The First Frontier
Page 52
[>] “took upon him[self]”: Ibid.
“He lay at one Place”: Ibid., 6:152.
[>] “At Night the ffrench”: John Shaw (September 16, 1754), “Affidavit of John Shaw,” in “A Private Soldier’s Account of Washington’s First Battles in the West: A Study in Criticism,” Journal of Southern History 8 (February 1942): 25.
“to be Reinforced”: Ibid.
[>] “la assasain”: Quoted in Culm Villiers, “Washington’s Capitulation at Fort Necessity, 1754,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 6 (January 1899): 268.
“a plausible Pretence”: George Washington, May 27, 1754, in Diaries of George Washington, 1197.
“Instead of coming”: Ibid., 1:198.
[>] “could hardly be”: Shaw, “Affidavit,” 26.
“parole of Honour”: Villiers, “Washington’s Capitulation,” 270.
“As the English have”: Ibid.
“The Misfortune”: Robert Dinwiddie to James Innes, July 20, 1754, in Official Records of Robert Dinwiddie, 1:232.
[>] “for each Man”: House of Burgesses, minutes, July 18, 1754, in Letters to Washington, ed. Stanislaus Murray Hamilton (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1898), 1:28.
[>] “I counted above”: Conrad Weiser to James Hamilton, September 13, 1754, in MPCP, 6:149.
“There is such”: George Croghan to James Hamilton, August 30, 1754, in PA, 1st ser., 2:161.
“I here enclose”: Ibid.
“When an Officer”: Humphrey Bland, A Treatise of Military Discipline, 9th ed. (London: Baldwin, Richardson, Longman, Crowder, 1762), 132.
[>] “being hurried on”: Bland, Treatise, 145.
“is greatly wanted”: Robert Stobo to George Washington, July 28, 1754, in MPCP, 6:162.
“Strike this Fall”: Ibid., 6:162–63.
Moses the Song: Moses is also sometimes identified as Scarouady’s son-in-law (Steele 2005).
[>] “When We engaged”: Stobo to Washington, 6:163.
“If they should know”: Ibid.
[>] “the Covenant Chain”: Hendrick (June 16, 1753), in Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New-York, ed. E. B. O’Callaghan (Albany, NY: Weed, Parsons, 1855), 6:788.
“Tho’ I can scarce”: James Hamilton to Roger Wolcott, March 4, 1754, in MPCP, 5:768.
“Enemies to their”: Ibid.
“raising a Civil War”: Ibid.
“I beseech your Honour”: Ibid., 5:768–69.
[>] “almost starved”: Conrad Weiser to Richard Peters, March 15, 1754, quoted in Wallace 1945, 353.
“I am old”: Ibid.
“all thought there was”: Benjamin Franklin, Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, ed. Frank Woodworth Pine (New York: Henry Holt, 1916), 243.
“for the whole Province”: Weiser to Peters, March 15, 1754, 355.
“as far Westward”: John Penn and Richard Peters to James Hamilton, July 9, 1754, in MPCP, 6:115.
[>] “a Devil [who] has stole”: Conochquiesie (July 3, 1755), in Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New-York, ed. E. B. O’Callaghan (Albany, NY: Weed, Parsons, 1855), 6:984.
“Indians slyly”: Ibid.
“He went in”: Daniel Claus to James Hamilton, September 1754, in PA, 1st ser., 2:175.
“by many false”: Ibid.
“Lidius treated them”: Ibid.
“for our hunting Ground”: Hendrick (July 6, 1754), in MPCP, 6:119.
[>] “Orders not to suffer”: Ibid.
“We will never part”: Ibid., 6:116.
“that reeked”: Fred Anderson, Crucible of War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000), 79.
“I may perhaps”: Weiser to Peters, March 15, 1754, 353.
[>] “What We are now”: Hendrick (July 5, 1754), in MPCP, 6:115–16.
[>] “Andrew Montour had already”: Conrad Weiser to Richard Peters, May 2, 1754, quoted in Wallace 1945, 355.
“He is vexed”: Conrad Weiser to Richard Peters, September 13, 1754, in PA, 2nd ser., 7:246.
“He abused me”: Ibid.
[>] “The Indians here”: John Harris Jr. to James Hamilton, August 30, 1754, in PA, 1st ser., 2:178.
“What the french”: Weiser to Taylor, 349.
Chapter 10: War Chief, Peace Chief
[>] “To acquire it”: Memoirs of Major Robert Stobo of the Virginia Regiment, ed. Neville B. Craig (Pittsburgh: John S. Davidson, 1854), 20.
“he still preserved”: Ibid., 22.
“thoughtless stunt”: Robert Stobo, quoted in Robert C. Alberts, The Most Extraordinary Adventures of Major Robert Stobo (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), 141.
[>] two regiments of regular: Descriptions of the soldiers, uniforms, and hierarchy of Braddock’s forces are drawn from Franklin T. Nichols, “The Organization of Braddock’s Army,” William and Mary Quarterly 4 (April 1947): 125–47.
[>] “men from sixty”: Robert Orme, 1755, in “Captain Orme’s Journal,” in The History of an Expedition Against Fort Du Quesne, ed. Winthrop Sargent (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1856), 286.
[>] “I do hereby Certifie”: Edward Braddock (June 9, 1755), quoted in PA, 1st ser., 2:348.
“the Officers”: June 2, 1755, MPCP, 6:397.
“My Lodgings”: Charlotte Brown, June 5, 1755, in “The Journal of Charlotte Brown, Matron of the General Hospital with the English Forces in America, 1754–1756,” in Colonial Captivities, Marches and Journeys, ed. Isabel M. Calder (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1967), 180.
“At 2 in the Morning”: Brown, June 12, 1754, in ibid., 182
“a Rattle snake Colonels named”: Ibid.
“a Rattle Snake Colonel”: Anonymous, May 8, 1755, in “Journal of the Proceedings of the Seamen,” in The History of an Expedition Against Fort Du Quesne, ed. Winthrop Sargent (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1856), 372.
“the most desolate Place”: Brown, June 13, 1755, in “Journal of Charlotte Brown, 182–83.
[>] “I wish for nothing”: George Washington to Robert Orme, March 15, 1755, in George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, 1741–1799, 2nd ser., letterbook 1, image 30, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mgw2&fileName=gwpage001.db&recNum=29.
“None of these”: Orme, n.d, in “Captain Orme’s Journal,” 313.
“[I] am sorry”: Robert Dinwiddie to Edward Braddock, May 9, 1755, in Official Records of Robert Dinwiddie, ed. Robert A. Brock (Richmond: Virginia Historical Society, 1884), 2:34.
“stormed like a Lyon”: George Croghan to Robert Hunter Morris, April 16, 1755, in MPCP, 6:368.
[>] “by Fire and Sword”: Ibid., 6:368–69.
“He shall take”: Edward Shippen IV to Edward Shippen III, March 19, 1755, quoted in Wallace 1945, 381.
“To which Genl. Braddock”: Shingas (November 3, 1755), quoted in “The Captivity of Charles Stuart, 1755–57,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 13 (June 1926): 63.
[>] “On which Genl. Braddock”: Ibid.
“if they might not”: Ibid.
“Mr. [Richard] Peters related”: June 2, 1755, MPCP, 6:397.
[>] “The Truth is”: William Shirley Jr. to Robert Hunter Morris, June 7, 1755, in PA, 1st ser., 2:346–47.
[>] “die as an old Roman”: Charles Swaine to Richard Peters, August 5, 1755, in Howard N. Eavenson, Map Maker and Indian Trader (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1949), 190.
“I luckily escaped”: George Washington to Mary Ball Washington, July 18, 1755, in George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, 1741–1799, 2nd ser., letterbook 1, image 86, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mgw2&fileName=gwpage001.db&recNum=0.
“chiefly Regular Soldiers”: Ibid.
“It is not possible”: Brown, July 11, 1755, in “Journal of Charlotte Brown,” 184.
“General Braddock cou’d”: Thomas Dunbar to William Shirley, August 21, 1755, in MPCP, 6:593.
[>] “Mismanagement”: Ibid.
“It was the pride”: Scarouady (August 22, 1755), in MPCP, 6:589.
“But let us unite”: Ibid.
“We are now”: “Petition of the Inhabitants of Cumberland County,” July 15, 1754, in MPCP, 6:131.
[>] “He desires me”: George Croghan to Charles Swaine, October 9, 1755, in MPCP, 6:642.
“The Enemy came down”: “Petition from Inhabitants of the West Side of Sasquehannah,” October 20, 1755, in MPCP, 6:647.
“If the white people”: Conrad Weiser to Robert Hunter Morris, October 25, 1755, in MPCP, 6:649–50.
[>] “I pray, good Sir”: Ibid., 6:650.
“There is two-thirds”: John Potter to Richard Peters, November 3, 1755, in MPCP, 6:674.
[>] “First our Fingers”: Charles Stuart, quoted in “Captivity of Charles Stuart,” 61–62.
[>] “Frequently Called”: Shingas, quoted in “Captivity of Charles Stuart,” 62.
“[Shingas] said”: John Heckewelder, History, Manners, and Customs of the Indian Nations Who Once Inhabited Pennsylvania, ed. William C. Reichel (Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1876), 270n.
“to carry the war”: Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil to Jean-Baptiste de Machault d’Arnouville, June 8, 1756, in PA, 2nd ser., 6:352.
[>] “If Onontio finds”: Scarouady (November 8, 1755), in MPCP, 6:683.
“I must deal plainly”: Ibid., 6:686.
“Instead of . . . providing”: Robert Hunter Morris to Pennsylvania Assembly, November 8, 1755, in MPCP, 6:684.
[>] “[They] called me”: Conrad Weiser to Robert Hunter Morris, November 19, 1755, in PA, 1st ser., 2:505.
“a lusty, rawbon’d”: Anonymous (July 1756), quoted in PA, 1st ser., 2:725.
[>] “he can drink”: Ibid.
“Oh, we’re all”: Conversation quoted in Hal C. Sipe, The Indian Chiefs of Pennsylvania (1929; repr., Lewisburg, PA: Wennawoods Publishing, 1994), 370.
“immediately to declare”: Joseph Fox et al. to Robert Hunter Morris, April 10, 1756, in MPCP, 7:78.
[>] “the following Rewards”: Ibid.
“every Male Indian”: Ibid.
[>] “to let the Indians know”: Benjamin Franklin, Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, ed. Frank Woodworth Pine (New York: Henry Holt, 1916), 279.
“Have we, the Governor”: William Denny (November 12, 1756), in MPCP, 7:320.
“venal, lazy and inept”: Nicholas B. Wainwright, “Governor William Denny of Pennsylvania,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 81 (April 1957): 172.
[>] “idle, fatuous, greedy”: Ralph L. Ketcham, “Conscience, War, and Politics in Pennsylvania, 1755–1757,” William and Mary Quarterly 20 (July 1963): 430.
[>] “the Joy which appear’d”: “Easton Treaty Texts, July and November 1756,” 47, supplementary material, for James H. Merrell, “‘I desire all that I have said . . . may be taken down aright’: Revisiting Teedyuscung’s 1756 Treaty Council Speeches,” William and Mary Quarterly 63 (October 2006): 777–826.
“The Times are not”: Teedyuscung (November 13, 1756), in MPCP, 7:321. This rendering of Teedyuscung’s speech is based on the polished and edited version later published by Benjamin Franklin; for other versions captured by a variety of witnesses, see “Easton Treaty Texts, July and November 1756.”
“I take away”: Ibid.
“I have not far”: Ibid., 7:324.
“A bargain is”: Ibid.
“his Children forge”: Ibid., 7:325. Emphasis added.
[>] “following my conscience”: Robert Stobo, quoted in Alberts, Most Extraordinary Adventures, 154. Stobo’s remarks are based on the published French-language transcripts of his interrogation and trial (“Procès de Robert Stobo et de Jacob Wambram pour crime de haute trahison,” in Rapport de l’Archiviste de la Province de Quebec pour 1922–23 [Montreal: Province of Quebec, Ls-A. Proulx, 1923]), translated and rendered into conversational English by Alberts.
“I believed myself”: Ibid., 167.
[>] “very little foundation”: August 8, 1755, MPCP, 6:534.
“Filius Gallicae”: Francis Jennings makes a convincing case for the ever busy Reverend William Smith as the source of the “Filius Gallicae” letters, as part of Smith’s anti-Quaker screeds. See Jennings 1988.
Montour found his life: Relatively little is documented regarding Montour’s home life, much of it contained in a single entry in the minutes of the Pennsylvania council from April 20, 1756: “The Indians had a long Conference with the Governor. They put Andrew Montour’s children under his care, as well as the three that are here, to be independent of the Mother, as a Boy of twelve years old, that he had by a former Wife, a Delaware, a Grand Daughter of Allomipis [Olumapies, or Sassoonan]. They added, that he had a girl among the Delawares called Kayodaghscroony, or Madelina, and desired she might be distinguished, enquired after, and sent for, which was promised” (MPCP, 7:95–96).
Sarah Ainse, Montour’s second wife, is usually described as an Oneida, and after their divorce she took their newborn, a boy named Nicholas, to live with the Oneida in New York. However, she sometimes described herself as a Shawnee, and Montour said she was related to a Conoy chief. Montour’s debt has been blamed on her spendthrift ways, but on her own, Sarah became a very successful trader, working the Great Lakes as far west as Michilimackinac. Nicholas, in turn, became active in the North West Company, trading furs. He married well and became a man of property, installing a horse track on his estate. He died in 1808 at age fifty-two, but his gritty mother outlived him by fifteen years, surviving into her nineties (Béland, “Montour, Nicholas”; Clarke, “Ainse [Hands], Sarah”).
[>] “It is now Come”: Conrad Weiser to Richard Peters, October 4, 1757, in PA, 1st ser., 3:283.
hundreds of Pennsylvanians: Ward 1995 argues that the number of dead and captured settlers has been significantly underestimated by historians and places the total dead on the Pennsylvania and Virginia frontier (including land that is now part of Maryland) at fifteen hundred, with more than a thousand—perhaps many more—taken hostage. The rate of dead or captured in frontier counties was 3 percent of the population. “Such figures are not incomparable to the Revolutionary War or even the Civil War . . . The conflict also resulted in more collateral damage than any other war in the region, including perhaps the Civil War” (p. 316).
[>] “that he ate”: Harvey Hostetler and William Franklin Hochstetler, Descendants of Jacob Hochstetler, the Immigrant of 1736 (Elgin, IL: Brethren Publishing, 1912), 39.
“a common jail”: Memoirs of Major Robert Stobo, 26.
[>] “other services”: Alberts, Most Extraordinary Adventures, 174.
“I touched Mr. Stobo”: Quoted ibid., 176.
[>] “Mr. Weiser informed”: Pennsylvania Provincial Council, minutes, July 28, 1756, in PA, 1st ser., 2:727.
“the King and his wild”: Pennsylvania Provincial Council, minutes, July 26, 1756, in PA, 1st ser., 2:724.
“We would have”: Teedyuscung via George Croghan to William Denny, July 30, 1757, in MPCP, 7:682.
Wallangundowngen: Per Post et al. 1999.
[>] “If I died”: Christian Frederick Post, July 22, 1758, in “The Journal of Christian Frederick Post, from Philadelphia to the Ohio,” in Early Western Travels, 1748–1846, ed. Reuben Gold Thwaites (Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark, 1904), 1:188. As Thwaites notes, Post had limited education, and English was not his native language; the material quoted here was heavily edited and corrected, since the original is all but indecipherable.
“The Quakers submit”: Conrad Weiser, quoted in Wallace 1945, 524.
“to which [the Indians]”: Post, August 2, 1758, in “Journal of Christian Frederick Post,” 1:190.
“not to stir”: Post, August 25, 1758, in ibid., 204.
“if I did not think”: Post, August 28, 1758, in ibid., 211–12.
[>] “observed that the Shirts”: Pennsylvania Provincial Council, minutes, July 26, 1756, in PA, 1st ser., 2:725.
“Captain Henry Montour”: October 8, 1758, MPCP, 8:176.
[>] “Brethren: With this String”: Ibid.
&n
bsp; “Mr. Weiser interpreted”: Ibid., 8:177.
“When you have settled”: Pisquetomen (October 13, 1758), in MPCP, 8:189.
[>] “Mr. Weiser was ordered”: October 13, 1758, MPCP, 8:190.
“at a private Conference”: Ibid.
“I tell you we”: Sagughsuniunt (October 15, 1758), in MPCP, 8:191.
“We believe[d]”: William Denny (October 16, 1758), in MPCP, 8:193.
[>] “I sit here as”: Teedyuscung (October 20, 1758), in MPCP, 8:203.
“If you take”: William Denny (October 20, 1758), in MPCP, 8:207.
“Honble. Sir”: George Washington to Francis Fauquier, November 25, 1758, in George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, 1741–1799, 2nd ser., letterbook 5, images 160 and 163, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mgw2&fileName=gwpage005.db&recNum=160.
[>] “His looks grew pale”: Memoirs of Major Robert Stobo, 32.
“a lady fair”: Ibid.
“close confinement”: “General Whitmore’s Interrogations of Robert Stobo,” quoted in Alberts, Most Extraordinary Adventures, 351–52.
“about Ten a Clock”: “A journal of Lieut. Simon Stevens, from the time of his being taken, near Fort William-Henry,” quoted in George M. Kahrl, “Captain Robert Stobo (concluded),” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 49 (July 1941): 254.
[>] “I took hold”: Ibid., 255.
“I am Monsieur”: Memoirs of Major Robert Stobo, 50.
“a lofty frigate”: Ibid., 52.
“The Tide being”: “Journal of Lieut. Simon Stevens,” 255.
[>] “I hope the Reader”: Ibid., 256.
“where we all”: Ibid., 257.
“Monsieur Stobo’s name”: Memoirs of Major Robert Stobo, 68.
“Ill went the victuals”: Ibid., 70.
[>] “by a fatality”: Thomas Pownall to Jeffery Amherst, October 3/4, 1759, quoted in Alberts, Most Extraordinary Adventures, 263.
Chapter 11: Endings
[>] “to your particular”: Jeffery Amherst to Francis Fauquier, October 25, 1759, quoted in Robert C. Alberts, The Most Extraordinary Adventures of Major Robert Stobo (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), 271.