The Downing Street Years

by Margaret Thatcher

  Buthelezi, Chief Gatsha, 532, 533

  Butler, Sir Michael, 720n Butler, R.A., 6n, 12, 43

  Butler, Robin (Prime Minister’s Principal Private Secretary 1982–85, Cabinet Secretary and Head Home Civil Service 1988-), 289, 379, 380, 458, 633

  Butskellism, 6

  by-elections: Crosby (1981), 153; ‘Falklands factor’, 265; Glasgow Hillhead (1982), 266; Beaconsfield (1982), 266; Mitcham and Morden (1982), 266; Peckham (1982), 266; Birmingham (Northfield) (1982), 266; Bermondsey, 266 (1983); Darlington, 266 (1983); MT’s role, 266–7; Cardiff possibility (1983), 289; Brecon and Radnor (1985), 416–17; Mid-Staffordshire (1990), 658; Eastbourne (1990), 832; Bootle (1990), 838; Bradford North (1990), 838

  Byelorussia, 801–2

  Cabinet, 25–9; confidentiality, 33; public spending arguments, 123–8; reshuffle (January 1981), 130–1; further dissent, 147–50; reshuffle (September 1981), 150–3; reshuffle (1985), 418–23; reshuffle (1986), 562–3; reshuffle (1989), 754–8; changes after Howe’s resignation (1990), 835; leadership election (1990), 850–5

  Cable and Wireless, 678

  cable television, 635

  Cairns Group, 739

  Callaghan, James (Labour Prime Minister 1976–79): government defeat, 3–4; election campaign (1979), 10, 288; election defeat, 17–18; Policy Unit, 30n; relationship with Schmidt, 35; leadership resignation, 41; Falklands, 190; election campaign (1983), 296; civil service pay, 417

  Camden, London Borough of, 646

  Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND), 267, 293, 424

  Campaign Guide, 286

  Camp David, MT’s visit (1984), 466–8; MT’s visit (1986), 472–3

  Canada: MT’s visit (1983), 320–2; Constitution, 320; South African sanctions issue, 523

  Canberra, 189, 225

  Cancún, ‘North-South’ summit, 167, 168–70, 754

  capital punishment, 307, 308, 315

  CARICOM, 328

  Carlisle, Mark (Education Secretary 1979–81), 151

  Carlton Club bomb (1990), 414

  Carlton Lecture (1984), 370

  Carrington, Peter, Lord (Foreign Secretary 1979–82): Foreign Secretary, 27; Rhodesia, 73, 74, 76–7; EC budget, 85–6; Iran-Iraq war, 91; Cabinet reshuffle, 151; US visit (1981), 158; Falklands, 178–9, 185; resignation, 185–6; Defence Review, 249, 250; Polish crisis, 252, 253; attitude to EMS, 692; MT retirement suggestion, 832

  Carter, Amy, 68

  Carter, Jimmy (US President 1977–81): G7, 68, 71; MT’s assessment, 68–9; Rhodesia, 73; Iran hostage crisis, 86, 88, 156, 825; MT’s visit, 86–7; Afghanistan, 87–8; US economy, 123, 693; neutron bomb, 241; NATO, 242; Trident, 245–6, 248

  Carter, Rosalynn, 68

  Cartledge, Sir Brian (Ambassador to USSR 1985–88), 37, 470

  Casaroli, Cardinal, 230

  cash planning, 137

  Castro, Fidel, 329

  Catholic Church, 390, 392, 778, 779

  Catto, Henry, 817

  Cavaco Silva, Anibal (Portuguese Prime Minister 1985-), 752

  Ceauşescu, Nicolae (President of Romania 1967–89), 790

  Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB): coal stocks (1981), 142; coal stocks (1984), 341, 343; miners’ strike (1984–5), 347, 350, 353, 358–9, 373; oil- fired power stations, 341, 350; nuclear-powered stations, 341; privatization issues, 682–4

  Central Office, 287, 288–9, 291, 421, 574

  Central Policy Review Staff (CPRS), 30, 118, 277–8

  Centre for Policy Studies, 14

  Centre Forward, 416

  Challenger tanks, 825, 828

  Channel 4, 635, 636, 637

  Channel Tunnel, 345

  Channon, Paul (Trade and Industry Secretary 1986–87, Transport Secretary 1987–89): DTI, 437, 639; BL, 437, 440–1; Gorbachev meeting, 460; South Africa discussions, 515; leaves Cabinet, 756

  Chatham, William Pitt, ist Earl, 10

  Chatham dockyard, 251

  Chelsea Barracks bomb (1981), 393

  Cheltenham speech (1990), 661–2

  Cheney, Dick (US Secretary for Defense 1989–93), 818, 821

  Chequers, 21, 36–7, 860–1

  Chernenko, Konstantin (Soviet General Secretary 1984–85), 458, 459, 461, 469, 546

  Chernobyl nuclear disaster, 498

  Chevaline, 244, 245

  Cheysson, Claude (French Minister for External Relations 1981–84), 542

  child: abuse, 626, 627; care, 630–1; benefit, 631

  Child Support Act (1991), 630

  China: MT’s visit (1982), 259–62, 488; Hong Kong sovereignty, 259–62; role, 487; Hong Kong negotiations, 488–95; Tiananmen Square massacre, 494

  Chirac, Jacques (French Prime Minister 1974–76, 1986–88), 729–31, 734–7

  Chissano, Joaquim, 527

  Chope, Chris, 855

  Church of England, 31

  Church of Scotland, 704

  churches: attitude to education reforms, 593; hostels for young people, 627

  Churchill, Winston (Conservative Prime Minister 1940–5, 1951–5), 23, 193, 468, 481, 483, 829, 851

  Cities Policy Group, 282

  City Technology Colleges, 592, 593

  Civil Contingencies Unit, 356

  civil service: interventionist policy, 6; relationship with new government, 18; recruitment freeze, 32; reform, 45–9; strike (1981), 139; pay increase for top civil servants, 417

  Civil Service College, 47

  Civil Service Commission, 47

  Civil Service Department (CSD), 47–8

  Civil Service Pay Research Unit, 45

  Clark, Alan, 853

  Clark, Joe (Canadian Prime Minister 1979–80), 68

  Clarke, Kenneth (Chancellor of the Duchy 1987–88, Health Secretary 1988–90, Education Secretary 1990–92): Cabinet position, 418; election campaign (1987), 584; Health, 614; Education, 614; Health review, 614–16, 756; suitability as successor to MT, 755; Education, 835; leadership election (1990), 852

  Clegg, Hugh, 32

  Clegg Commission, 32, 44, 44–5

  closed shop, 98, 99, 272–3, 275, 669

  clothes, MT’s, 80, 162, 164, 458, 575–6, 779. 845

  coal industry: dispute (1981), 139–43; pit closure programme, 139–41, 342–3, 344. 357. 377. 686; overtime ban (1983), 342; coal stocks (1983), 343–4; miners’ strike (1984–5), 344–78; coal stocks (1984), 358; electricity privatization, 684, 685; privatization plans, 685–6; see also National Coal Board, National Union of Mineworkers

  Cockfield, Arthur, Lord (Trade Secretary 1982–83, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1983–84, Vice-President European Commission 1985–88), 547

  Coggan, Donald, Archbishop, 31

  Cold War, 170–1, 450, 769, 799

  Coleman, Professor Alice, 605

  COMECON, 457

  Common Agricultural Policy, see EUROPEAN COMMUNITY

  Commonwealth Games, Edinburgh, 520- 1

  Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings (CHOGMs):

  Lusaka (1979), 52, 67, 71, 73–6, 523

  Melbourne (1981), 164, 166–7

  New Delhi (1983), 332, 491

  Nassau (1985), 504, 515, 516–19, 520, 521

  London (Special Conference 1986), 520–4

  Vancouver (1987), 522–4, 700

  Kuala Lumpur (1989), 502, 530–1, 715, 716

  communism: Eastern European collapse, 789–90; Soviet Union, 801; see also Marxism, socialism

  Communist Party, 295

  community charge: Baker’s role, 420, 650–1, 652; Ridley’s role, 563; Patten’s role, 602, 656–8; abolition, 642; defects of rating system, 642–7; origins, 647–51; Chequers seminar, 647–9; dual running, 650–2; abandonment of dual running, 651–5; preparing for introduction, 655–8; political crisis, 658–63; Trafalgar Square riot, 661; capping, 663–7; Heseltine and, 666–7; leadership election campaign (1990), 848–9

  Community Housing Trusts, 605

  Community Land Act, 39

  Confederation of British Industry (CBI
): Heath plans, 7; price controls, 39; trade union reform, 99, 104–5; MT’s relationship, 130, 271; Industrial Trends Survey, 149; Scottish, 621

  Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE): preparations for summit (1990), 764; role, 796, 799–800, 805; summit (1990), 802, 836, 842–3; German reunification, 814

  Congdon, Professor Tim, 696

  Conqueror, HMS, 214–15

  Conquest, Robert, 451, 452

  consensus, 167

  Conservative Party: Shadow Cabinet, 4, 13n, 14–15; policies, 6–7, 276–80; general election (1979), 17; Conference (1979), 54, 101; Conference (1980), 122; Central Council, 138, 477; Conference (1981), 153–5; funding, 275; general election manifesto (1983), 281–5, 305–6; Conference (1984), 365, 367–8, 379–83; problem issues, 560, 564; Conference (1986), 566–9, 571; general election manifesto (1987), 570–5; Scottish antipathy, 619; Scottish, 621; 892 Conference (1989), 714; leadership election (1989), 830; Conference (1990), 831; leadership question, 832; leadership election (1990), 840–55, 860–1

  Conservative Research Department, 12, 282–3, 286, 291, 567, 859

  Conservative Trade Unionists (CTU), 101

  Contingency Reserve, 49

  Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) negotiations, 788, 799–800, 842

  Cortonwood colliery, 344

  Cossiga, Francesco (Italian Prime Minister 1979–80, President 1985–92), 82–3, 84, 241, 246

  Costa Mendez, Nicanor (Argentinian Foreign Minister 1981–82), 193, 197, 199

  Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education (CATE), 598

  Coventry, HMS, 227, 228

  Cradock, Sir Percy (British Ambassador to Peking 1978–83, Prime Minister’s Foreign Policy Adviser 1984–92), 473, 492

  Crawford, Cynthia (‘Crawfie’): Downing St arrival, 25; Brighton bomb (1984), 380–1; MT’s clothes, 575–6; MT’s toothache, 584; Lawson resignation, 716; leadership election, 843; Downing St departure, 858, 861; Chequers departure, 860

  Craxi, Bettino (Italian Prime Minister 1983–7). 549–51

  crime, see law and order

  Criminal Justice Act (1988), 628

  Cropper, Peter, 283, 287

  cruise (and Pershing) missiles: deployment decision (1979), 156, 241, 243, 245, 300; deployment significance, 171; US development, 240; ‘dual track’ approach, 240; European attitudes to deployment, 241, 243–4, 258–9, 269, 318, 323, 335; opposition to deployment, 267–9, 332, 335; ‘dual key’ question’, 268, 332; deployment preparations, 450; Soviet response to deployment, 453; defence strategy, 472; INF treaty implications, 771–2; see also NATO, nuclear weapons Cuba, 158–9, 329

  Cuckney, Sir John, 426, 429, 431, 434

  current account deficit, 668

  curriculum, national, 593–7, see also education

  Czechoslovakia: Havel Presidency, 789–90; MT’s visit (1990), 808–9

  Daily Express, 103

  Daily Mail, 332, 714

  Daily Mirror, 295

  Davies, Edmund, Lord Justice, 32

  Davies, John (Shadow Conservative Foreign Secretary 1976–78), 421

  Davy Loewy, 170

  Day, Graham (Chairman BL/Rover 1986–91), 679

  Day, Sir Robin, 111, 293, 351, 586

  Deal Music School bomb (1989), 414

  defence: spending, 49, 51, 125, 128, 185, 237, 316; MT’s objectives, 237; political issue, 267–70; unilateralism, 267–8; policy group, 565; troops in Germany, 772; see also cruise, NATO, nuclear weapons, Trident

  Defence Review (1981), 177, 185, 249–51

  de Gaulle, Charles (French President 1958–69), 82, 85, 798, 802, 806, 815

  Deidesheim, MT’s visit (1989), 746–8, 786–7

  de Klerk, F.W. (South African State President 1989-), 529, 531–4

  de la Billière, Sir Peter (Commander British Forces in the Middle East, 1990–1), 90, 825–6

  Delors, Jacques (President of EC Commission 1985-): Finance minister, 338, 547; President of European Commission, 547, 740; EC objectives, 551, 555, 742, 759, 833; Luxemburg Council, 555, 556; Presidential style, 558–9; MT’s relationship, 558, 726, 740; EMU Report, 708, 709, 720, 721, 725, 750; Brittan conversation, 710; CAP, 736; TUC address, 742; Rome European Council, 766–7, 802; Gorbachev meeting, 767

  ‘demand side’ problems, 668–9

  Democracy in Trade Unions (Green Paper), 275, 284

  Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), 387, 394

  Deng Xiaoping (Chinese ruler 1977-), 260–2, 488–9, 491, 492, 493–4

  Denmark: economy, 7; farming subsidies, 731–2; EMU approach, 741

  DEPARTMENTS AND MINISTRIES

  Agriculture, Ministry of, 729–30

  Defence, Ministry of (MOD): overspending (1980), 125; Falklands media management, 230; overspending (1983), 316; Westland affair, 425, 427; ABM Treaty interpretation, 465

  Education and Science, Department of (DES), 13, 51, 592, 594, 597

  Employment, Department of, 51

  Energy, Department of, 141, 350, 685

  Environment, Department of the (DoE): housing policy, 602–6, 621; community charge, 648–50, 655, 658, 663

  Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO): Falklands position, 175–6, 181–2; qualities, 309; Soviet seminar, 451; nuclear policies, 465; Hong Kong negotiations, 489; European policies, 559; ERM question, 691, 695; Walters currency proposals, 725; Soviet Union break-up, 801

  Health, Department of, 614, 617

  Health and Social Security, Department of (DHSS), 47, 50, 608–13, 614

  Home Office, 628, 634, 636, 638

  Industry, Department of, 26, 120

  Northern Ireland Office (NIO), 399

  Overseas Development Administration (ODA), 525

  Scottish Office, 619–23

  Social Security, Department of (DSS), 603, 614

  Trade and Industry, Department of (DTI): Westland 425, 426, 429, 434; BL, 438; gas privatization, 681; rail privatization study, 687

  Transport, Department of, 687, 756

  Treasury: forecasts, 51; conduct of monetary policy, 134; public spending cuts, 148; ‘end-year flexibility’, 317; universities, 599; housing reforms, 602; NHS review, 609; attitude to NHS funding proposals, 610, 612, 615–16; child benefit debate, 631; broadcasting franchises, 637; community charge, 655–7, 662, 663; Lawson budget spies, 672; gas privatization, 681; rail privatization study, 687; ERM question, 691–2, 695, 721; exchange rate intervention, 702; inflation paper (1989), 710; Walters currency proposals, 725

  dependency culture, 627

  deutschmark (DM), 668, 675, 690, 697, 699–705, 722, 763

  devaluation, 714

  Diego Garcia, 246

  Dimbleby, Jonathan, 585

  Diplock, Lord, 106

  dirty protest, 58, 389, 391

  disarmament, see nuclear weapons

  Disraeli, Benjamin, 37

  District Health Authorities (DHAs), 608, 615, 617

  divorce, 628, 630

  dock strikes (1984), 355–7, 361–2

  doctors, see British Medical Association, health

  Dooge, James, 550

  Douglas-Home, Sir Alec (Conservative Prime Minister 1963–64), 13, 20, 66, 829

  Downing Street (No. 10): Policy Unit, 19, 30, 283, 428, 597, 605, 614, 617, 640, 831; Political Office, 19, 21; Press Office, 19; Private Office, 19, 20; staff, 19–20; hours of work, 20; living arrangements, 21; furnishing, 23–4

  Druze, 327

  Dubai: MT’s visit (1981), 163; MT’s visit (1988), 506–7

  du Cann, Sir Edward, 296

  Duff, Sir Antony, 76

  Duport Steels, 103, 106

  Eagleburger, Lawrence, 158

  Eastern Europe, 769–70, 789–90

  Eaton, Michael, 365

  Eban, Abba, 511

  E (Cabinet Committee), 39, 274, 394, 429, 639

  Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), see under EUROPEAN COMMUNITY and MONETARY POLICY

  Economist, 277, 446–7

  Economy Policy Group, 565
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br />   Eden, Anthony (Conservative Prime Minister 1955–7), 66, 483, 851

  Eden, Clarissa, 362

  Eden, Sir John, 286

  education: importance, 5; assisted places scheme, 39, 591; computers, 271; parent power, 278; vouchers, 278, 279, 578, 591–2, 614, 831; reform programme, 279–80, 306, 590–2; teacher training, 280; curriculum, 280, 570, 590–1, 593–7; Northern Ireland, 386; standards, 562; parental choice, 562, 591; testing, 570, 593–4; funding, 570, 591; open enrolment, 570, 591; grant-maintained schools, 570–1, 578, 592–3, 597; manifesto (1987), 570–1, 578, 590; selection, 578; centres of excellence, 578–9; City Technology Colleges, 592, 593; LMS, 592; national curriculum, 593–7; teacher training, 597–8; universities, 598–9; student loans, 598; Scotland, 620–1

  Education Policy Group, 282

  Education Reform Act (1988), 591

  Edwardes, Sir Michael (Chairman BL 1977–82), 114–20

  Edwards, Nicholas (Welsh Secretary 1979–87), 110, 565

  Efficiency Unit, 30

  Egypt, MT’s visit (1985), 508

  EH 101 helicopter project, 425, 429

  Eisenhower, USS, 227

  Eksund, 406, 731

  elderly people, 606

  Election Call, 587

  elections, general: (1979), 4–5, 15, 17; Conservative manifesto (1983), 281–5; campaign planning (1983), 285–9; campaign (1983), 291–304; Conservative manifesto (1987), 569–75; campaign (1987), 576–88; see also by-elections and European Parliament (under EUROPEAN COMMUNITY)

  electricity: prices, 52; privatization, 682–4

  Elizabeth II, Queen: MT’s audiences with, 17–18, 208, 850, 861; African tour (1979), 74; Falklands War, 180–1, 208; US invasion of Grenada, 330; Australian Bicentennial, 504

  El Salvador, 158, 159, 322, 383

  Eminent Persons Group (EPG), 518–19, 520

  employment: new jobs, 668; labour mobility, 670–1; see also unemployment

  Employment Acts: (1980), 97–108; (1982), 272–4; (1984), 279; (1988), 669; (1990), 669

  Employment Policy Group, 565

  Employment Protection Act (1975), 102

  EMU, see Economic and Monetary Union under EUROPEAN COMMUNITY and MONETARY POLICY

  Enders, Thomas, 192

  Endurance, HMS, 177, 178