God's War: A New History of the Crusades

by Christopher Tyerman

  29. Arnold of Lübeck, Chronica Slavorum pp. 10–21.

  30. Historia de expeditione, pp. 15–16; Waitz, Chronica Regia Colonesis, p. 140; for spurious letters of defiance between Frederick and Saladin, Itinerarium, pp. 49–54.

  31. Henry of Albano, Tractatus de peregrinatione, PL, 204, col. 360.

  32. Itnerarium, p. 55.

  33. Historia de expeditione, pp. 24–5; Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 114–16.

  34. Historia de expeditione, pp. 85, 86; Die Urkunden der Deutchen Könige und Kaiser, x, pt IV, Die Urkunden Friedrichs I, ed. H. Appelt, MGH (Hanover 1990), pp. 301, 303.

  35. In general, Angold, Byzantine Empire; iden, The Fourth Crusade (London 2003); Magdalino, Empire of Manuel I Komnenos; Lilie, Byzantium and the Crusader States.

  36. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 121–2.

  37. A fifth was created at Philipoppolis, Historia de expeditione, pp. 34–5.

  38. O City of Byzantium, Annals of Nicetas Choniates, trans. H. J. Margoulias (Detroit 1984), pp. 220–26. (Hereafter Nicetas.)

  39. Die Urkunden Friedrichs I, pp. 302–6; cf. his letter of the same period to Leopold of Austria, pp. 306–7 and his earlier correspondence with Henry, pp. 301–2.

  40. Historia de expeditione, p. 71.

  41. Nicetas, pp. 233–4.

  42. Epistola de Morte Friderici Imperatoris, Historia de expeditione, p. 175; Iitnerarium, pp. 60–61.

  43. Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, p. 89, but cf. p. 76 for an opposite memory of Saladin fortifying these strongholds.

  44. Historia de expeditione, pp. 91–2; Epistola de Morte, pp. 177–8; Itinerarium, pp. 65–6; Ibn al-Athir, in Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 209–10; Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 113–17; Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, pp. 87–8.

  45. Itinerarium, p. 67; Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 125.

  46. Itinerarium, p. 106; Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, ll. 3625–60, pp. 162–3.

  47. For the marriage of Conrad and Isabella, Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, pp. 95–7, 171, 172–4; Itinerarium, pp. 100–102, 121–6; Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, pp. 177–80; Imad al-Din, Conquête de la Syrie, trans. H. Masse (Paris 1972), pp. 105–6.

  48. Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, pp. 89–90; cf. H. E. Mayer, Crusades, p. 142 and note 71, p. 304.

  49. Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, pp. 171–2.

  50. Itinerarium, p. 143; this echoes the outrage of observers such as Henry of Albano and Peter of Blois.

  51. In general on the Franco-English crusade, see Gillingham, Richard I, pp. 85–154; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 57–85; the main chroniclers include the Itinerarium; Ambroise; the Englishmen Roger of Howden, Ralph of Diceto and William of Newburgh; and the Frenchman Rigord.

  52. The Complete Peerage, by G. E. C. (reprint Gloucester 1987), iv, 194 note a.

  53. Itinerarium, p. 99, cf. pp. 74, 76, 82, 96–8; the Latin text is in Itinerarium peregrinorum et gesta Regis Ricardi, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London 1864), p. 93; for Londoners, Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 73–4, 183.

  54. Itinerarium, p. 108.

  55. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 68, 70–72, 179.

  56. Delaborde et al., Recueil des actes de Philippe Auguste, i, 305–6, no. 252 (although some doubt on the authenticity of this act exists; see Baldwin, The Government of Philip Augustus, pp. 53–4 and note 86).

  57. Gillingham, Richard I, p. 114.

  58. Gerald of Wales, Journey, p. 184; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 60.

  59. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 132–3; Richard of Devizes, Chronicle, p. 17.

  60. For all the English financial and logistic preparations, Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 75–83.

  61. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 90; William of Newburgh, Historia rerum Anglicarum, ed. H. C. H. Hamilton (London 1856), ii, 121; Richard of Devizes, Chronicle, p. 9.

  62. Richard of Devizes, Chronicle, p. 15; a monk of St Swithun’s, Winchester, he may have been close to royal servants in the city involved in the organization of the expedition; cf. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 117.

  63. Richard of Devizes, Chronicle, p. 28 for the size of the fleet.

  64. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 116–24 for a full account of Richard’s fleet March – August 1190.

  65. Roger of Howden, Chronica, iii, 8.

  66. Hunter, Pipe Roll 1 Richard I, p. 5.

  67. Rigord, Oeuvres i, 99; Delaborde, et al., Recueil des actes de Philippe Auguste, i, no. 292; Codice diplomatico della repubblica de Genova, ed. C. Imperiale de Sant’Angelo (Genoa 1936–42), ii, 366–8.

  68. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 113, 129; Rigord, Oeuvres, i, 106.

  69. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 83–4; William of Newburgh, Historia Chronicles, ed. Howlett, i, 294–9.

  70. William of Newburgh, Historia, Chronicles, ed. Howlett, i, 308–24 has the fullest narrative; cf. R. B. Dobson, The Jews of Medieval York and the Massacre of 1190, Borthwick Papers, no. 45 (York 1974).

  71. Chazan, European Jewry, pp. 139–42, 170–71.

  72. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 92–3.

  73. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 162–3.

  74. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 67 and p. 395 note 56 for refs.

  75. Itinerarium, p. 151; Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, p. 44; Gillingham, Richard I, p. 128 and note 13.

  76. Itinerarium, p. 151 for the collapsing bridge; for Philip see Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 157–9.

  77. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 112 and pp. 112–15 and 124–6 for Richard’s cruise to Sicily; Howden was by this time in the king’s company.

  78. Itinerarium, p. 167; Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, p. 64. These two closely linked accounts of Richard’s journey east seem to reflect versions of events derived from eyewitnesses. For an excellent modern narrative of events in Sicily, Gillingham, Richard I, pp. 131–44.

  79. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 145, 146; Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, pp. 191–2; Itinerarium, pp. 203–4.

  80. Above, notes 62 and 63; the most vivid account of the Cyprus campaign is by Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, pp. 74–108; cf. P. Edbury, The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades 1191–1374 (Cambridge 1991), pp. 5–9.

  81. ‘Epistolae Cantuarienses’, Chronicles and Memorials of the Reign of Richard I, Rolls Series (London 1864–5), ii, 347.

  82. For the Cyprus deals, Edbury, Cyprus, pp. 7–9; Gillingham, Richard I, pp. 152–3, 196–7.

  83. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 150–51; cf. Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, pp. 108–18; Itinerarium, pp. 195–203; Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 167–9.

  14: The Palestine War 1191–2

  1. Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, p. 98 and, for the Palestine war generally, pp. 98–9, 104–21.

  2. The main narratives for the events of 1191–2 by or derived closely from eyewitnesses include Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 145–234; Itinerarium, pp. 201–380; Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, pp. 114–18, 191–448; Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 169–92, 230–31. The best secondary accounts are Gillingham, Richard I, pp. 155–221, a vigorous, critical but admiring apologia for Richard I, and Lyons and Jackson, Saladin, pp. 295–361. On the siege, R. Rogers, Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century (Oxford 1992), pp. 212–35.

  3. Itinerarium, pp. 208–10.

  4. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henri Secundi, ii, 170; Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, p. 196; Itinerarium, p. 204; Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 153.

  5. Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, pp. 207–8; cf. pp. 203–4 for Philip doing the same thing; cf. Itinerarium, pp. 210, 213–14.

  6. Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, pp. 108–9.

  7. Roger of Howden, Gesta, Henrici Secundi, ii, 159; Itinerarium, p. 190.

  8. Itinerarium, p. 202; Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, p. 115 for ‘cœur de lion’.

  9. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 171–2.

  10. I
bn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 153, 155; Itinerarium, pp. 83, 92.

  11. Itinerarium, p. 214, cf. p. 204; Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, p. 208.

  12. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 162, cf. pp. 156–7.

  13. Richard of Devizes, Chronicle, pp. 46–7.

  14. Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, p. 179.

  15. Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, p. 179; for Philip’s reputation, see Gillingham, Richard I, pp. 164–6; for his return journey to Europe, see the account by Roger of Howden, who went with him as one of Richard’s spies, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 192–9, 203–6, 227–30.

  16. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 163.

  17. Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, pp. 179–80, to the abbot of Cîteaux on 1 October 1191.

  18. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 164–5.

  19. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 165.

  20. Itinerarium, pp. 218–19.

  21. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 173; for mutilation and execution, pp. 168–9.

  22. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 173–4.

  23. For the battle, Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, pp. 249–73; Itinerarium, pp. 247–61; for the dragon banner, Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, p. 250 and, for the armed cart or tower on which it was carried, Itinerarium, p. 237 and Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 170; armed war wagons became familiar in the early fifteenth century, for instance in the Hussite crusades.

  24. Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, p. 180.

  25. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 165 and notes 53 and 54, p. 411.

  26. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 185–6; Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, p. 229; Itinerarium, p. 232; Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 165.

  27. See Gillingham, Richard I, pp. 179–80; cf. Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, p. 277, ll. 7,025–30.

  28. The letter of 11 October 1191 is translated in Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, pp. 181–2.

  29. For these diplomatic excursions, Ibn Shaddad, pp. 187–8, 191–2, 194–6, and Gillingham, Richard I, pp. 21, 184–9 and refs.

  30. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 196.

  31. Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, p. 291 and generally, pp. 289–91; Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 193.

  32. Ibn al-Athir, RHC Or., ii, pt i, 55–6.

  33. Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, p. 303.

  34. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 197; Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, p. 307; Itinerarium, p. 287.

  35. Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, p. 303, ll. 7,783–4, cf. Ambroise, L’Estoire de la Guerre Sainte, ed. G. Paris (Paris 1897), col. 208.

  36. Saladin’s view was confided to Bishop Hubert Walter of Salisbury in September 1192, Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, p. 442.

  37. Gillingham, Richard I, p. 192; cf. D. Pringle, ‘King Richard I and the Walls of Ascalon’, Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 116 (1984).

  38. Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, p. 290; Itinerarium, p. 272. Richard’s great-grandfather in the male line was Count Fulk V of Anjou, who became king of Jerusalem and the father of Baldwin III and Amalric.

  39. For a full discussion, Gillingham, Richard I, pp. 197–202, 226–7.

  40. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 198.

  41. Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, pp. 355–64; Itinerarium, pp. 321–6.

  42. Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, pp. 368–9; Itinerarium, p. 328.

  43. Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, pp. 393–4; Itinerarium, p. 346.

  44. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 211.

  45. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 211–12; the intelligence was excellent, cf. Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, pp. 377–9.

  46. Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, p. 393; Itinerarium, p. 346.

  47. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 212.

  48. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 223 and pp. 219–26; Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, pp. 399–426; Itinerarium, pp. 349–69.

  49. Sine feminalibus in Latin, Stubbs, Itinerarium, p. 415.

  50. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 228–33.

  51. Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, pp. 363–4; Itinerarium, p. 325.

  52. Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, p. 444.

  53. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 26; William of Newburgh, Historia, Chronicles, ed. Howlett, p. 374; cf. pp. 372–81, 379–81 for general reflections.

  54. Ambroise, Estoire de la Guerre Sainte, ed. G. Paris (Paris 1927), l. 12,255, col. 329.

  55. Albert von Johansdorf, a German minnesinger, quoted by Siberry, Criticism of Crusading, p. 193.

  56. Gislebertus of Mons, Chronicon Hanoniense, ed. L. Vanderkindere (Brussels 1904), p. 272.

  15: ‘Ehud’s Sharpened Sword’

  1. Judges 3:16; Ehud was an Israelite hero who killed Eglon, king of the Moabites.

  2. Sermon 1213×1218 for the Fifth Crusade, trans. by J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, p. 134.

  3. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 77–8 (letter to Waldemar II of Denmark for ‘the Lord’s war’), 79 (letter to Philip II 1207), 119–24 (Quia Maior), p. 119 for the Matthew text: the italics are mine; Selected Letters of Pope Innocent III concerning England 1198–1216, ed. C. R. Cheney and W. H. Semple (London 1953), p. 4 (‘ab obsequio Iesu Christi’, describing Richard I’s crusade); cf. p. 91, to Leopold VI of Austria, who has taken the cross ‘to follow Christ’.

  4. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, p. 123.

  5. Translation by C. Morris, The Holy Land, Holy Lands and Christian History, ed. R. N. Swanson, Studies in Church History, 36 (Woodbridge 2000), p. xvi.

  6. Gerald of Wales, Journey, p. 114; James of Vitry, Letters, ed. R. B. C. Huygens (Leiden 1960), p. 77; Gunther of Pairis, Historia, p. 66, cf. Capture, p. 73; Caesarius of Heisterbach, Dialogus Miraculorum, ed. J. Strange (Cologne, Bonn and Brussels 1851), i, 12–13; James of Vitry, Historia Occidentalis, ed. J. F. Hinnebusch (Friburg 1972), pp. 20–21.

  7. Cheney and Semple, Selected Letters of Innocent III, pp. 207, 208, 216, 218, 219.

  8. Quoted in J. Gilchrist, ‘The Lord’s War as the Proving Ground of Faith; Pope Innocent III and the Propagation of Violence’, Crusaders and Muslims, ed. Shatzmiller, p. 69 and generally pp. 65–83.

  9. On this see Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, pp. 27, 50, 76–83, 86; M. Markowski, ‘Crucesignatus: Its Origins and Early Usage’, Journal of Medieval History, 10 (1984).

  10. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, p. 139.

  11. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 119–29.

  12. Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, pp. 14–15 and note 35; the 1198 bull sent to England is included in Roger of Howden, Chronica, iv, 70–75.

  13. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 145–8.

  14. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, p. 123, and pp. 119–24 in general for what follows.

  15. J.-M. Canivez (ed.), Statuta Capitulorum Generalium Ordinis Cisterciensis ab anno 1116 ad annum 1786 (Louvain 1933–41), i, 122, 172, 181–2, 208, 210, 268, 270, etc.; Snoek, Medieval Piety, pp. 168–9 and refs.

  16. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, p. 124; Councils and Synods with Other Documents Relating to the English Church, gen. ed. F. M. Powicke (Oxford 1964–81), ii, 175.

  17. The letter from the patriarch of Jerusalem on behalf of the First Crusaders at Antioch, January 1098, is translated in Peters, The First Crusade pp. 283–4; Roger of Howden, Chronica, iii, 317–19; iv, 165–7; cf. C. Cheney, Hubert Walter (London 1967), pp. 124–32.

  18. Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, Fifth Report, Appendix (London 1872), p. 462; idem, Report on Various Collections, i (London 1901), 235–6; Roger of Howden, Chronica, iv, 108–12; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 168–72.

  19. Coutumiers de Normandie, ed. E. J. Tardif (Rouen 1881–1903), iii, 91; cf. for general discussions of privileges, J. Brundage, Canon Law and the Crusader; Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, pp. 55–62; idem, England and the Crusades, pp. 187–228; S. Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade 1216–1307 (Oxford 1988).

  20. Delaborde, et al., Receuil des actes de Philippe Auguste, nos. 228, 1360; Rigord, Oeuvres, i, 84–8.

  21. Curia Regis Rolls (London and Woodbridge 1922–), iii, 193.

  22. Tyerman, England and
the Crusades, pp. 71, 135, 204, 219, 221.

  23. F. M. Stenton, ‘Early Manumissions at Staunton’, English Historical Review, 26 (1911), 95–6; P. R. Hyams, Kings, Lords and Peasants (Oxford 1980), p. 32 and note 37.

  24. Curis Regis Rolls, x, 293; Bracton’s Note Book, ed. F. W. Maitland (London 1887), ii, 159–60, 196; J. Brundage, ‘The Crusader’s Wife: A Canonistic Quandary’, Studia Gratiana, 12 (1967), 427–41.

  25. Cheney and Semple, Selected Letters of Innocent III, pp. 144–7.

  26. Christiansen, The Northern Crusades, p. 98.

  27. J. D. Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, xxii (Venice 1778), cols. 231–3.

  28. For a full contemporary account, Arnold of Lübeck, Chronica Slavorum, pp. 195–212; cf. Waitz, Chronica Regia Colonensis, pp. 157–61.

  29. Nicetas, pp. 261–3.

  30. Jaffé, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum, ii, nos. 17,226, 17,270, 17,274; Ralph of Diceto, Ymagines Historiarum, Opera Historica, ed. Stubbs, ii, 132–5; Waitz, Chronica Regia Colonensis, p. 157.

  31. Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, p. 139 and, generally, pp. 136–45.

  32. Arnold of Lübeck, Chronica Slavorum, p. 195.

  33. On these negotiations, Edbury, Cyprus, p. 33 and refs.

  34. Die Register Innocenz’ III, ed. O. Hageneder et al. (Graz-Cologne, Rome and Vienna 1964–), i, no. 336; cf. Roger of Howden, Chronica, iv, 70–75.

  35. Geoffrey of Villehardouin, The Conquest of Constantinople, trans. M. R. B. Shaw (London 1963), p. 29.

  36. Runciman, History of the Crusades, iii, 130.

  37. J. Crosland, William Marshal: Knighthood, War and Chivalry (London 2002), pp. 78–81; Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal, ed. P. Meyer (Paris 1891–1901), ll. 11,373–688.

  38. See Innocent III’s letter, 5 November 1198, C. Tyerman (ed.), An Eyewitness History of the Crusades, Folio Society (London 2004), iv, The Fourth Crusade, 4.

  39. Roger of Howden, Chronica, iv, 76–7.

  40. James of Vitry, Historia Occidentalis, pp. 89–90; cf. pp. 96–101; for Fulk, see Roger of Howden, Chronica, iv, 76–7; Ralph of Coggeshall, Chronicon Anglicanum, ed. J. Stevenson, Rolls Series (London 1875), pp. 80–83, 130, 131 for a very flattering account; Winchester Annals, Annales Monastici, ed. Luard, ii, 67–8 for a hostile view; Villehardouin, Conquest, pp. 29, 38; Robert of Clari, The Conquest of Constantinople, trans. E. H. McNeal (New York 1966), pp. 31, 34, 38.