The First Frontier
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as new frontier, [>]
Ohio Indians
absence from Albany Congress, [>]
demand for weapons, [>]
and Easton peace treaties, [>], [>]
impact of French-British wars on, [>]
leaders, [>], [>]
the Miami, [>], [>] (n)
ongoing raids by, [>]
participation in Pontiac’s War, [>]
Post’s achievement of peace agreements with, [>]
Proclamation Line, [>]
relationship with the English, [>], [>], [>]–[>]
relationship with the French, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
relationship with the Iroquois League, [>], [>], [>]–[>]
Stobo’s notes about, [>]
trading system, [>]
at treaty councils, [>]–[>]
view of escalating French-Virginian conflict, [>]
Ohio River, navigability of, [>]–[>]
Ojibwa, [>]
Oldham, John, [>]–[>]
Oliver, James, [>], [>]
Oneida, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Onondaga (tribe)
agricultural practices, [>]
famine among, [>]
homeland, [>]
independence of, [>]
relationship with Weiser, [>]
role in the Iroquois League, [>], [>]–[>] (n)
Onondaga, NY peace negotiations, [>], [>], [>]–[>]
On Your Knees Cave, Alaska, [>]
Opechancanough
attacks on/resistance to English settlers, [>], [>]–[>]
capture and murder, [>]
leadership position, [>], [>]
living conditions, [>]–[>]
relationship with Smith, [>]–[>], [>] f
oral traditions, origin stories, [>], [>]–[>]
Orland, ME, [>] (n)
Orme, Robert, [>]
osteoarthritis among Guale, [>]
Ostuaga, [>]
Ottawa (tribe), [>]
Outer Banks, NC, [>] f
Owaneco, [>]–[>]
Owisgera, [>]
Oyster River, NH, [>]
Page-Ladson site, FL, [>]
Palatines
asylum in England, [>]
migration following Yamasee War, [>]
migration to Carolina, [>]
move to Tulpehocken Valley, [>]
settlement of New Bern, [>]–[>]
Tuscarora attacks on, [>]
Paleo-Indians, [>]–[>], [>] (n), [>] (n)
Paleolithic immigrants, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
Pamlico, [>], [>]
Pamunkey, [>]–[>], [>]
pan-Indian uprising, fears of, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]. See also King Philip’s War
Paspahegh, [>]–[>]
Passaconaway, [>]
Patrick, Daniel, [>]
Patuxet, [>] (n), [>], [>]
Paxton, PA, [>]–[>]
pays d’en haut (“upper country”), [>], [>], [>]
Peale, Charles Wilson, [>] f
Peckham, George, [>], [>]
Peddocks Island, Boston, MA, [>]
Pemaquid (bemoquiducke), ME, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Pemberton, Israel, [>]
Penacook (Contoocook, nikn teku ok), NH, [>]
Penhallow, Samuel, [>]–[>]
Penn, John, [>]–[>]
Penn, Richard, [>]–[>]
Penn, Thomas, [>]–[>], [>]
Penn, William, [>], [>]–[>], [>] f, [>]
Pennacook, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Penn’s Creek, PA, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Pennsylvania. See also Croghan, George
Amish settlements, [>]
appeal of backcountry, [>], [>]
conflicts with Connecticut, [>]–[>]
conflicts with New York, [>]
failure of Assembly to protect settlers, [>], [>]
frontier, map showing, [>]–[>] f
frontier causalities, [>] (n)
impact of Native attacks, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
Indian policies and land transfers, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Indian trails, map showing, [>] f–87 f
military skirmishes on frontier, [>]
Native relocation to, [>]–[>]
Penn’s promotion of, [>]
racial identity in, [>]
relationship with Iroquois League, [>], [>]–[>]
varieties of religious expression, [>]
Walking Purchase, [>], [>]
Pennsylvania Gazette, [>]
Penobscot, [>]–[>], [>], [>] (n)
Penobscot Bay, ME, [>], [>]
Pentagoet fort, Castine, ME, [>], [>]
Pentecost-harbour, [>]
Pequot
conflicts with Gardener, [>]–[>]
enemies among Native tribes, [>]
enslavement of, [>]
final destruction of, [>]–[>]
during King Philip’s War, [>]
misunderstanding of European culture, [>]
Mystic Fort, [>]
power held by, [>] f
practice of slavery, [>] (n)
re-emergence of, [>]
relationship with Mohegan, [>] (n)
role in fur and wampum trade, [>]
sachems, defections from to Narragansett, [>]
1638 treaty with English, [>]
Pequot Plantation (New London, CT), [>]
Pequot War
attack on Mystic Fort, [>]–[>]
attack on Weinshauks, [>]–[>]
events leading up to, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>] (n)
long-term effects, [>], [>]
survivors, [>]–[>]
Peru
tuberculosis in, [>]
volcanic eruption in, [>] (n)
Peter, Hugh, [>]
Peter Quebec, [>]
Peters, Richard
accuracy of records kept by, [>] (n)
at Albany Congress, [>]
exposure of, [>]
and Quaker treaty with the Lenape, [>]
relationship with Montour, [>]–[>]
views on Natives, [>]–[>], [>]
Philip (Metacom). See King Philip’s War; Metacom
Phillips, Miles, [>]–[>], [>]
Pickawillany, OH, [>], [>], [>]
Pidianske (Pidiwamiska), [>]
Pike, John, [>]
Pilgrims, [>], [>]–[>]
pinnace, [>]–[>]
pirates, [>]
Piscataway, [>], [>]–[>]
Pisquetomen, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]
Pitt, William, [>]
Pittsburgh, PA, [>]
place names, transcription challenges, [>]
Plains of Abraham, Montreal, [>]
plantation system, [>]
Pleistocene era, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
Plymouth colony, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
pαnáwαhpskek, [>], [>], [>]
Pocahontas. See Matoaka (Pocahontas)
Pocasset, [>]
Pocotaligo, SC, [>]
Pokanoket, [>], [>] (n)
Pollock, Thomas, [>]
Ponce de León, [>]
Pontiac’s War, [>] f, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Popham, John, [>], [>], [>]
population estimates
Europeans, along Eastern seaboard, [>]–[>]
impact of disease, [>]–[>]
Mawooshen, [>]
New World, [>] (n)
precolonial, [>]–[>]
pre-contact North America, [>] (n)
Port La Tour, Nova Scotia, [>]
Port Royal, SC, [>]–[>], [>] f
Portuguese, Indian slave trade, [>]
Post, Christian Frederick, [>]–[>], [>]
Potawatomi, [>]
Poulson, Will, [>], [>]
Poverty Point, LA, [>]–[>]
Powhatan (Wahunsenacwah)
desire for weapons, [>]
response to European settlers, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
squeezing o
f Piscataway by, [>]
territory controlled by, [>], [>]–[>]
trade with the British, [>]
Werowocomoco, [>]
Pownall, Thomas, [>]
Praying Indians. See Christian Indians
precolonial environment, [>]–[>]
Presque Isle Bay fort, [>]
Principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation (Hakluyt), [>]
Pring, Martin, [>]
Printer, James, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]
proces-verbaux, [>]
Proclamation Line, [>]–[>]
Protestants, fear of Catholics, [>]. See also specific Protestant groups
Proto-Europeans, [>]–[>]
Providence Island, Nicaragua, [>]
Providence Plantations, [>]
“Province of Cofitachequi,” [>]
Puritans
factions among, [>]
fear of assimilation with Natives, [>]
fear of Catholics, [>]
Pilgrims vs., [>]
response to massacre at Mystic Fort, [>]
spiritual beliefs/authority, [>], [>]
use of African slaves, [>]
Quaiapen, [>] (n)
Quakers. See also Penn, William
as cause of anger and fear, [>], [>]
efforts to smear, [>]
expulsion from Massachusetts, [>]
Friendly Association for Regaining and Preserving Peace with the Indians by Pacific Measures, [>]–[>]
and the Long Peace, [>], [>]–[>]
move into Susquehanna Valley, [>]
negotiations with the Lenape, [>]
pacifist principles, impact on governance, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]
relationship with Teedyuscung, [>]
settlement of Pennsylvania, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
settlement of West Jersey, [>]
Quanapohit, James, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Quanapohit, Thomas, [>]–[>]
Quayant, [>]–[>]
Quebec City, Canada, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Queen’s Fort (Exeter), RI, [>] (n), [>]
Quinn, David B., [>]
Quinnapin, [>]–[>], [>]
racial identity, [>]
Radical Reformation, [>]
Raleigh, Walter, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
rape, sexual assault, [>], [>] (n)
Ratcliffe, John, [>]
“red Indian,” origin of term, [>], [>]–[>], [>] (n)
“Relation of David Ingram of Barking, in the Countie of Essex, The,” [>]
religion, Native, challenges of reconstructing, [>]–[>]
repartimiento (“distribution”) system, [>], [>], [>], [>] (n)
replacement/exchange, by Native captives, [>]
requickening ceremony, [>]
reservations, manors, [>]
Resolution Island, Canada, [>]
Revere, Paul, [>] f
Rhode Island, [>], [>]
Ribault, Jean, [>]–[>]
Richard (ship), [>]
Rickohockan, [>]
Río San Juan de Guacara (Suwannee River), FL, [>]
ritual torture, [>] (n)
River Indians, [>]
Roanoke (tribe), [>]
Roanoke Island, NC, [>], [>], [>]
Rodriguez, Jan, [>] (n)
Rolfe, John, [>]
Rosier, James
chronicle of 1605 Waymouth expedition, [>]–[>]
development of Algonquian dictionary, [>], [>]–[>] (n)
on forests of Mawooshen, [>]
trading activities, [>]
on Wapánahki captives, [>], [>]–[>]
Roules, Robert, [>], [>]–[>]
Rowlandson, Joseph, [>]
Rowlandson, Mary
capture and treatment, [>]–[>], [>] f
life following redemption, [>]–[>]
narrative by, [>], [>]–[>], [>] (n)
Rowlandson, Sarah, [>]
Rowlandson, William, [>]
“Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One” (Franklin), [>]
running the gauntlet, [>]–[>]
Rut, John, [>], [>] (n)
Sabenoa, [>]–[>]
sachem, [>], [>]
Sagadahoc, ME, [>]–[>], [>]
sagamores, [>]
Sagughsuniunt (Tom King), [>]
St. Augustine, FL, [>]
Saint-Castin, Baron de (Bernard-Anselme d’Abbadie), [>]–[>], [>]
St. Claire, John, [>]–[>], [>]
St. John River, Canada, settlements, [>], [>]
St. Lawrence Iroquois, [>], [>] (n)
St. Lawrence Valley, [>], [>], [>]
St. Mary’s City, MD, [>]
Sakaweston, [>], [>]
Sakhalin (Russia), [>]
Sakonnet, [>]
Salem, MA, [>]–[>]
Saltonstall, Nathaniel, [>]
Sandusky Bay, OH, [>]
San Juan de Ulúa, Veracruz, Mexico, [>]
San Miguel de Gualdape colony, [>], [>]
Saponi, [>]
Sassacomit, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Sassacus, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
sassafras, [>]–[>]
Sassamon, John, [>]
Sassoonan (Olumapies), [>]–[>], [>]
Sauk, [>]
Savannah (Shawnee), [>]
Savannah River settlements, [>], [>]
Saybrook, CT, [>]
scalping/scalps, [>]–[>], [>] (n), [>]–[>], [>]. See also torture, ritual
Scarouady
death, [>]
diplomatic missions, negotiations, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
first records of, [>] (n)
mob anger against, [>]
move to New York, [>]
on Ohio Indians, [>]
relationship with Braddock, [>]–[>], [>]
relationship with Croghan, [>], [>]
unmarked grave, [>]
Schenectady, NY, [>]
Schoharie Creek, NY, [>]–[>]
scurvy, winter, [>]–[>], [>] (n)
Sea Islands, [>]
Segoukeag, native village at, [>]
Seminole, [>]
Senandoah Valley, sale of to Virginia, [>]
Seneca
corn fields, [>]
homeland, [>]
inclusion in the Five Nations, [>]
names, transcription challenges, [>]
during in Pontiac’s War, [>]
relationship with French, [>], [>], [>]
relationship with the Miami, [>]–[>] (n)
Weiser’s meeting with at Logstown, [>]
Seven Cities, [>]
Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War). See also Braddock, Edward; Fort Duquesne; Washington, George
Albany Congress, 1754, [>]–[>]
captives during, [>]
events associated with, [>]–[>], [>] f
events leading to, [>], [>], [>]–[>]
French attack on Fort Necessity, [>]–[>]
Montour during, [>]
Roger’s Rangers at, [>]
Washington’s, Braddock’s, and Forbes’s Campaigns (map), [>] f
as world war, [>]
Seward Peninsula, AK, [>]
Sewell, Samuel, [>]
Shakespeare, [>]
shallops, [>]
“sham battles,” [>]–[>], [>] (n)
Shamokin, [>]
Shaw, John, [>]–[>], [>]
Shawnee
attacks on the English-allied Indians, [>]
attacks on Pennsylvania settlers, [>]
attacks on the Westo, [>]
homeland, [>]
inclusion in the Five Nations, [>]–[>]
negotiations with, [>]
removal, relocation of, [>], [>], [>]
at treaty councils, [>]–[>], [>]
Sheshequin Path, [>]
Shikellamy, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
Shingas
family background, [>]
Forbes’ message to, [>]
&nbs
p; meeting with Washington, [>]
negotiations with English, [>]–[>], [>]
ongoing raids by, [>], [>]
possible death from smallpox, [>]
unmarked grave, [>]
Shippen, Edward, IV, [>]
Shirley, William, [>], [>]
Shoemaker, Nancy, [>]
Short, Mercy, [>]
Siberia, [>]–[>], [>]
Siebert, Frank T., [>]–[>] (n)
Siouan-speaking peoples, [>