Men of Honour
Page 32
heroism 215
leads southerly column 157
Nelson gives complete command of lee division 196
Nelson orders line to attack 197
Nelson, opinion of 242, 243
Nelson’s death, reaction to 293
personality 187-8
prize money, capture and release of 299, 304, 308
recalls ships chasing prizes 283
reflections on effectiveness of battle strategy 242
relationship with captains 187-8, 275
reluctance to criticise officers post-battle 275
Santa Ana, fight with 219, 220, 221-2, 224-5, 226
storm, reaction to 300-1, 304, 308, 309
suggested to take over command of fleet after death of Nelson 270
Combined Fleet 186
approach to battle 160, 241
Cadiz, Duff watches in 148, 198
casualties, Trafalgar 9-10, 220-1, 287-8, 302, 303
Churruca forsees Villeneuve’s tactical mistakes 94-5
Council of War 8-9
deficiency of guns 162, 248
despair at beginning of battle 9-10
first shots fired 162
lack of sailors 10, 87
low morale 230
moment of contact with British 161, 217-19, 229
mutual contempt between French and Spanish officers 8-9
number of ships 8
poor state of 8
ships surrender 265, 268-9
tactical failures 48
view British with fear and contempt 11
Congreve, Colonel William 247
Conqueror 198, 268, 269, 288, 292
Cook, James 17
Cook, Thomas 49, 230, 298
Cooke, John 88, 89
Copenhagen, Battle of xi, 190, 291
Corbett, Captain Robert 152-3, 195-6
Cornwallis, Admiral 24, 74, 87-8
Council of War, Cadiz 8-9
Dalrymple, William 294, 295, 300
Davies, Lieutenant Will 88
Davison, Alexander 81
de Alava, Vice-Admiral don Ignacio Maria 17
de Coulomb, Marquis 67
de Quincey, Thomas 315, 316
Death of Nelson (Devis) 273-5
Death of Wolfe (West) 253, 272
Decrès, Denis 15, 47, 77, 85
Defence 289, 304
Defiance 229
Devis, Arthur William 273
Digby, Henry 5, 269
Dolphin xvi, 266
Donegal 90, 311
Douglas, Captain 175
Drake, Francis 116
Dreadnought 186, 198, 304
Duff, Captain George 148, 155, 229, 230, 294-7, 302
Duff, Norwich 155, 294-6, 297
Duff, Sophia 294, 295-7
Dumanoir, Admiral Pierre le Pelley 95, 277-8, 282-3
Edward III, King 124
Egypt 78
England:
appreciation of Navy within 70-2
consensual tax culture 40-1
drinking culture 38
Fremantle’s love of 206
gambling culture 36-7
grieves for Nelson 314-15
growth and success of 35-43
hero, need of xvii-xviii
literacy of population 37
Nelson’s vision and love of xvii, xix-xx, 127, 206
19th Century idea of hero 70
orderliness of reflected in Navy 69-70
violence, culture of 36, 39-40
English Civil War xi, xii
Entreprenante 289, 309, 312
Euryalus 49, 50, 290, 294, 297, 300, 301, 304
Ferrol 80, 81, 85
Fielding, Henry 170
Flynn, Tom 144
Foote, Captain Edward 232
Formidable 10, 19, 277, 282, 283
Foudroyant 95, 96, 121
Fougueux 19, 157, 215, 222, 225, 229, 257, 262, 264, 302
France 34-5, 43
Fremantle, Betsey 101-2, 103-5, 312-13
Fremantle, Thomas 25, 201
ambition 312-13
books 105-6
Brest blockade 100
Calder, friendship with 85
class 102
England, love of 206
family life 103-5
Henry Rice, argument with 106-14
honour 116, 117-18
Nelson, relationship with 99, 206, 313
personality 100-1, 102, 103, 108, 110, 111, 114, 116, 117-18, 312, 313
prizes 103
Tenerife, wounded at 103-4
Trafalgar, action at 130, 205, 236-7, 279
Trafalgar storm 311, 312-13
wife 101-2, 103-4, 105, 312
youth at sea 100
French Mediterranean fleet 22, 79, 84, 86
French National Convention 1792 286
French Navy:
attempt to invade Britain 73
authoritarian pattern of 45
blockaded in ports 74-5
Brest squadron 22, 28, 29, 30, 74, 84, 85, 179
Cape Finisterre 85-6
consistently defeated by British Navy 20
effect of Revolution upon 23, 30-3
18th Century strategic position 182
Grand Strategy 75-8
inbuilt sense of inferiority 224
lack of deep water ports 73-4
lack of effective central board of control 20-1
number of ships 23
officer corps, aristocratic 23, 24, 25-33, 45
poor condition of fleet 19-20, 85-6
supply system, poor 21, 22-3, 29
Toulon fleet 28, 29, 75, 78, 131
Trafalgar, casualties 302-3
Trafalgar, limps onto battlefield 34
Villeneuve breaks out of Toulon and sails to West Indies 78-81, 82, 83, 84-5 see also Combined Fleet
French Revolution xiii, 19, 23, 30-5, 43, 123, 284-7
Galissonière, Admiral de la 168-9
Galles, Admiral Morard de 31
Ganges 104, 109, 110, 111, 112
Ganteaume, Admiral 22, 75
Généreux, Le 95-6, 97, 98
George III, King 38, 72, 124
George IV, King 269
Gibraltar 61
Gillespie, Alexander 316-17
Gilly, Frederick 61
Glorious First of June, 1794 181, 249
Gloucester 140-1, 143-4
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 286
Grandallana, Don Domingo Perez de 183-4
Graves, Robert 317
Gravière, Julien de la 201
Gravina, Vice Admiral Federico Carlos 16-17, 18, 48, 79, 87, 276, 293, 303-4
Grenville, Lord 116-17
Griffiths, Captain 55
Grindall, Richard 288
Guillaume Tell 121, 233
Hamilton, Emma 5-6, 85, 118, 125, 149, 153-4, 191, 196, 203, 233, 265, 267, 271, 272
Hamilton, Sir William 272
Hardinge, Lieutenant George 120-2
Hardy, Captain Thomas 88
Nelson, friendship with xvi, 90, 203, 266-7
severe disciplinarian 139
TRAFALGAR
attempts to convince Nelson to conceal his stars 91
effect upon 290, 291
Nelson’s death, presence at 266-7, 270-1, 274, 300
Nelson’s fatal wounding, presence at 254-5
remains on deck as Nelson is carried below 258, 259, 266
tactics and fighting 202, 203, 241-2, 245, 246, 259, 262
tours decks of Victory 90-1
Hargood, Captain Edward 163, 293
Harrowby, Lord 12
Harvey, Captain Eliab 91, 260
Harwood, Captain 215
Hawke, Admiral 179-80, 186, 192
Hazlitt, William 194
Hennah, Lieutenant William 230, 295-7, 300
Henry V 125-7, 164
Hermione 4, 46, 304
hero:
Achilles as servant of state, Nelson becomes 7
comme
rcial sense of English 173-4
death of 251-3, 272-4, 314
England grieves for Nelson 314
England’s need of xvii-xviii, 191-2
English 18th Century idea of 164-6, 169-71
English 19th Century idea of 70, 171-5
humanised 267
inheritance of Achillean and Virgilian models xviii-xix, 206, 235
leadership by example and 240
manliness and 172, 174-5, 192-3
Nelson’s conception of himself as a xvii
Nelson’s turbulence as a 192
Nelsonian xvii, 170-2, 180, 192
passion for suddenness and concept of 174-5
politeness and 166-8, 171, 172
Pride and Prejudice’s vision of 172-3
violence of 19th Century 215
Wordsworth imagines himself a naval 191-2
Hervey, Lord Augustus 165-6, 177
Homer xix, 120, 284-5, 317
honour 93
battle validates 118-19
Combined Fleet commanders loss of at Trafalgar 276-87
in exposure to violence 240
mutations of meaning throughout 18th Century 114-16
Nelson’s sense of 116-18, 120-2
Royal Naval officers sense of middle age concept of chivalry and 122-7
social and financial insecurity of British officers deeply connected to sense of 102-3, 106-14
Trafalgar, importance of maintaining at 114
Trafalgar, theatrical role of 162-3 224
Hood, Admiral Lord 22, 24
Hospitallers of St John of Jerusalem 28
Hoste, William 120
Howard, Luke 70
Howe, Admiral 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 186, 192, 197
humanity:
Bayntun’s 135
definition of 239
18th Century understanding of 250-1
heroic 267
Nelson’s 153, 239, 241-2, 243, 303
of British officers 137-8
of Nelson’s death 251-3
Trafalgar, presence at 239, 241, 249-50, 258-9, 288, 293-7
Trafalgar, presence after the battle of 251, 258, 262-3, 264, 288-9, 297, 303, 309, 310, 310-11
violence turning into 258
Hume, David 124
Hurd, Richard 124
Hutton, William 250
Iliad 206
Inconstant 101, 104
Indomptable 225, 305
Infernet, Captain Louis Antoine Cyprian 277, 278, 279, 280, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286
Inquiry into the Cause of the Late Increase in Robbers (Fielding) 170
Intrépide 277, 278-9, 280, 281-2, 283, 284, 287, 310
Ireland 80
Jervis, Sir John 183, 185
Johnson, Dr Samuel 38, 68, 130, 168, 209, 275
Keats, Captain 191, 195, 200
Keith, Admiral 75
King Lear (Shakespeare) 314
Knight of the Bath 276
Knight, Rear-Admiral John 67, 84, 88
Knights of Malta 28, 29
L’Orient 61
Lawrence, Sit Thomas 172
Leech, Samuel 210-14, 216, 226
Leviathan 51, 52, 86, 87, 130-1, 135, 136, 228, 268, 279, 280, 301, 304, 309, 310
line of battle 175-8
Livy 285
Lloyds 122, 276
Locke, John 157
London 55
Louis XVI, King 17-18
Louis, Rear-Admiral Thomas 119, 120
love:
battle and glory, connection with 149, 150-1
class distinctions within British Navy block flow of 147
definition of 130
18th Century views of 149-50
Nelson’s sense of 118, 125, 149, 151, 171, 184, 187-8 see also Hamilton, Emma
Trafalgar, presence in British fleet on morning of 148-9, 155
tyrant captains ruin sense of 152-3
Lucas, Captain 247, 258, 259-60
Lucas, Jean-Jacques 246
Lyrical Ballads (Wordsworth) 52, 193
Lyttelton, Lord 115
Magnificent 175
Magon, Admiral 257, 258
Malta 84, 130
Mangin, Reverend Edward 140-2, 143, 144, 145
Marine Royale 24
Marliani, Manuel 17
Mars 49, 148, 229-30, 257, 282, 294, 295, 298, 301
Marsden, William 81, 88
Martin, Able Seman James xxi, 205, 206
Masséna, Marshal 73
Mazarredo, Vice Admiral Jose de 16
Melville, Lord 59, 70
Mercedes 12
millenarian fever xi-xvi
Nelson’s relation to xvi-xviii
prophets xiii-xv
Trafalgar as millennial apocalypse xv-xvi
Miller, Captain 237
Minorca 168, 169, 177
Minto, Lord 190
Missiessy, Admiral 77
Misson, Henri 36
Monarca 229, 307, 308, 310
Moniteur 76
Mont Blanc 19
Montague, Robert 134
Moore, Captain Graham 11, 12
Morrison, Captain 88
Muster Book, The 136-7
Nagle, Luke J 112
Naiad 293, 305, 306
Naples 8, 231
Napoleonic wars 20
Nastyface, Jack 214-15
National Maritime Museum, Greenwich 144, 254
Naucratica: or Naval Dominion (Pye) 38-9, 41-2
navagation, uncertainties of 79-80
Naval Chronicle xviii, 12, 313
Nelson, Frances (wife) 272
Nelson, Horatia (daughter) 154, 155, 265, 267, 272
Nelson, Horatio 24, 58
GENERAL
aggression xi, 33, 231, 232
annihilation, declared purpose of 6
apocalyptic and millennial tradition, instinctive response to xvi, xvii, xx
appearance 5, 6-7, 191
archetype, fulfils nation’s need for heroic xvii-xviii, 170-1, 191-2
Bayntun, relationship with 131, 133
Blake, connections to xix-xxi
Cape St Vincent 183-4
charm 120, 126
conjuror xvi, 191, 242
contradictory qualities, ability to absorb 234-5
prudence, lack of in Trafalgar tactics 242-4
cosmic and divine, relationship to xvi
deep distrust of affected 18th Century society 192
egotism 154
England, vision of xvii, xix-xx, 127
fame 190-2
Fremantle, relationship with 99-100, 101, 105, 206
friendship, importance of xx-xxi
grace and humanity 153, 241, 251, 303
great machine, sees fleet as 67
great machine, sees himself as part of 67
Hardy, relationship with 139, 266-7, 270-1
Henry V, quotes 125-7
hero humanised 267
hero, concept of himself as xvi-xvii
heroic, view of 125-7, 170-1, 190
honour, concept and importance of 108, 116-18, 120-2, 126-7
humanity 153, 230, 239, 241, 251, 303
lack of thought for crew’s safety 6
love life and concept of love see love and Hamilton, Emma
love of captains ‘band of brothers’ 118, 125, 151, 171, 184, 187-8
love of decoration and medals 126
malaria xvi
mediaeval, entranced with 125-7
method of battle xi, xx-xxi, 33, 121-2, 192-201, 206, 217, 220
naivety 154
Navy regrets singling out at expense of other officers xviii
Nile, injury at 247
prize money, pursuit of 12
prophetic and visionary fire, led on by xvii
reliance on Royal Navy systems 33
requests Pasco go ashore 88
Spanish quality of sailor, criticises 14-15
spirit of Achilles alive within 6, 7, 206
St Paul
’s crypt 276
style of personal leadership 224
Toulon blockade 74, 78
Troubridge, relationship with 231, 233-5, 236
Villeneuve, chases to West Indies and back to Cadiz 78-81, 82, 83, 84, 130
violence, appetite for destructive xvii, 190, 230, 232-3, 234-5, 236, 262
virtues 70
visitation xvi-xvii
wife, treatment of 272
Wordsworth and 192-4
TRAFALGAR 8, 51
allows captains independence of action 44-5, 53
basis of tactics 172-84
battle agitation 92
codicil to his Will 153-5
death 18, 153-6, 246, 251-3, 254-7, 264-5, 266-8, 270-5, 290, 293, 300, 312-13, 316
death, paintings of 251-3, 272-4
forgets to wear his sword 90
Hardy fails to persuade to conceal stars on coat 91
humanity to crew 241
hungry for battle 96
instructions to captains 44-5, 50, 196, 197
loyalty to Calder over Admiralty 187-8
method of command 128-9
near miss 203
‘Nelson Touch’ 196, 244
nervous spasms 5
orders men given wine before battle 7
orders surgeons knives are warmed before battle 239
prays for humanity after battle 230
puts himself in bloody crux of battle 237
report on state of ships prior to 89-90
respect for enemy 48
sends Austen and Louis into Gibraltar 119-20
signals to fleet 3-4, 5, 128-9, 160, 183, 215
tactics 162, 183-5, 196-201, 217, 217-18, 240, 242, 260, 277, 279, 281
Trafalgar prayer 153
Neptune xxi, 25, 91, 92, 98-9, 104, 112, 130, 162, 201, 205, 229, 245, 268, 279, 304, 312
Neptuno 304
Nereide 152
Newcastle, Duke of 166, 170
Nicolas, Lieutenant Paul 51, 162-4, 204, 292-3
Nicolas, Sir Nicholas Harris 128
Nile, Battle of xi, 22-3, 95, 103, 104, 119, 151, 190, 231, 247, 291, 293, 299
nobility:
definition of 275
French post-Revolutionairy sense of 284-7
officer class 24, 26, 28, 43, 45
Northesk, Rear-Admiral the Earl of 88, 275-6, 280
Observation on some Points of Seamanship (Griffiths) 150
Olaeta, Don Ignacio de 270
Orde, Sir John 79
Orion 51, 188, 280, 281, 304, 306-7, 310
Owen, John 215
Owen, Wilfred 317
Padfield, Miles 201
Pakenham, Thomas 249
Parker, Captain 290-1
Parsons, George 95
Pasco, Lieutenant John 88, 127-8, 265
Pasley, Admiral Sir Thomas 196-7
Peace of Amiens 23, 106
Peasant’s Revolt xii
Pellew, Captain Israel 288
Pemberton, Charles 204, 216-17
Penthièvre, Duc de 27-8
Perrée, Admiral 95
Philibert, Lieutenant 292
Pickle 289
Pitt, William xiii, xiv, xv, 30, 38, 40-1, 42, 43, 59, 68, 69-70, 174
Plutarch 285
Pluton 229