D-DAYS IN THE PACIFIC
Page 44
Aitape
April 22, 1944
Hollandia
April 23, 1944
Tumleo
April 23, 1944
Seleo
May 17, 1944
Wakde
May 18, 1944
Insoemoar
May 27, 1944
Biak
June 15, 1944
Saipan
July 2, 1944
Noemfoor
July 21, 1944
Guam
July 22, 1944
Cabras
July 24, 1944
Tinian
July 30, 1944
Sansapor
September 15, 1944
Peleliu
September 15, 1944
Angaur
September 15, 1944
Morotai
September 22, 1944
Ulithi
October 20, 1944
Leyte
December 15, 1944
Mindoro
January 3, 1945
Marinduque
January 9, 1945
Lingayen Gulf
January 11,1945
San Fabian
January 29, 1945
San Narcisco
February 19, 1945
Iwo Jima
February 19, 1945
Samar
February 28, 1945
Palawan
March 10, 1945
Zamboanga
March 18, 1945
Panay
March 26, 1945
Cebu
March 26, 1945
Aka
March 26, 1945
Gemma
March 26, 1945
Hokaji
March 26, 1945
Zamami
March 26, 1945
Yakabi
March 26, 1945
Keise
March 27, 1945
Tokashiki
March 27, 1945
Kuba
March 27, 1945
Amuro
March 29, 1945
Negros
April 1, 1945
Legaspi
April 1, 1945
Okinawa
April 3, 1945
Masbate
April 10, 1945
Tsugen
April 16, 1945
Ie Shima
April 18, 1945
Parang
April 28, 1945
Macajalar Bay
June 26, 1945
Kume
July 12, 1945
Sarangani Bay
(All numbers are approximations, as the number of men in each military unit fluctuated with the changing pace and character of the war and the number of replacements available.)
Platoon
20-50 men
Company
100-200 men in 3-5 platoons
Battalion
600-1,100 men in 3-5 companies
Regiment or Brigade
1,800-3,200 men in 2 or more battalions
Division
10,000 men in 3 or more regiments or brigades
Corps
50,000 men in 2 or more divisions
Army
100,000 men in 2 or more corps
Army Group
500,000 men in 2 or more armies
Source: Williamson Murray and Allan R. Millett, A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), 580.
RANKS, OFFICERS, UNITED STATES ARMY, AIR FORCE, AND MARINES
RANKS, OFFICERS, UNITED STATES NAVY
Admiral of the Fleet
General of the Army
Admiral
General
Vice Admiral
Lieutenant General
Rear Admiral
Major General
Commodore
Brigadier General
Captain
Colonel
Commander
Lieutenant Colonel
Lieutenant Commander
Major
Lieutenant
Captain
Sub-Lieutenant
First Lieutenant
Midshipman
Second Lieutenant
ABBREVIATIONS
DLM: Donald L. Miller
EC: The Peter S. Kalikow Oral History Collection of the Eisenhower Center for American Studies, New Orleans, Louisiana, courtesy of the National D-Day Museum, New Orleans, Louisiana.
CHAPTER 1: THE RISING SUN
1 New York Times (April 19, 1940).
2 Michael A. Barnhart, “Japan’s Economic Security and the Origins of the Pacific War,” Journal of Strategic Studies 4 (June 1981), 106.
3 Ibid., 107.
4 Takehiko Yoshihashi, Conspiracy at Mukden: The Rise of the Japanese Military (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963), 14; Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), 305.
5 Saburo Ienaga, The Pacific War: A Critical Perspective on Japan’s Role in World War II (New York: Pantheon, 1978; originally published, 1968), 57; Iris Chang, The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II (New York: Basic Books, 1999); estimates of the number of Chinese killed in Nanking and its vicinity range up to 340,000. See Daqing Yang, “Convergence or Divergence? Historical Writings on the Rape of Nanking,” American Historical Review 104: 3 (June 1999), 850.
6 Meirion Harries and Susie Harries, Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army (New York: Random House, 1991), 223.
7 Evans F. Carlson, Twin Stars Over China (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1940), 168.
8 Yergin, Prize, 307.
9 Akira Iriye, Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941-1945 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981), 12; Ronald H. Spector, Eagle Against the Sun: The American War with Japan (New York: Vintage, 1985; originally published, 1984), 62.
10James W. Morley, ed., Deterrent Diplomacy: Japan, Germany, and the USSR, 1935-1940 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), 298-99; Herbert P. Bix, Hirohito and The Making of Modern Japan (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), 374.
11 Jonathan Marshall, To Have and Have Not: Southeast Asian Raw Materials and the Origins of the Pacific War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1950) x.
12 Ibid., 13.
13 Senate Naval Affairs Committee, hearings, Nomination of William Franklin Knox (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1940), 9.
14 “Japan furnishes” and Gallup Poll of June 1939 in Yergin, Prize, 310. The Good Earth was also made into a popular Hollywood movie.
15 Asada Sadao, “The Japanese Navy and the United States,” in Pearl Harbor As History,Dorothy Borg and Shumpei Okamoto, eds. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1973), 251. For Yamamoto, see Hiroyuki Agawa, The Reluctant Admiral: Yamamoto and the Imperial Navy (Tokyo: Kodansha, 1979).
16 Quoted in Yergin, Prize, 317.
17 Quoted in Iriye, Power and Culture, 27.
18 Quoted in Marshall, Have and Have Not, 124.
19 Yergin, Prize, 318.
20 Iriye, Power and Culture, 28.
21 Quoted in Yergin, Prize, 320.
22 Quoted in Ienaga, Pacific War, 133.
23 Quoted in Spector, Eagle Against the Sun, 76.
24 Quoted in Marshall, Have and Have Not, 135.
25 Bix, Hirohito, 408-18.
26 Bix, Hirohito, 410.
27 Quoted in Yergin, Prize, 322.
28 Michael A. Barnhart, Japan Prepares for Total War: The Search for Economic Security, 1919-1941 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987), 263.
29 Quoted in Bix, Hirohito, 416.
30 Agawa, Reluctant Admiral, 79-84, 138-40. For the best description and analysis of the Pearl Harbor plan, see Gordon W. Prange with David M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon, At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor (New York: Penguin, 1991; originally published 1981).
31 Quoted in Bix, Hirohito, 428.
32 Ireye, Power and
Culture, 31.
33 Bix, Hirohito, 428-29.
34 Quoted in Ienega, Pacific War, 135.
35 Quoted in ibid., 140.
36 Quoted in Bix, Hirohito, 435.
37 Hull and Nomura quotations are from Prange, At Dawn, 554.
38 David Kahn, “Why Weren’t We Warned?” World War II, Pearl Harbor Commemorative Issue (2001), 97.
39 Captain Mitsuo Fuchida, “I Led the Air Attack on Pearl Harbor,” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings (September 1952), 939-52.
40 Interview with James F. Anderson by John T. Matson, U.S. Naval Institute, 1981.
41 Interview with Stephen Bower Young by DLM; Young, Trapped at Pearl Harbor: Escape from Battleship Oklahoma (Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y: North River, and Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1991), passim.
42 Quoted in Yergin, Prize, 327.
43 Samuel Eliot Morison, Two-Ocean War: A Short History of the United States Navy in the Second World War (Boston: Little, Brown, 1963), 59.
44 Quoted in Ienaga, Pacific War, 141.
45 Quoted in Bix, Hirohito, 437.
46 Robert Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York: Harper, 1950), 428.
47 Quoted in John Keegan, The Second World War (New York: Viking, 1989), 240.
48 Gerhard L. Weinberg, A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 250-55, 262.
49 Robert Guillain, I Saw Tokyo Burning: An Eyewitness Narrative from Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima (Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday, 1981), 1-3.
50 James Jones, WW II (New York: Ballantine, 1975), 25.
51 Quoted in Hans G. Von Lehmann, “Japanese Landing Operations in World War II,” in Merrill L. Bartlett, ed., Assault from the Sea: Essays on the History of Amphibious Warfare (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1983), 195.
52 Edwin Ramsey, oral history, American Experience, WGBH, Boston.
53 Lester I. Tenney, My Hitch in Hell: The Bataan Death March (Washington and London: Brassey’s, 1995), 20-21.
54 William Manchester, American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur, 1880-1964 (New York: Dell, 1978), 230, 233.
55 Quoted in ibid., 233.
56 Quoted in ibid., 269; see also 274.
57 Carlo D’Este, Eisenhower: A Soldier’s Life (New York: Henry Holt, 2002), 294-96. Eisenhower also blamed MacArthur’s air chief, Major General Louis H. Brereton.
58 MacArthur and Romulo quotations in Manchester, American Caesar, 311-12.
59 Quoted in D. Clayton James, The Years of MacArthur, 1942-1945, vol. 1 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975), 128.
60 Tenney, Hitch, 32-33.
61 Ibid., 34.
62 Ienaga, Pacific War, 49.
63 Quoted in Elizabeth M. Norman, We Band of Angels: The Untold Story of American Nurses Trapped on Bataan by the Japanese (New York: Random House, 1999). 13.
64 Tenney, Hitch, 42.
65 Interview with Hattie Brantley, Lou Reda Productions.
66 Ienaga, Pacific War, 53.
67Frank Gibney, ed., Senso: The Japanese Remember the Pacific War (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1995), 53-54; on Japan’s armed forces, see Hayashi Saburo, KOGUN: The Japanese Army in the Pacific War (Quantico, Va.: Marine Corps Association, 1989).
68 Interview with Kermit Lay, Lou Reda Productions; Gavan Daws, Prisoners of the Japanese: POWs of World War II in the Pacific (New York: William Morrow, 1994), 75.
69 Lester Tenney’s account is pieced together from three sources: his interview with DLM. his interview with Lou Reda Productions, and his book My Hitch in Hell.
70 Quoted in Arthur Zich, The Rising Sun (New York: Time-Life Books, 1977), 100.
71 Lay interview.
72 Tenney interview, Lou Reda Productions.
73 Ibid.
74 Lay interview.
75 Jeter A. Isely and Philip A. Crowl, The U.S. Marines and Amphibious War: Its Theory, and Its Practice in the Pacific (Princeton. N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1951), 76.
76 Morison, Two-Ocean War, 88.
77 Ibid.; Yergin, Prize, 351-54.
78 Weinberg, World at Arms, 324-26.
79 Quoted in Nathan Miller, War at Sea: A Naval History of World War II (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 235-36.
80 Ted W. Lawson, Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo (New York: Random House, 1943), 64-66.
81 Walter J. Boyne, Clash of Titans: World War II at Sea (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 167.
82 Quoted in John Keegan, Intelligence in War: Knowledge of the Enemy from Napoleon to Al-Qaeda (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003), 196.
83 Mitsuo Fuchida and Masatake Okumiya, Midway. The Battle That Doomed Japan: The Japanese Navy’s Story (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1955).
84 Dan Van der Vat, The Pacific Campaign: The U.S.-Japanese Naval War, 1941-1945 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991 ed.), 180.
85 For an excellent analysis of the role of intelligence in the battle, see Keegan, Intelligence in War, Chapter 6.
86 Gilbert Cant, America’s Navy in World War II (New York: John Day, 1943). 233-34.
87 Quoted in Walter Lord, Incredible Victory (New York: Harper & Row, 1967), 86.
88 Morison, Two-Ocean War, 156.
89 Victor Davis Hanson, Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power (New York: Doubleday, 2001), 345.
90 Quoted in Richard Overy, Why the Allies Won (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996), 42.
91 Fuchida and Okumiya, Midway, 177.
92 Keegan, Second World War, 275, 278.
93 Clarence F. Dickinson and Boyden Sparks, “The Target Was Utterly Satisfying,” in S. E. Smith, The United States Navy in World War II (New York: William Morrow, 1966), 279-80.
94 Fuchida and Okumiya, Midway, 177.
95 Quoted in Van der Vat, Pacific Campaign, 190.
96 Fletcher Pratt, The Navy’s War (New York: Harper & Bros., 1944), 128-31
97 Quoted in Van der Vat, Pacific Campaign, 193.
98 Quoted in Lord, Incredible Victory, 251.
99 Quoted in Boyne, Clash of Titans, 193.
100 Fuchida and Okumiya, Midway, 11.
101 Quoted in Morison, Two-Ocean War, 162.
102 Quoted in Overy, Why the Allies Won, 45.
103 Jones, WW II, 39.
104 Jack Belden, Retreat with Stilwell (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1943), 305-58.
CHAPTER 2: THE HARD WAY BACK
1 Jones, WW II, 48.
2 William J. Murphy, “The Right Way. The Wrong Way. The Navy Way,” unpublished ms, EC; Isely and Crowl, Amphibious War, 103.
3 Quoted in John A. Lorelli, To Foreign Shores: U.S. Amphibious Operations in World War II (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1995), 50.
4 Quoted in Spector, Eagle Against the Sun, 195.
5 Thayer Soule, Shooting the Pacific War: Marine Corps Combat Photography in WW II (Fexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2000), 4.
6 William Manchester, Goodbye, Darkness: A Memoir of the Pacific War (Boston: Little, Brown, 1987), 209.
7 Newsweek (October 5, 1942), 20.
8 Quoted in Thomas Buell, Master of Seapower: A Biography of Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King (Boston: Little, Brown, 1980), 221.
9 E. B. Potter, Bull Halsey (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press), 157.
10 Quoted in Richard Tregaskis, Guadalcanal Diary (New York: Random House, 1943), 221.
11 Isely and Crowl, Amphibious War, 135.
12 Quoted in ibid.
13 Quoted in Miller, War at Sea, 286.
14 Ira Wolfert, Battle for the Solomons (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1943), 341.
15 Quoted in Richard B. Frank, Guadalcanal: The Definitive Account of the Landmark Battle (New York: Random House, 1990), 441.
16 Tregaskis, Guadalcanal Diary, 56.
17 Robert L. Schwartz, “The Big Bastard,” in The Best from “Yank, the Army Weekly” (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1945), 43-47.
18 Quoted in Morison, Two-Ocean War, 208.
19 Interview with Paul Moore,
Jr., Columbia University Oral History Collection.
20 Quoted in Desmond Flower and James Reeves, eds., The War: 1939-1945, A Documentary History (New York: Da Capo Press, 1997), 715.
21 Moore interview.
22 Major General Carl W. Hoffman, U.S. Marine Corps (ret.), oral history transcript, Marine Corps Oral History Collection, Marine Corps Historical Center, Washington, D.C.
23 Quoted in S. E. Smith, ed., The United States Marine Corps in World War II (New York: Random House, 1969), 266-67.
24 John Hersey, Into the Valley. A Skirmish of the Marines (New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1943), 56.
25 Quoted in Kenneth S. Davis, Experience of War (Garden City, N. Y: Doubleday, 1965), 308.
26 Quoted in Hersey, Into the Valley, 56.
27 James Jones, The Thin Red Line (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1962), 156-57.
28 Quoted in Eric M. Bergerud, Touched with Fire: The Land War in the South Pacific (New York: Viking, 1996), 411-12.
29 Quoted in ibid., 412.
30 Quoted in James Merrill, A Sailor’s Admiral: A Biography of William E. Halsey (New York: Crowell, 1976), 73.
31 Jones, WW II, 28.
32 James A. Michener, “After the War: Victories at Home,” Newsweek (January 11, 1993), 26.
33 Quoted in Hersey, Into the Valley, 11; Isely and Crowl, Amphibious War, 144-45.
34 Quoted in Tregaskis, Guadalcanal Diary, 401.
35 John Hersey, “The Battle of the River,” Life (November 23, 1942). 116.
36 Jones, WW II, 54.
37 Ira Wolfert, “Heroes Don’t Win Wars,” in Louis Snyder, ed., Masterpieces of War Reporting (New York: J. Messner, 1962), 191-95.; “desperate terrain” in Smith, ed., Marine Corps, 332.
38 Samuel R. Stavisky, Marine Combat Correspondent: World War II in the Pacific (New York: Ballantine, 1999), 80-81.
39 Quoted in Manchester, Goodbye, Darkness, 231.
40 Jones, WW II, 122-24.
41 George H. Johnston, The Toughest Fighting in the World (New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1943), 167-68.
42 Robert L. Eichelberger, Our Jungle Road to Tokyo (Nashville: Battery Classics, 1989), 21-23.
43 Ibid., 33-34.
44 Dave Richardson, “No Front Line in New Guinea,” in Debs Myers,Jonathan Kilbourn, and Richard Harrity, eds., Yank, the GI Story of the War (New York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce, 1947), 43.
45 Patrick J. Robinson, The Fight for New Guinea (New York: Random House, 1943), 165.
46 Eichelberger, Our Jungle Road, 48-49.
47 Diaries collected by Eichelberger’s staff, in ibid., 53-55.
48 Quoted in ibid., 51.