God's War: A New History of the Crusades

by Christopher Tyerman

  23: The Defence of the Holy Land 1221–44

  1. Waverley Annals, Annales Monastici, ed. Luard, ii, 295.

  2. Regesto del cardinale Ugolino d’Ostia, ed. G. Levi (Rome 1890).

  3. Baratier, ‘Une prédication de la croisade à Marseille’, pp. 690–99.

  4. Archives de l’Hôtel Dieu de Paris, ed. L. Briele (Paris 1894), no. 203, pp. 87–8.

  5. E.g. the 1237 case of Peter of Erdington’s land in Shropshire, Curia Regis Rolls (London 1922–), xvi, 31 no. 115.

  6. Roger of Wendover, Flores, ii, 323.

  7. N. Vincent, Peter des Roches (Cambridge 1996), p. 234.

  8. Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, p. 86 and notes 249–51 for refs.

  9. S. Lloyd, ‘Political Crusades in England c.1215–17 and c.1263–5’, Crusade and Settlement, ed. Edbury, pp. 113–20; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 144–51.

  10. F. M. Powicke, The Thirteenth Century (Oxford 1962), p. 80.

  11. Theobald of Champagne, Seigneurs, sachiez: oui or ne s’en ira l. 18 ‘the ashy people will remain behind’, trans. M. Routledge, An Eyewitness History of the Crusades, ed. C. J. Tyerman, Folio Society (London 2004), iv, 269; Rutebeuf, La desputizions dou croisié et dou descroisié in Onze poèmes concernant la croisade, ed. J. Bastin and E. Faral (Paris 1946), pp. 84–94.

  12. Vincent, Peter des Roches, p. 252 and refs. at note 118.

  13. In general, T. C. Van Cleve, The Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen (Oxford 1972), pp. 158–233; idem, ‘The Crusade of Frederick II’, 429–62; D. Abulafia, Frederick II (London 1988), pp. 148–201; Mayer, Crusades, pp. 228–38.

  14. Van Cleve, Frederick II, p. 229.

  15. Above p. 491.

  16. The contemporary Ibn Wasil’s account in Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 267–8, 269–70; Maqrizi, Histoire d’Egypte, trans. E. Blocquet, Revue de l’Orient Latin, 9 (1901), 509–10 seems based on this.

  17. MGH Constitutiones et Acta publica Imperatorum et Regum, iv (Hanover 1896), ed. L. Weiland, IV-ii, 129–31, no. 102.

  18. Richard of San Germano, Chronica, ed. G. H. Pertz, MGH SS, xix (Hanover 1866), 347–9, cf. pp. 343–4; Vincent, Peter des Roches, pp. 238–9 and refs. notes 52 and 53.

  19. Vincent, Peter des Roches, pp. 233–4.

  20. Above, note 13.

  21. Vincent, Peter des Roches, pp. 229–58; K. R. Giles, ‘Two English Bishops in the Holy Land’, Nottingham Medieval Studies, 31 (1987), 46–57; Lloyd, English Society, in index under ‘Peter des Roches’, ‘William Brewer’, etc.; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 99–101.

  22. Calendar of Patent Rolls 1225–32, pp. 90–91; Vincent, Peter des Roches, pp. 235–9 for Bishop Peter’s finances.

  23. Roger of Wendover, Flores, ii, 323; Calendar of Liberate Rolls (Public Record Office, London 1916–64), 1226–40, p. 93 for Aubigny.

  24. A. Forey, ‘The Military Order of St Thomas of Acre’, English Historical Review, 92 (1977), 481–503.

  25. Holt, Age of Crusades, pp. 63–5; cf. R. S. Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus (Albany 1977).

  26. John of Joinville, Histoire de St Louis, ed. N. M. Wailly (Paris 1868), pp. 69–70.

  27. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 268.

  28. Sibt Ibn al-Jauzi, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 273–4; cf. pp. 272–3 for Ibn Wasil’s account.

  29. Giovanni Codagnelli (a Piacenza notary fl. 1200–30), Annales Placentini, ed. O. Holder-Egger, Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum (Hanover 1901), pp. 85–6.

  30. J. L. Huillard-Bréholles, Historia Diplomagtica Friderici Secundi (Paris 1852–61), iii, 23–30; Gregory IX, Registres, nos. 178–9.

  31. According to the hostile Philip of Novara, Wars of Frederick II, p. 73; for preparations, Richard of San Germano, Chronica, pp. 348–9.

  32. Roger of Wendover, Flores, ii, 351–2 and generally, pp. 364–73. For the events of 1227–9, Eracles, pp. 363–75; Philip of Novara, Wars of Frederick II, pp. 73–92 (who emphasizes Frederick’s confrontation with the Ibelins in Cyprus).

  33. For these and other exchanges, Eracles, pp. 369–72; Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 267–75.

  34. Translations, Van Cleve, Frederick II, p. 217 and see notes 3 and 4.

  35. Van Cleve, Frederick II, p. 217 note 5.

  36. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 270.

  37. Van Cleve, Frederick II, pp. 219–20, reconstructs the treaty that has not survived.

  38. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 271; in general pp. 270–71, 273–4.

  39. Gerold’s encyclical letter condemning Frederick is translated in Peters, Christian Society, pp. 165–70, taken from Matthew Paris’s version.

  40. Riley-Smith, Feudal Nobility, pp. 171–2.

  41. Trans. Peters, Christian Society, pp. 164–5.

  42. Richard of San Germano, Chronica, p. 355.

  43. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 270.

  44. Roger of Wendover, Flores, ii, 372; trans. Peters, Christian Society, p. 156.

  45. Above pp. 725–7.

  46. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 275.

  47. Philip of Novara, Wars of Frederick II, p. 91; cf. pp. 87–92 for opposition to Frederick.

  48. Van Cleve, Frederick II, p. 528 and note 1.

  49. The Rothelin Continuation of William of Tyre, Eracles, pp. 526–7, and, for what follows, pp. 526–56 and, for Eracles Continuation itself, pp. 413–22, trans. J. Shirley, Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century (Aldershot 1999), p. 38 and, generally, pp. 38–58, 123–9.

  50. For 1239–41, apart from the general surveys for background, S. Painter, ‘The Crusade of Theobald of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall’, History of the Crusades, ed. Setton, ii, 463–85; Lloyd, English Society, esp. pp. 22, 58, 83, 86, 90, 92–3, 136, 149, 151, 178, 182; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 101–8; P. Jackson, ‘The Crusades of 1239–41 and Their Aftermath’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 50 (1987), 32–60.

  51. Theobald of Champagne, ‘Seigneurs Sachiez: oui or ne s’en ira’, trans. Routledge, Eyewitness History of the Crusades, ed. Tyerman, iv, 268.

  52. Roger of Wendover, Flores, iii, 104–7; Gregory IX, Registres, nos. 2,180–9.

  53. Gregory IX, Registres, no. 2,664.

  54. Gregory IX, Registres, nos. 3,923, 3,926.

  55. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 104–6 for Richard’s financial arrangements.

  56. Gregory IX, Registres, no. 4,107; Painter, ‘Crusade’, p. 466.

  57. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iii, 368–9.

  58. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iv, 7; Dunstable Annals, Annales Monastici, ed. Luard, iii, 152.

  59. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 104–5; Painter, ‘Crusade’, p. 466.

  60. Eracles, pp. 527–8; Thomas Wykes, Chronicon, Annales Monastici, ed. Luard, iv, 86–7.

  61. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iii, 620; in general, Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 102–4, 107.

  62. Lloyd, English Society, pp. 83–4, 136; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 103–4.

  63. Painter, ‘Crusade’, p. 469.

  64. The most detailed account is in the Rothelin continuation of William of Tyre, Eracles, pp. 531–46; trans. Shirley, Crusader Syria, pp. 41–50, p. 46 for quotation.

  65. Eracles, p. 554; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 57.

  66. Painter, ‘Crusade’, p. 482.

  67. Gregory IX, Registres, nos. 3,363, 3,633, 4,027, cf. 4,315.

  68. Burton Annals, Annales Monastici, ed. Luard, i, 265–7; Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iv, 38–43.

  69. Mathew Paris, Chronica Majora, iii, 620.

  70. Trans. Routledge, Eyewitness History of the Crusades, ed. Tyerman, iv, 290; cf. Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 55.

  71. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iv, 71.

  72. Lloyd, English Society, Appendix 5 for the contract and pp. 135–7 for a discussion of it.

  73. Eracles, p. 532; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 42.

  74. Eracles, pp. 531–2; Shirley, Crusader Syr
ia, p. 41.

  75. Eracles, pp. 533–6, 538–9; Shirley, Crusader Syria, pp. 42–4, 45–6.

  76. The best analysis of these manoeuvres is Jackson, ‘Crusades of 1239–41’.

  77. Eracles, p. 554; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 57.

  78. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iv, 138–44.

  79. Above p. 726.

  80. D. Pringle, ‘King Richard I and the Walls of Ascalon’, pp. 143–6.

  81. Eracles, p. 421; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 129.

  82. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iv, 107, 143–5, 211–12, 218.

  83. Eracles, p. 556; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 58.

  24: Louis IX and the Fall of Mainland Outremer 1244–91

  1. See above Chapter 22.

  2. Eracles, p. 564 and generally pp. 561–6; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 65 and pp. 62–6.

  3. Holt, Age of the Crusades, p. 66; Irwin, Middle East, pp. 18–19.

  4. A. Potthast, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum (Berlin 1874–5), no. 11,491, 31 Dec. 1244.

  5. The classic, if not necessarily accurate, account, written over sixty years later, is John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 191; cf. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iv, 397–8 for mystical implications of the cross; cf. Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, pp. 82–3. For modern general discussions in English, see especially W. C. Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade (Princeton 1979), esp. pp. 3–13; J. Richard, St Louis: Crusader King of France, ed. S. Lloyd, trans. J. Birrell (Cambridge 1993), pp. 99–112; Strayer, ‘Crusades’, pp. 487–508.

  6. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iv, 397–8; v, 3–4; for William, see P. Biller, The Measure of Multitude (Oxford 2000), chap. 3, and esp. p. 85.

  7. Potthast, Regesta, no. 11,492; Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iv, 410–12; cf. p. 391 for a meeting between Louis, Innocent IV and another future crusader, the duke of Burgundy, at Cîteaux on Holy Cross Day, 14 September 1244.

  8. Potthast, Regesta, no. 11,491; T. Rymer, Foedera, (3rd edn London 1745), 1-i, 148–9 (crusade bull to Henry III, 23 Jan. 1245); F. M. Delorme, ‘Bulle d’Innocent IV pour la croisade’, Archivum Franciscanum Historicum, 6 (1913), 386–9; cf. Maier, Preaching, p. 62 et seq.

  9. Analecta Novissima Spicilegii Solesmensis, ed. J. P. Pitra (Paris 1885–8), ii, 331–2 (Odo of Châteauroux’s Sermon XII); in general for his crusade sermons, nos. XI, XII, XIV, XV, pp. 328–33.

  10. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, esp. pp. 111–13 and refs.

  11. Maier, Preaching, p. 70 and, generally, pp. 62–70.

  12. Innocent IV, Registres, ed. E. Berger (Paris 1884–1921), no. 2,935.

  13. Maier, Preaching, pp. 67, 140–42; Eudes Rigaud, Regestum visitati, ed. E. Bonnin (Rouen 1853), p. 733; Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, pp. 44–5.

  14. Maier, Preaching, pp. 101–2.

  15. For recruitment, Jordan, Louis IX, pp. 14–34, 65–104; Richard, St Louis, pp. 99–112; Strayer, ‘Crusades’, pp. 487–93.

  16. Jordan, Louis IX, p. 66.

  17. Innocent IV, Registres, no. 2,644.

  18. Etablissements et coutumes, assises et arrest de l’échiquier de Normandie au treizième siècle, ed. M. A. J. Marnier (Paris 1839), p. 201; Layettes du Trésor des Chartes, ed. A. Teulet et al. (Paris 1863–1909), ii, no. 3,560.

  19. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 192.

  20. See especially Jordan, Louis IX, pp. 35–64; R. Bartlett, ‘Louis IX, Towns and Enquêteurs Réformateurs’, Journal of Medieval History, 5 (1979).

  21. Jordan, Louis IX, p. 49.

  22. RHGF, xxi, 404. For finances, Jordan, Louis IX, pp. 65–104.

  23. For figures and calculations, Jordan, Louis IX, pp. 94–9.

  24. RHGF, xxi, 540; Innocent IV, Registres, no. 3,708.

  25. Eudes de Rigaud, Regestum visitati, p. 733.

  26. Innocent IV, Registres, no. 3,708.

  27. Maier, Preaching, p. 67.

  28. See the case of Hugh of Rodez, Maier, Preaching, pp. 143–5.

  29. RHGF, xxi, 532–40; Jordan, Louis IX, pp. 79–82; Strayer, ‘Crusades’, pp. 490–91.

  30. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 198.

  31. Jordan, Louis IX, pp. 100–102, and table p. 102.

  32. RHGF, xxi, 513–15, trans. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 149–52 for the 1250–53 expenses; cf. Jordan, Louis IX, pp. 78–104; Strayer, ‘Crusades’, pp. 492, 504.

  33. A. Jal, Pacta Naulorum, Documents historiques inédits, ed. M. Champollion-Figéac (Paris 1841–3), i, 605–9; ii, 51–7; L. T. Belgrano, ‘Une charte de nolis de S. Louis’, Archives de l’Orient Latin, 2 (1884), 231–6.

  34. Jal, Pacta Naulorum, ii, 66–7; RHGF, xxi, 283, cf. pp. 223–4, 260–84.

  35. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 320–1; Jal, Pacta Naulorum, p. 63; Strayer, ‘Crusades’, p. 492; Jordan, Louis IX, p. 103.

  36. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, v, 93; WP, pp. 112–3.

  37. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 197; Jordan, Louis IX, p. 76 note 82 for discussion and refs. re. salt pork.

  38. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 191–2, 194–7.

  39. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 195.

  40. Richard, St Louis, pp. 99–112 summarizes Louis’s plans, preparations and departure; for the relics of the Passion, see Angold, Fourth Crusade, pp. 237–40.

  41. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 197. For modern narratives and discussion in English of the Egyptian campaign, Strayer, ‘Crusades’, pp. 493–504; Richard, St Louis, pp. 113–52; Holt, Age of Crusades, pp. 82–4; Irwin, Middle East, pp. 19–27. The most vivid chronicle account is John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 195–264; the Rothelin continuation of William of Tyre included an important letter from Jean Sarasin and other details, Eracles, pp. 566–71, 589–623; Shirley, Crusader Syria, pp. 66–9, 85–108.

  42. John of Colonna, RHGF, xxiii, 19 for the vessels.

  43. For a recent discussion, P. Jackson, The Mongols and the West (London 2005), esp. chaps. 3–7.

  44. Jackson, Mongols, pp. 87–93 and refs.

  45. Described by the well-informed Jean Sarasin, Eracles, pp. 569–71; Shirley, Crusader Syria, pp. 68–9; John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 197–8, 282–3; cf. Jackson, Mongols, pp. 98–100.

  46. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 288, and generally pp. 282–8.

  47. See the lurid but serious fascination shown by Matthew Paris throughout his Chronica Majora, e.g. iv, 76–8, 270–77, 386–9; for his drawing of alleged Mongol cannibalism, M. R. James (ed.), ‘The Drawings of Matthew Paris’, Walpole Society, 14 (1925–6), no. 86. For the cultural and intellectual significance of such opening of the east to direct western scrutiny, Biller, Measure of Multitude, chap. 9, esp. pp. 227–35.

  48. For numbers, Strayer, ‘Crusades,’ pp. 493–4.

  49. On this contingent, Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 108–10; Lloyd, English Society, p. 137, and notes 105–6 for refs.

  50. Eracles, p. 571; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 69.

  51. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 203–4.

  52. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 214.

  53. Eracles, p. 592; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 87.

  54. Ibn Wasil, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 286, 288 and, generally for the Nile campaign, pp. 284–302.

  55. John of Joinville, Histoire (French text), p. 140; John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 262 omits the detail that the Frenchman had come to Egypt with the Fifth Crusade.

  56. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 210.

  57. After her own interlude in power in the summer of 1250, she promptly married her successor, the Turkish emir Aybak.

  58. Eracles, pp. 594–5; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 89.

  59. For the timber for war machines, John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 213–17; Eracles, p. 600; Shirley, Crusader Syria, pp. 92–3.

  60. For the victory and defeat at Mansourah, John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 218–42; cf. the Rothelin version, Eracles, pp. 599–616; Shirley, Crusader Sy
ria, pp. 92–103; Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 288–95.

  61. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 90.

  62. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 225.

  63. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 222.

  64. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 224.

  65. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 222.

  66. P. Cole, D. L. d’Avray, J. Riley-Smith, ‘Application of Theology to Current Affairs: Memorial Sermons on the Dead of Mansourah and on Innocent IV’, Historical Research, 62 (1990), 227–47, esp. Odo of Châteauroux’s sermon on 2 King’s 1:18, David’s lament over Jonathan.

  67. For the Longspee heroics and early legend, Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, v, 76–7, 105–9, 116–17, 130–34, 138–44, 147–75, 201–4 (p. 154 for ‘manifest martyr’), 254, 280–81. S. Lloyd, ‘William Longspee II: The Making of an English Hero’, Nottingham Medieval Studies, 35 (1991), 41–69 and, with T. Hunt, 36 (1992), 79–125.

  68. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 291.

  69. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 239.

  70. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 292; John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 237; Eracles, p. 610; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 99.

  71. Eracles, p. 611; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 100.

  72. Quoted Richard, St Louis, p. 125.

  73. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 243.

  74. Ibn Wasil, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 294.

  75. Richard, St Louis, p. 125; John of Joinville, Life of Louis, captures the chaos, dejection and fear, pp. 240–44.

  76. Abu Shamah, Livre des Deux Jardins, RHC Or., v (Paris 1906), 196; cf. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 302, from Maqrizi’s fifteenth-century compilation.

  77. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 263; an exaggerated sum.

  78. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 246–50.

  79. Ibn Wasil’s comment, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 298; for the coup, pp. 295–8; John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 251–6.

  80. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 258–60.

  81. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 256.

  82. Above pp. 777–9. And chap. 22, p. 727.

  83. The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck, ed. P. Jackson with D. Morgan, Hakluyt Society, 2nd series, no. 173 (London 1990), pp. 1–55 (Introduction); pp. 59–278 for the friar’s report to Louis IX; Jackson, Mongols, pp. 99–100.