Death of Innocence : The Story of the Hate Crime That Changed America (9781588363244)
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Part of that job was in making sure there would be others to carry on the work she had started. And she was a tough taskmaster, too, in making sure. She was as demanding of those around her as she was of herself. I had been warned that she evaluated people by an exacting standard, one that had been set by the last good person who had done the last good thing for her. Or, as David Barr so aptly put it after introducing us, “Mother Mobley grades on the curve.” I can only hope that I made the grade.
I know I kept up. And keeping up with her was no easy thing, especially when she wasn’t slowed by the walker or the cane. In every conversation we had, even between the formal interviews, there was at least one story, often more. But what I heard was so much more than stories. There was an urgency. It was the kind of thing you might expect to hear from a person who knows that ten months can be a lifetime. She wanted to make sure she said it all, shared it all, got it all down. She even made her own notes. Copious notes of every conversation, indexed and dated in her notebook. Everything had to be recorded, documented. She was her own archivist. She didn’t want to miss a thing. And although we never really spoke about that feeling of urgency, there was always the sense that we were racing the clock. I only wish we could have turned the clock back. I wanted to hear more stories, I wanted to have more time together, I wanted more banana pudding.
Then again, Mother Mobley never really stopped talking to me. In the months after she passed, I would sit in my study and hear her voice. The echoes were everywhere, in the words of the transcripts and the many scattered notes, rising and falling on that gentle cadence of hers, that distinctive clip in her pronunciation, each word spoken so carefully, so thoughtfully, so perfectly. I could look up from my computer monitor and see the newspaper clippings and pictures taped to the walls, and the words “Think Mamie” I had posted there. But there was something else. From my apartment, I can see the train tracks that run south all the way off to the horizon. Many mornings at 8:35, or maybe it was 8:37, or 8:52 (we’re talking Amtrak time here), as I was writing, I would hear the sound of a distant horn. It was the horn of a train, one that had crossed that horizon from the South, traveling all the way from Cairo, Illinois, and Memphis before that, and Mississippi before that; the train that would come barreling through my Hyde Park neighborhood on its way to the end of the line at Union Station in downtown Chicago. It was the City of New Orleans, the train that had brought Emmett’s body home. So many mornings I thought about that, about a mother and son, about tracks that disappear over the horizon, about a life’s journey, about homegoing, and about so many stories trumpeted by the horn of a train.
Early on Mother Mobley had described herself as an ordinary person who had faced an extraordinary situation. I wonder about that. Having come to know her, I believe she was truly an extraordinary woman who had only been waiting for circumstances to arouse her power. Learning that has helped me realize that the same is true of all of us, really. We all are capable of extraordinary things when we open ourselves up to the possibility of the extraordinary. An evangelist as well as a teacher, Mother Mobley spent the better part of her life inspiring that discovery in the people she reached, especially the children. She saw the possibility for greatness everywhere she turned. And she left her mark, arousing an awareness, sharpening the vision in others. That was her gift. Her legacy.
Franklin McMahon felt the touch. He is the artist who was assigned by Life magazine to produce courtroom drawings of the 1955 murder trial in Sumner. It was his first assignment, a transforming experience. As a result, he wound up spending much of the rest of his career covering the civil rights movement and political campaigns. Drawing on the human spirit. He often would take his children with him to the marches and demonstrations. White kids, who would grow up knowing the struggle for full racial equality was their cause, too.
Willie Reed felt the touch. He told me, as he had told Mother Mobley, that he was moved by her courage. He never forgot it. He never will forget it. On the morning of January 6, Willie Reed called in sick. He was not feeling up to going into work that day at Jackson Park Hospital. Later that afternoon, his wife called out to him. There was a report on the news that Mother Mobley had been pronounced dead at Jackson Park Hospital. It hit Willie, hit him hard. He thought about the last time he had seen Mother Mobley, at her home the summer before, how they had talked and laughed and eaten Chinese carryout, how he might have seen her one more time if he had not been ill that day and had been able to go into work. He thought about what he might have said to her if he had seen her that one last time.
“That she’s a beautiful person, a kind person, and a lovely person,” he told me. “I would say, you know, I would tell her, I just love her.”
And she would say she loves you, too, Willie.
Motherhood is about love. Motherhood is about sacrifice. Mother Mobley knew about motherhood. She knew about motherhood cut short. She came to see Emmett as a sacrificial lamb. But the sacrifices for her did not end with his death. She sacrificed her own privacy in permitting the solemn experience of her mourning to become a public event, and in giving up the comfort of being the ordinary person she thought she was to become the public figure we came to know. In the end, you can’t help but think there also was the sacrifice of her own life. She knew, she had to know, that she was pushing herself beyond her own physical capabilities. But she couldn’t say no. She had a job to do. She had been able to mine her grief for meaning and a mission, one she had vowed to serve until the day she died. There was no task too big, none too small. She once urged Abe to drive her up and down Seventy-first Street, Emmett Till Road. She wanted to count the street signs honoring her son, to make sure the city of Chicago had kept its promise to post those signs on the entire seven-mile stretch. As far as she was concerned, every single sign carried a message, and every city block presented an audience for that message.
In every way, she was true to her vow to devote a lifetime to service, as the Reverend Wheeler Parker noted during one of two funeral services for Mother Mobley. “She died with her boots on,” he told the huge crowd at the homegoing service. “How do you plan to die?”
The same way—that’s my answer. The same way she lived. On the move. That is her challenge to all of us. I made my commitment to her to meet the challenge. And my life will never be the same for the experience. It will be so much better, because of what I have learned. Lessons of a lifetime, lessons from my favorite teacher: Live a committed life, a purposeful life, and make each moment count. If there is something you have to say, say it now. If there is something to do, don’t wait: not a month, or two, or ten, as I had urged interviewers calling on Mother Mobley. I see now what she saw back then, one day in December. Ten months can be a lifetime.
CHRISTOPHER BENSON
Chicago
May 1, 2003
DEDICATED TO
EMMETT LOUIS TILL
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We have been truly blessed with loving support from so many dedicated people who wanted this book to be published, and who helped in countless ways to make it a reality.
For that, we are indebted, and so very grateful to:
Melody Guy, our editor, for your perfect vision, your steady hand, your unwavering enthusiasm for this project, and for being so good at what you do. To Melody’s assistant, Danielle Durkin, for handling all those critical production details and absorbing so much of the pressure. And to the entire Random House family for its support.
Manie Barron, our agent and collaborator, a true believer, for knowing just what this book would need, and knowing how to get it; for your hands-on involvement, and for never letting go.
Attorney Lester L. Barclay, for being a great advocate, for your determination to have this story told, and for going to such lengths to safeguard the legacy.
Reverend Wheeler Parker, Jr., and Simeon Wright for the important roles you played in this story, the vital roles you played in the telling, and for never forgetting Emmett.
Crosby Smith, Jr., Bertha Thomas, and Abe Thomas for rising to the occasion, always answering the call with advice and materials, and doing so much to make sure that everything was handled to keep this project moving forward.
Reverend Wealthy and Euphemia Mobley, Lillian Gene Jackson, and Thelma Wright Edwards for your constant availability, your high level of support, and your eagerness to share so much of yourselves.
Ollie and Airickca Gordon, Anna Laura Williams, Priscilla Sterling, and Deborah Watts for everything you’ve done to keep the family story alive and well.
Earlene Greer and Shep Gordon for unceasing devotion and loving care.
The many loving family members and friends who are such a cherished part of this story.
Rosa Parks, a woman of courage, conviction, and compassion, for the loving embrace of friendship, and for pointing the way.
Reverend Jesse L. Jackson, Sr., for committed friendship and never failing to find the perfect words for the perfect sentiment.
Ollie M. Williams, a true friend for life, for always being there at just the right time.
Dr. Ann Brickel, a dear and faithful friend, for constant inspiration and guidance.
Elaine Eason Steele, keeper of the flame, for uncommon devotion and support.
Willie Reed, for your courage and your determination to reveal the truth in the face of such great odds.
Maria Johnson, for the bond only two mothers can share, for showing such strength and dedication in overcoming so much to continue moving forward.
David Barr for the many things you did to get this project started. It wouldn’t have happened without you.
Odel Sterling III for daring to dream and showing so many others how to make dreams come true.
Alice Elzy and Clifton Anthony Goins, for your indispensable help and spiritual support.
The wonderful members of Evangelistic Crusaders Church of God in Christ for the many years of loving support, and for sharing the blessings.
Doris Saunders, for so much advice, insight, positive energy, and for being a tremendous resource.
Robert Miller, Michael Flug, and Tammy Hampton of the Vivian Harsh Collection at the Carter G. Woodson Regional Library in Chicago, for outstanding research assistance, and the high level of devotion to this project that made all the difference.
John H. Johnson for sharing the Emmett Till story with the nation and keeping it alive over the years. And to Linda Johnson Rice, for making it possible for Chris Benson to work on this project.
Simeon Booker for being the reporter other reporters want to be and for sharing so much insight on this and other important stories over the years. And to the other dedicated people who courageously covered the 1955 murder trial and who were so willing to relive the experience: Clotye Murdock Larsson, Moses Newson, Franklin McMahon, and Ernest Withers.
William Parker, Milton Parker, Tillman Mallory, Tyrone Modiest, Sam Lynch, Donny Lee Taylor, and Lindsey Hill for the laughter and the memories in the back of the Esquire Barbershop in Argo, and to Roosevelt Crawford for all that you added to the story.
Stephanie Parker-Weaver, for taking care of business in Mississippi and keeping track of all the important details.
Vernon Jarrett, for the compelling historical perspective and the encouragement to tell important stories.
Dr. Bennie Goodwin, Jr., for the most special blessing.
Annyce Campbell and Audley Mackel, Jr., for the significant recollections of Dr. T.R.M. Howard and Mound Bayou.
Col. Eugene Scott, Chicago Defender, for your generous support and willingness to help.
Lois Walker, Chicago Defender, Deborah Douglas, Chicago Sun-Times, and Sandra Spikes, Chicago Tribune for recognizing the importance of this story, and for providing invaluable assistance leaving no stone unturned in digging up such significant photographs.
Geoff Brown, Brenda Butler, Raymond Thomas, and Charles Whitaker for early and enduring support, and for the faith, confidence, and encouragement that meant so much.
Keith Beauchamp and Alvin Sykes for your dedication to fighting the good fight.
Renny Cushing, for unceasing advocacy, keen insight, and valued assistance.
Gary Flowers, John Mitchell, and Marnie Trotter, Rainbow/PUSH Coalition, for your relentless efforts on our behalf.
Charles and Alice Tisdale, Jackson Advocate, for the vital Mississippi information.
Penny Weaver, Southern Poverty Law Center, for your eager support and never-ending assistance.
Karen L. Blackwell, for uncommon generosity.
Wini R. Benson for all those colorful “Bronzeville” memories, and to Pauline M. Clark for that important Atlanta connection.
Kaye C. Benson for the feedback, the candid critique and advice, and all the love you put into those perfect transcripts.
Additional appreciation to Trish Phipps, University of Virginia Press; Barbara Lanphier, Strahorn Library, Illinois Railway Museum; Joan Harms, Denver Public Library; Peggy Price, McCain Library and Archives, University of Southern Mississippi; Writer’s House, New York; Harpo, Inc., Chicago; Optimus, Chicago; and Lab One, Chicago.
The following sources were very helpful in providing insight and context, and refreshing the memory:
Books
Baldwin, James, Blues for Mister Charlie. New York: Vintage Books, 1964.
Bullard, Sara, ed., Free at Last: A History of the Civil Rights Movement and Those Who Died in the Struggle. Montgomery, Alabama: Teaching Tolerance/Southern Poverty Law Center, 1989.
Carson, Clayborne, David J. Garrow, Gerald Gill, Vincent Harding, Darlene Clark Hine, eds., The Eyes on the Prize Civil Rights Reader: Documents, Speeches and Firsthand Accounts from the Black Freedom Struggle. New York: Penguin Books, 1991.
Evers, Myrlie, For Us, the Living. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co., 1967.
Halberstam, David, The Fifties. New York: Villard Books, 1993.
Hudson-Weems, Clenora, Emmett Till: The Sacrificial Lamb of the Civil Rights Movement. Troy, Michigan: Bedford Publishers, Inc., 1994.
Metress, Christopher, ed., The Lynching of Emmett Till: A Documentary Narrative. Charlottesville and London: The University of Virginia Press, 2002.
Whitfield, Stephen J., A Death in the Delta: The Story of Emmett Till. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988.
Williams, Juan, Eyes on the Prize: America’s Civil Rights Years 1954–1955. New York: Viking Penguin, 1987.
Articles
Booker, Simeon, “A Negro Reporter at the Till Trial,” Nieman Reports, January 1956.
Faulkner, William, “Can We Survive?” New South, September 1955.
Hicks, James L., “New Till Evidence Disclosed in Letter,” Philadelphia Afro-American, November 26, 1955.
Hicks, James L., “Why Reporter Went Back to Mississippi,” Baltimore Afro-American, November 26, 1955.
Porteus, Clark, “New Till Evidence: Reporter Finds It,” Memphis Press Scimitar, September 21, 1955.
Wilson, L. Alex, “ ‘Too Tight’ Talks: Defender Tracks Down Mystery Till ‘Witnesses,’ ” Chicago Defender, October 8, 1955.
Unpublished
Beito, David T., and Linda Royster Beito, “T.R.M. Howard: Pragmatism Over Strict Integrationist Ideology in the Mississippi Delta, 1942–1954.”
Whitaker, Hugh Stephen, “A Case Study in Southern Justice: The Emmett Till Case.” Master’s Thesis, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 1963.
Documentaries/Television
Eyes on the Prize: Awakenings 1954–1956. Blackside, Inc. Henry Hampton, executive producer; Judith Vecchione, producer. 1987.
“The Murder and the Movement.” NBC, Channel 5 News, Chicago. Anna Vasser, producer; Bob Webb, director; Rich Samuels, reporter and writer. 1985.
The Murder of Emmett Till. Firelight Media. Stanley Nelson, producer and director; Marcia A. Smith, writer. 2003.
“The Untold Story of Emmett Louis Till.” Till Freedom Come. Keith Beauchamp, writer, producer, and director; Ceola J. Beauchamp, Edgar Beaucham
p, Ali Bey, Steven Laitmon, executive producers; Yolande Geralds, producer. 2002.
“Unsolved Hate Crimes, Part 10: Witnesses of Murders During the Civil Rights Era.” The Oprah Winfrey Show. Debra DiMaio, executive producer. October 13, 1992.
Newspapers/Periodicals
Amsterdam News
Atlanta Journal-Constitution
Baltimore Afro-American
Chicago American
Chicago Defender
Chicago Sun-Times
Chicago Tribune
Jackson Advocate
Jackson Clarion-Ledger
New York Post
Pittsburgh Courier
The Crisis
The New York Times
The Washington Post
ALSO BY CHRISTOPHER BENSON
Special Interest: A Novel
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
MAMIE TILL-MOBLEY died on January 6, 2003, at the age of eighty-one. Following the death of her only child, Emmett Till, she entered Chicago Teachers College in September 1956, graduating cum laude and fifth in her class three and a half years later. In 1973, she earned a master’s degree in administration and supervision at Loyola University. Till-Mobley was a frequent lecturer throughout the country, recalling the struggle for civil rights and urging her listeners to be the best they could be.
A Chicago-based writer and lawyer, CHRISTOPHER BENSON has served as features editor for Ebony and as Washington editor for Ebony and Jet. He also contributed to The Washington Post, The Crisis, Chicago, and Reader’s Digest. Benson is the author of the novel Special Interest.