God's Jury: The Inquisition and the Making of the Modern World

by Cullen Murphy

]referred to the procedures of the Congregation: “Due Process in the Church,” America, April 9, 2001.

  182. [>] Reese consulted with Cardinal Avery Dulles: Apart from various printed sources, the account of the events surrounding the firing of Thomas Reese is drawn from an interview with Reese in February 2011, and subsequent communications.

  [>]talking with Hans King: Cullen Murphy, “Who Do Men Say That I Am?” Atlantic Monthly, December 1986.

  [>] They met at Castel Gondolfo: Gibson, The Rule of Benedict, p. 186.

  6. War on Error

  184. [>] “Without torture I know we shall not prevail”: Hutchinson, Elizabeth’s Spymaster, p. 72.

  [>] “Politics is not religion”: Camus, The Rebel, p. 302.

  185. [>] an exasperated president of Brown University had noted: Biographical details about Lea and the history of the Lea Library are drawn from Edward Peters, “Henry Charles Lea and the Libraries Within a Library.” http://www.library.upenn.edu/exhibits/rbm/at250/history/ep.pdf. See also Edward Peters, “Henry Charles Lea (1825–1909),” in Helen Damico and Joseph Zavadil, eds., Medieval Scholarship: Bibliographic Studies on the Formation of a Discipline, vol. 1, History, pp. 89–100.

  186. [>] he was by any standard a professional: Bethencourt, The Inquisition, pp. 13–15.

  [>] place the study of the Inquisition on a sound historical footing: For a concise introduction to the work of Sarpi, Limborch, and Llorente, see Bethencourt, The Inquisition, pp. 3–12; and Peters, Inquisition, pp. 269–272, 275–287.

  [>] which encompassed all the inquisitions: Peters, Inquisition, pp. 275–276.

  187. [>] John Calvin’s Genevan Consistory: The records of the Consistory are the focus of an ambitious and ongoing scholarly publishing project. See Kingdon, ed., Registers of the Consistory of Geneva in the Time of Calvin.

  188. [>] harbored the suspicions of his class and time toward Roman Catholicism: Edward Peters, “Henry Charles Lea: Jurisprudence and Civilization,” Digital Proceedings of the Lawrence J. Schoenberg Symposium on Manuscript Studies in the Digital Age (2010). http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=ljsproceedings.

  [>] “have not paused to moralize”: Edward Peters, “Henry Charles Lea: The Historian as Reformer,” American Quarterly, vol. 19, no. 1 (1967), pp. 104–113.

  [>] “inherited a fully fledged apparatus of persecution”: Vincent P. Carey, “Voices for Tolerance in the War on Error,” in Carey, ed., Voices for Tolerance in an Age of Persecution, pp. 17–29.

  189. [>] begins the book by calmly remarking an irony: Timerman, Prisoner Without a Name, Cell Without a Number, pp. vii–viii.

  [>] “fish food . . . intensive therapy”: Feitlowitz, A Lexicon of Terror, pp. 55, 59.

  [>] “appeared to consist of professional bureaucrats”: Marchak, God’s Assassins, p. 148.

  [>] the immense governmental effort involved: Marchak, God’s Assassins, p. 9.

  190. The comment came from Eamon Duffy: Quotations from Eamon Duffy, unless otherwise specified, are from a conversation with the author, February 2010.

  192. 192 The house owned by Sir Francis Walsingham: Hutchinson, Elizabeth’s Spymaster, pp. 97–98.

  193. [>] attempts to depose her: Hutchinson, Elizabeth’s Spymaster, p. 23.

  194. [>] To meet the threat. . . . “It was now treason”: Williams, The Later Tudors, pp. 289–291, 411–413, 467–471.

  [>] an unwise pamphleteer will lose his right hand . . . deposition scene: Williams, The Later Tudors, pp. 411–412.

  [>] some 130 Catholic priests: Williams, The Later Tudors, p. 475.

  [>] “To the English”: Peters, Inquisition, pp. 140–141.

  195. “use not so many questions”: Lord Burghley’s letter to Archbishop Whitgift, 1584, in Tanner, Tudor Constitutional Documents, p. 373.

  [>] Nor did his jailers employ just the rack: Hutchinson, Elizabeth’s Spymaster, pp. 72–73.

  [>] captured vividly in the documents: See, for instance, Landsdowne MS 97, Item 10; Harleian MS 360, fol. 65; Add. MS 48,023 fols. 110–111; Add. MS 48,029, fols. 121–141.

  196. [>] Looking in a bound volume for something else: The volume is Add. MS 63,742.

  [>] a brutal interrogator: Hutchinson, Elizabeth’s Spymaster, p. 75.

  [>] left the country . . . and was ordained: Law and Bagshaw, A historical sketch, p. 20 (fn 2); Purdie, The Life of Blessed John Southworth, p. 3.

  197. [>] “Xpofer Southworth sonne to Sr John Southworth”: Law and Bagshaw, A historical sketch, p. 136.

  [>] 3,000 paid informers in Paris alone: Cyrille Fijnaut and Gary T. Marx, “The Normalization of Undercover Policing in the West,” in Fijnaut and Marx, eds., Undercover, pp. 1–28.

  [>] “When three people are chatting in the street”: Stead, The Police of Paris, p. 49.

  [>] police controlled the organs of censorship: Stead, The Police of France, pp. 30–31.

  198. [>] France in the 1790s . . . “a revolting Inquisition”: Stead, The Police of France, pp. 46–50.

  [>] The czars . . . Prussia created: Reith, The Blind Eye of History, pp. 238–249; Clive Emsley, “Control and Legitimacy: The Police in Comparative Perspective Since circa 1800,” in Emsley, Johnson, and Spierenburg, eds., Social Control in Europe.

  [>] Putin, the security operations were rebuilt . . . “We are in power now”: Soldatov and Borogan, The New Nobility, pp. 23–35, 63–73; Amy Knight, “The Concealed Battle to Run Russia,” New York Review of Books, January 13, 2011.

  199. [>] “The chief principle of a well-regulated police state”: Groebner, Who Are You?, pp. 228–229.

  [>] “Note-taking and record-keeping were prescribed”: Richard E. Greenleaf, “North American Protestants and the Mexican Inquisition, 1765–1820,” Journal of Church and State, vol. 2, no. 2 (1966), pp. 186–199.

  200. [>] “The Brazilian generals, you see, were technocrats”: Lawrence Weschler, “A Miracle, a Universe,” The New Yorker, May 25 and June 1, 1987.

  [>] survive . . . on 17,000 cuneiform fragments: “Ebla: The State Archives,” Italian Archaeological Mission in Syria. http://www.ebla.it/escavi_gli_archivi_di_stato.html.

  201. [>] A portion of Adolf Hitler’s personal library: Timothy W. Ryback, “Hitler’s Forgotten Library,” Atlantic Monthly, May 2003.

  202. [>] why the government wants to digitize its holdings: Lisa Rein, “Cost to Build Digital Archive of US Records Could Hit $1.4b,” Washington Post, February 4, 2011.

  203. [>] an intellectual and a man of advanced ideas: Scholz-Hänsel, El Greco, pp. 46–48.

  [>] lodged in the cavernous basements of a complex of villas: Some early history of the Berlin Document Center, and an account of the debate over the transfer of control of the archives to German hands, is provided by Gerald Posner, “Secrets of the Files,” The New Yorker, March 14, 1994.

  [>] a grim assemblage of brick buildings: An overview of the history of the complex, from which some details here are drawn, is available at http://www.bundesarchiv.de/ bundesarchiv/dienstorte/berlin_lichterfelde/index.html.en.

  204. [>] The subject matter ranges from routine administration: James'S. Beddie, “The Berlin Document Center,” in Wolfe, ed., Captured German and Related Records, pp. 131–142.

  [>] IBM’s German subsidiary . . . provided the Nazi government: Black, IBM and the Holocaust, pp. 7–16.

  [>] “The physician examines the human body”: Black, IBM and the Holocaust, p. 50.

  205. [>] authorities are trying to figure out: Wiebke Hollersen, “Former Stasi Headquarters Provide Headache for Berlin,” Spiegel Online, June 3, 2010.

  [>] At its peak, . . . the Stasi: Andrew Curry, “Piecing Together the Dark Legacy of East Germany’s Secret Police,” Wired, January 2008.

  [>] “The daily activities of the spy world”: Macrakis, Seduced by Secrets, p. 3.

  206. [>] “In the walls of the cubicle there were three orifices”: Orwell, 1984, pp. 38–39.

  [>] Many of the shredded documents have since been reconst
ructed: Douglas Heingartner, “Back Together Again,” New York Times, July 17, 2003; “Software to Reveal Stasi Secrets,” BBC News, May 10, 2007; Andrew Curry, “Piecing Together the Dark Legacy of East Germany’s Secret Police,” Wired, January 2008.

  207. [>] a device called the “smell chair”: Elizabeth Gudrais, “The Seductions of Snooping,” Harvard Magazine, July–August 2008.

  208. [>] began to modernize its apparatus of surveillance: “Lords: Rise of CCTV Is a Threat to Freedom,” The Guardian, February 6, 2009.

  [>]“you’ve got nothing to fear”: Daniel J. Solove, “Why Privacy Matters Even If ‘You’ve Got Nothing to Hide,’” The Chronicle of Higher Education, May 15, 2011.

  209. a nearly continuous video montage: Mark Townsend, “The Real Story of 7/7,” The Guardian, May 7, 2006.

  [>] wide latitude to hold suspects for significant periods: William Langewiesche, “A Face in the Crowd,” Vanity Fair, February 2008.

  210. [>] too much public opposition: S. A. Mathieson, “Minister Destroys National Identity Register,” The Guardian, February 10, 2011.

  [>] permitted to “self-authorize” the surveillance of British citizens: Sarah Lyall, “Britons Weary of Surveillance in Minor Cases,” New York Times, October 25, 2009.

  [>] negotiate iris and palm scanners: “Biometrics Screening for Olympics Workers,” The Times (London), March 5, 2008.

  [>] to cruise above Olympic venues: “RAF Drones to Be Used for 2012 Olympics Security,” Herald (Scotland), January 9, 2008; “Expect the Drones to Swarm on Britain in Time for 2012,” The Guardian, February 22, 2010.

  [>] a passageway that would scan people: “Smiths Detection Moves Forward with Tunnel of Truth,” Homeland Security Newswire, November 3, 2006.

  [>] “The unsuspecting Britons”: Quoted in Eliot A. Cohen, “History and the Hyperpower,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 83, no. 4 (2004), pp. 49–63.

  211. [>] a national security advisor under Ronald Reagan: The quotations here are drawn from a conversation with Admiral John Poindexter in November 2008.

  212. [>] In a letter to the U.S. Senate: “Palmer for Stringent Law,” New York Times, November 16, 1919. For background on the Palmer Raids, see Stanley Cohen, “A Study in Nativism: The American Red Scare of 1919–1920,” Political Science Quarterly, vol. 79, no. 1 (March 1964), pp. 52–75.

  [>] “There is no time to waste on hairsplitting”: “The Red Assassins,” Washington Post, January 4, 1920.

  [>] “In the war in which we are now engaged”: Muller, American Inquisition, p. 17.

  [>] provided assistance in tracking down: J. R. Minkel, “Confirmed: The U.S. Census Bureau Gave Up Names of Japanese-Americans in WW II,” Scientific American, March 2007.

  [>] would leverage another cache of confidential data: Herring, America’s Longest War, p. 279; John Sbardellati, “Power to Destroy: The Political Uses of the IRS from Kennedy to Nixon” (book review), Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 7, no. 3 (2005), pp. 158–159.

  214. [>] 20 percent of all workers in the country: Ralph'S. Brown, “Loyalty-Security Measures and Employment Opportunities,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, April 1955.

  [>] “were authorized to use subterfuge”: Theoharis and Cox, The Boss, pp. 312–313.

  [>] compiling a database of 1.5 million names: Kathryn Olmsted, “Lapdog or Rogue Elephant?” in Theoharis et al., The Central Intelligence Agency, pp. 189–230.

  [>] covert mail-opening program . . . infiltrated a broad range: Athan Theoharis, “A New Agency: The Origins and Expansion of CIA Covert Activities,” in Theoharis et al., The Central Intelligence Agency, pp. 155–188.

  [>] “dangerously indulgent attitude”: Theoharis and Cox, The Boss, p. 328.

  [>] one out of eight Americans: Theoharis and Cox, The Boss, pp. 4–5.

  [>] Congress passed the USA Patriot Act, which allows: Larry Abramson and Maria Godoy, “The Patriot Act: Key Controversies,” National Public Radio, February 14, 2006.

  215. [>] secretly given license to tap telephone conversations: James Risen and Eric Lichtblau, “Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts,” New York Times, December 16, 2005.

  [>] run into trouble in the courts: “Times Topics: Wiretapping and Other Eavesdropping Devices and Methods,” New York Times, October 19, 2010.

  [>] the euphemism for torture that the Roman Inquisition employed: John Tedeschi, “The Status of the Defendant before the Roman Inquisition,” in Guggisberg, Moeller, and Menchi, eds., Kertzerverfolgung im 16. und frühen 17. Jahrhundert, pp. 125–146.

  [>] Roughly 750 detainees: “Times Topics: Guantánamo Bay Naval Base (Cuba),” New York Times, updated April 25, 2011.

  216. [>] since the first prisoners arrived: “The Guantánamo Docket: A History of the Detainee Population,” New York Times, updated June 13, 2011.

  217. [>] known as Camp Justice: Andrew O. Selsky, “Guantánamo’s Days Numbered, Tough Choices Ahead,” Associated Press, June 28, 2008; Charles D. Brunt, “N.M. General Says Detainees Make Camp Duty Difficult,” Albuquerque Journal, September 21, 2008; Chuck Bennett, “‘Camp Justice’ Is Ready to Roll,” New York Post, January 30, 2010.

  [>] only five detainees had made their way through the process: David J. R. Frakt, “Mohammed Jawad and the Military Commissions of Guantanamo,” Duke Law Journal: The Legal Workshop, March 28, 2011.

  [>] frequency with which particular words have been employed: http://googleblog.blogspot .com/2010/12/find-out-whats-in-word-or-five-with.html.

  [>] “The Guantánamo Inquisition”: http://www.commondreams.org/views03/1128-08.htm.

  [>] “Guantánamo’s Inquisitors”: http://pierretristam.com/Bobst/07/bb010307.htm#gu.

  [>] “From the Inquisition to Guantánamo”: http://www.flickr.com/photos/takomabibelot/ 384240795/.

  218. [>] He was on his second voyage, with a fleet of seventeen ships: Sale, Conquest of Paradise, pp. 128, 142.

  [>] looking for gold but found only fish: Gott, Cuba: A New History, pp. 16, 39–40.

  [>] Under the terms of the lease: Carol J. Williams, “Cuba Politics: US Base Serves Political Purpose,” Los Angeles Times, April 18, 2007.

  [>] to map in detail the rapid growth of Camp Delta: Adrian Myers, “Camp Delta, Google Earth, and the Ethics of Remote Sensing in Archaeology,” World Archaeology, vol. 42, no. 3 (2010), pp. 455–467.

  219. [>] modeled directly on “supermax” prisons in the United States: Jeffrey Toobin, “Camp Justice,” The New Yorker, April 14, 2008.

  [>] “according to the custom and practice of Castile”: Sale, Conquest of Paradise, p. 128.

  [>] not always clear why many of the detainees were there: Charlie Savage, William Glaberson, and Andrew W. Lehren, “Classified Files Offer New Insights Into Detainees,” New York Times, April 24, 2011.

  [>] One of Francis Walsingham’s spies . . . observed a similar phenomenon: Hutchinson, Elizabeth’s Spymaster, p. 96.

  221. [>] “Detainee began to cry. Visibly shaken”: Philippe Sands, “The Green Light,” Vanity Fair, May 2008.

  222. [>] medical personnel . . . witnessed the questioning: Vincent Iacopino and Stephen N. Xenakis, “Neglect of Medical Evidence of Torture in Guantánamo Bay: A Case Series,” PLoS Medicine, April 26, 2011; “‘Doctors’ at Gitmo,” The Dish, April 26, 2011.

  [>] improvised as best they could: Philippe Sands, “The Green Light,” Vanity Fair, May 2008.

  [>] That assessment has never been documented: David Rose, “Tortured Reasoning,” VF.com, December 16, 2008.

  [>] Michael V. Hayden . . . told Leon Panetta: Woodward, Obama’s Wars, p. 60.

  223. [>] This was the setting in which Stafford Smith: The quotations here are drawn from a conversation with the author in June 2009.

  [>] agreed to an out-of-court settlement: John F. Burns and Alan Cowell, “Britain to Compensate Former Guantánamo Detainees,” New York Times, November 16, 2010.

  7. With God on Our Side

  225. [>] “The Church has no fear of historical truth”: Quoted in R
ichard Boudreaux, “Putting the Inquisition on Trial,” Los Angeles Times, April 17, 1998.

  [>] “We know you’re wishing that we’d go away”: Quoted in Mazur, Encyclopedia of Religion and Film, p. 94.

  226. [>] that had long been in a state of disrepair: John Thavis, “No Place Like Home: Papal Apartments Get Extreme Makeover,” Catholic News Service, January 6, 2006.

  [>] the frescoed walls of what may have been her villa: Alessandra Stanley, “‘God’s Parking Lot’ Is in Conflict With Rome’s Ancient Past,” New York Times, December 3, 1999.

  227. [>] official maps . . . architectural plans . . . Hebraic material: Cifres and Pizzo, Rari e Preziosi, pp. 30–31, 64–105.

  [>] hard to believe that any volume in these two catalogues: For a complete list of the works cited in the final edition of the Index of Forbidden Books, see http://www.cvm.qc.ca/gconti/905/BABEL/Index%20Librorum%20Prohibitorum-1948.htm.

  [>] Apparitions are reported more frequently than you might imagine: Rick Rojas, “Church Affirms Virgin Mary Apparition in Wisconsin,” Los Angeles Times, December 15, 2010.

  228. [>] dampen intellectual life: Baldini and Spruitt, Catholic Church and Modern Science, vol. 1, p. 88.

  [>] which declared ordinations by the Anglican Church: The papal bull Apostolicae Curae (“On the Nullity of the Anglican Orders”) was promulgated on September 18, 1896. http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Leo13/l13curae.htm

  229. [>] “a tormented phase in the history of the Church”: Pope John Paul II, Address to the International Symposium on the Inquisition, October 31, 1998.

  [>] “That’s not our favorite subject”: Interview with David Kertzer, May 2001.

  230. [>] The “pleasant surprises” that Cardinal Silvestrini was hoping for: Bruce Johnston, “Vatican to Open Up Inquisition Archives,” Daily Telegraph, January 12, 1998.

  231. [>] “the eye that never slumbered”: Prescott, History of the Reign of Philip II, King of Spain, vol. 1, p. 446.

  [>] remembers the moment clearly: Conversation with the author, February 2010.

  [>] help people . . . make a confession: Kevin Jones, “New iPhone App Aims to Help Catholics Go to Confession,” Catholic News Agency, February 4, 2011.