” 581.

  27. Goodwin, No Ordinary Time 496. For Admiral McIntire’s highly selective account, see Vice Admiral Ross T. McIntire, White House Physician 183–184 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1946).

  28. Admiral McIntire’s press conference remarks are quoted in ibid. 184. Also see The New York Times, April 5, 1944. In fairness to McIntire, the medical culture of the time generally observed a lack of candor in discussing serious diseases. As Dr. Hugh E. Evans writes, “Illness or its progress was not customarily discussed with patients.… Presidential health matters were assumed to be private, rarely reported frankly or with clinical detail.” The Hidden Campaign: FDR’s Health and the 1944 Election 61 (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2002).

  29. Bruenn, “Critical Notes” 583.

  30. Goodwin, interview with Dr. Bruenn, quoted in No Ordinary Time 498.

  31. Bruenn, “Critical Notes” 583–
584.

  32. FDR to HH, May 18, 1944, FDRL.

  33. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear 794.

  34. The “fantastic nature” comment was that of Elbridge Durbrow of the State Department’s Division of European Affairs. The “earmarks” notation was by the American legation in Geneva. Durbrow Memorandum, August 13, 1942; Minister Leland Harrison to State, August 11, 1942. Both are quoted in David S. Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews 43–44 (New York: Pantheon, 1984).

  35. Wyman, Abandonment of the Jews 43. Also see Kenneth S. Davis, F.D.R.: The War President 731 (New York: Random House, 2000).

  36. Wise to FDR, December 2, 1942, FDRL.

  37. In addition to Wise, the group included Maurice Wertheim of the American Jewish Committee; Henry Monsky of B’nai B’rith; Rabbi Israel Rosenberg (Union of Orthodox Rabbis); and Adolph Held (Jewish Labor Committee).

  38. Wyman, Abandonment of the Jews 72, quoting Wise, et al., to FDR, December 8, 1942, FDRL.

  39. Quoted in Davis, F.D.R.: War President 737.

  40. Wyman, Abandonment of the Jews 73.

  41. Department of State Bulletin, December 17, 1942; also in The New York Times, December 18, 1942.

  42. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear 794–795.

  43. Robert N. Rosen, Saving the Jews: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Holocaust 245–246 (New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2006). When the declaration was read in the House of Commons, the members rose and stood in silence for two minutes, a demonstration of sympathy unprecedented in Parliament’s history. Wyman, Abandonment of the Jews 75.

  44. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear 795.

  45. Chaim Weizmann, Trial and Error 435 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1949).

  46. Ted Morgan, FDR: A Biography 713 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985); Rosen, Saving the Jews 290.

  47. Cordell Hull, 2 Memoirs 1539 (New York: Macmillan, 1948). The New York Times, March 10, 1944. Hull incorrectly dates the meeting in 1943.

  48. The episode is discussed at length in Wyman, Abandonment of the Jews 178–192.

  49. Rosen, Saving the Jews 289.

  50. Morgenthau diaries (MS), January 15, 1944. Also see Wyman, Abandonment of the Jews 186–187; Rosen, Saving the Jews 338–339.

  51. Executive Order 9417, January 22, 1944, 13 Personal Papers and Addresses 48–50.

  52. Emanuel Celler to FDR, January 25, 1944, FDRL.

  53. Henry Morgenthau, “The Refugee Runaround,” Collier’s, November 1, 1947.

  54. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear 795–796.

  55. FDR, Statement on Victims of Nazi Oppression, March 24, 1944, 13 Public Papers and Addresses 103–105.

  56. Kai Bird, The Chairman: John J. McCloy and the Making of the American Establishment 472–476 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1942); Michael J. Neufeld and Michael Berenbaum, eds., The Bombing of Auschwitz: Should the Allies Have Attempted It? 122–124 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000); David S. Wyman, Abandonment of the Jews 410, note 78. After listing the primary sources he consulted, Wyman stated, “An exhaustive search made in 1983 by Washington Post reporter Morton Mintz showed that the bombing proposals almost certainly did not reach Roosevelt and most likely were not discussed at all by OPD [the Operations and Plans Division of the War Department].”Also see Martin Gilbert, Auschwitz and the Allies: A Devastating Account of How the Allies Responded to the News of Hitler’s Mass Murder 299–311 (New York: Henry Holt, 1981).

  57. Bird, The Chairman 231–222.

  58. General Frederick Anderson to War Department, quoted in Neufeld and Berenbaum, Bombing of Auschwitz 39.

  59. Michael Beschloss in The Conquerors maintains that McCloy took the matter of bombing the concentration camps to FDR and that the president rejected it. Beschloss cites an interview the ninety-one-year-old McCloy gave to Henry Morgenthau III in 1986. But, as he notes, that is the sole piece of evidence that FDR was informed. Kai Bird, McCloy’s assiduous biographer, who was aware of the interview, states unequivocally that “there is no evidence Roosevelt was ever approached about the matter.” Michael Beschloss, The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler’s Germany, 1941–1945 64–67 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002). Cf., Kai Bird, The Chairman 212–223. Also see Robert N. Rosen, Saving the Jews 385–406.

  60. Alan Dershowitz, “Afterword,” in Robert N. Rosen, Saving the Jews: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Holocaust 499–502.

  61. Eisenhower’s view was consistent and absolute. “I shall need not only the cooperation of your forces, but still more the assistance of your officials and the moral support of the French people,” he told de Gaulle on December 30, 1943. “I can assure you that as far as I am concerned and regardless of whatever apparent attitudes are imposed upon me, I will recognize no French power in France other than your own in the practical sphere.” (Eisenhower served on Pershing’s Battle Monuments Commission in 1928–29 and resided near Pont-Mirabeau on the right bank of the Seine.) Charles de Gaulle, 3 The War Memoirs of Charles de Gaulle 241 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1959). Also see Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe 272–273 (New York: Doubleday, 1948); David Eisenhower, Eisenhower at War: 1943–1945 230–248 (New York: Random House, 1986); Stephen E. Ambrose, The Supreme Commander 377–388 (New York: Doubleday, 1970).

  62. WSC to FDR, May 26, 1944, 3 Churchill and Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence 145, Warren F. Kimball, ed. (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984).

  63. Lord Halifax, Britain’s ambassador in Washington, told Anthony Eden on the eve of D-Day that Leahy had advised the president that only Pétain could help the Allies in the liberation of France. This Halifax learned from John McCloy. Simon Berthon, Allies at War 298 (London: HarperCollins, 2002). Also see Conrad Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom 963–964. Lord Black’s critique of Leahy leaves little unresolved.

  64. FDR to Eisenhower, May 13, 1944, FDRL. Quoted in Forrest C. Pogue, The Supreme Command 148 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1954).

  65. de Gaulle, 3 War Memoirs 240.

  66. Pogue, Supreme Command 148–149. Also see de Gaulle, 3 War Memoirs 254–256.

  67. De Gaulle spoke with his customary elegance: “The supreme battle has been joined. For the sons of France, wherever they are, whatever they are, the simple and sacred duty is to fight the enemy by every means in their power.… The orders given by the French Government [de Gaulle’s provisional regime] and its leaders must be followed precisely.… From behind the cloud so heavy with our blood and our tears, the sun of our greatness is now reappearing.” de Gaulle, 3 War Memoirs 256.

  68. Alexander Cadogan, The Cadogan Diaries, 1938–1945 634–635, David Dilks, ed. (New York: Putnam, 1972). Entry of June 5, 1944.

  69. The assumption of political responsibility in France by de Gaulle and the FCNL is handled adroitly by G. E. Maguire in Anglo-American Policy Towards the Free French 132–139 (London: Macmillan, 1995).

  70. On June 13, 1944, six days after D-Day, the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Marshall, King, and Arnold) advised Roosevelt that for military reasons alone it was essential to recognize de Gaulle. “The situation is serious and the effect on military operations unhappy at best, and may be dangerous in view of possible reactions of the French underground and resistance groups, who have generally expressed their allegiance to General de Gaulle.” JCS to FDR, June 13, 1944, FDRL.

  71. de Gaulle, 3 War Memoirs 267–268.

  72. Ibid. 269–270.

  73. Claude Fohlen, “De Gaulle and Franklin D. Roosevelt,” in FDR and His Contemporaries 39, Cornelius A. van Minnen and John E. Sears, eds. (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992).

  74. Quoted in Morgan, FDR: A Biography 724.

  75. Maguire, Anglo-American Policy 143–146; 3 Churchill & Roosevelt 338–369. See especially WSC to FDR, October 14, 1944, at 355–356.

  76. Quoted in Morgan, FDR: A Biography 725.

  77. James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: Soldier of Freedom 502 (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970); Steven Fraser, “1944,” in Arthur M. Sc
hlesinger, Jr., 2 Running for President: The Candidates and the Images 219–220 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994).

  78. FDR to Robert E. Hannegan, July 11, 1944, 13 Public Papers and Addresses 197–199.

  79. One New York delegate voted for James A. Farley. Congressional Quarterly, Guide to U.S. Elections 162 (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1975).

  80. Ickes diary (MS), June 18, 1944, Library of Congress; Morgenthau diary, July 6, 1944, FDRL.

  81. Edward J. Flynn, You’re the Boss 194 (New York: Viking, 1947).

  82. Goodwin, No Ordinary Time 525; James Roosevelt and Sidney Shalett, Affectionately, FDR 353 (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1959).

  83. Flynn, You’re the Boss 195.

  84. Ibid. 195–196.

  85. John C. Culver and John Hyde, American Dreamer: The Life and Times of Henry A. Wallace 348 (New York: Norton, 2000).

  86. James F. Byrnes, All in One Lifetime 222 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1958).

  87. Flynn, You’re the Boss 196–197.

  88. David McCullough, Truman 312 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992).

  89. Ibid. 320.

  90. Roosevelt and Shalett, Affectionately, FDR 351.

  91. Ibid. 351–352.

  92. Sam Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt 456 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956).

  93. Ibid.

  94. Ibid. 457.

  95. Ibid. 458–459.

  96. Quoted in William Manchester, American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur, 1880–1964 364 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1978).

  97. Admiral William D. Leahy, I Was There 250–251 (New York: Whittlesey House, 1950); D. Clayton James, 2 The Years of MacArthur 530 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975); Douglas MacArthur, Reminiscences 197 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964).

  98. Leahy, I Was There 250–251.

  99. Ibid. 251.

  100. Manchester, American Caesar 368.

  101. Leahy, I Was There 251.

  102. Manchester, American Caesar 358.

  103. 13 Public Papers and Addresses 212–213.

  104. The New York Times, August 1, 1944.

  105. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt 459–460.

  106. Ibid. 462. For the text of FDR’s Bremerton speech, see 13 Public Papers and Addresses 216–227.