Bobby Kennedy
Page 62
seize the grail of reform: Robert Kennedy and His Times, 753; Samuel Silverman OH, September 3, 1969, 11–13, JFKL; author interview with Peter Fishbein; and Kimball, Bobby Kennedy and the New Politics, 87 and 102.
Win or lose: RFK: A Memoir, 154; and “Aftermath of the Primary,” New York Times.
“One thing that Lindsay”: John Burns OH, February 25, 1970, 79, JFKL.
defy political handicappers: Glass, “ADA Credits Kennedy Brothers,” Washington Post; Beran, The Last Patrician, 214–15; “Robert Kennedy and Oscar Lewis,” Redbook; and Robert Kennedy and His Times, 733.
both embrace Bobby’s ideas: Kempton, “Monument,” New York Post; and Stewart Alsop, “Robert Kennedy and the Liberals,” Saturday Evening Post.
The struggle, he told: Galloway, The Kennedys and Vietnam, 58 and 60–61.
Bobby wasn’t blind: RFK: Collected Speeches, 271; and The Kennedys and Vietnam, 57 and 60.
entered the in-between phase: RFK: Collected Speeches, 271–80; The Kennedys and Vietnam, 63–67; and author interview with Sherwin Markman.
candor often trumped caution: RFK: Collected Speeches, 280; and RFK: A Memoir, 125.
a step too far: “Ho Chi Kennedy,” Chicago Tribune; Wicker, “Humphrey Scores Kennedy’s Plan,” New York Times; and “Administration Cold Shoulders,” Chicago Tribune.
“I’m afraid,” he told: RFK: A Memoir, 128.
“If I became convinced”: RFK: A Memoir, 128.
An especially nasty meeting: Mankiewicz OH, August 12, 1969, 71–73, JFKL; and Robert Kennedy and His Times, 768–69.
Bobby made his moves: RFK: Collected Speeches, 288–98; and On His Own, 254.
Today’s youth “are the children”: RFK, Seek a Newer World, 4–5.
top secret evidence: Author interview with Daniel Ellsberg; Ellsberg, Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam, 202; and Peter Edelman OH, July 15, 1969, 84–85, JFKL.
Bobby made clear his attitude: “Kennedy on Africa,” New Yorker; transcript of RFK in the Land of Apartheid; and Laing, “RFK’s African Trip,” New York Daily News.
“I came here”: “Ripple of Hope” speech.
“Few will have the greatness”: Ibid.
Those lines: Transcript of RFK in the Land of Apartheid; and Robert Kennedy and His Times, 746.
Bobby addressed Stellenbosch: RFK’s Stellenbosch University speech, June 7, 1966 (rfksafilm.org/html/speeches/unistell.php); and RFK, “Suppose God Is Black,” Look.
visited the student leader: Author interview with Ian Robertson.
another banned leader: “Suppose God Is Black”; and Robert Kennedy and His Times, 747.
last big excursion: “RFK’s African Trip.”
Press reviews of his trip: “Senator Kennedy,” Die Burger, June 7, 1966; “Kennedy, Come Back,” Rand Daily Mail; and “RFK’s African Trip.”
“If you’re in”: Author interview with Margaret Marshall.
He also found time: Author interview with Ethel Kennedy.
“The kids were a pain”: Art Buchwald OH, March 12, 1969, 33–34, JFKL.
No circus was complete: Cronin and RFK Jr., Riverkeepers, 80; and Ethel, 92.
“He knew everyone hated”: Buchwald OH, 4.
The animals were Ethel’s: Carroll, “Ethel Kennedy Wins,” New York Times; and Schaap, R.F.K., 22–24.
Ethel’s affluence ensured: Schaap, R.F.K., 17–18.
“We had sat down”: Failing America’s Faithful, 42.
he temporarily forgot: Author interviews with George and Liz Stevens; and Rory Kennedy’s documentary Ethel, HBO.
first to reach its top: Whittaker, A Life on the Edge, 121–27; Arnold, “Senator Is Praised,” New York Times, March 26, 1965; RFK, “Our Climb,” Life; and author interviews with Jim Whittaker and Melody Miller.
“Bobby and I were”: Author interview with Fred Harris; and Harris, Does People Do It? 154–55.
on every trip: Does People Do It? 157; and Seeds of Destruction, 527.
the dust-up: Corry, Manchester Affair, 176–77; and Manchester, Controversy and Other Essays, 65.
Never had there been a Senate office: Dooley, Robert Kennedy: The Final Years, 36, Robert Kennedy and His Times, 677; author interview with Melody Miller; and Kiker, “Robert Kennedy and the What-If Game,” Atlantic Monthly.
Never had there been a senator: Heir Apparent, 74.
“If you’re making speeches”: Author interview with Walinsky.
Angie was unique: Author interviews with Nancy Dutton, Ethel Kennedy, and Anne Hudson Shields.
“made me really want to”: Stevenson, “Talk of the Town,” New Yorker, June 12, 1971.
why his aides believed: Author interviews with Esther Newberg and Greenfield; Greenfield OH, December 10, 1969, 27, JFKL; and Wes Barthelmes OH, May 20, 1969, 58, JFKL.
He’d done even more: Author interview with Josefina Bernard Harvin.
he surprised colleagues: Author interviews with Walter Mondale and Mankiewicz.
“Our new proximity”: True Compass, 229.
In practice, that meant: Hersh, The Education of Edward Kennedy, 276; Fleming, “Kennedy Mystique,” New York Times Magazine; and Canellos, Last Lion, 122–23.
There wasn’t much kidding: Author interview with Nolan; and January 1966 RFK letter to LBJ, with LBJ response, January 27, 1966, White House Famous Names file, Box 8, LBJL.
LBJ kept track: Liz Carpenter memo to LBJ, April 1, 1966, White House Famous Names file, Box 8, LBJL; and Mutual Contempt, 316.
Johnson’s preoccupation: Mutual Contempt, 318 and 321; and Harry McPherson memo to LBJ, “Thoughts on Bobby Kennedy and Loyalty,” June 24, 1965, Aides file, Box 21, LBJL.
Bobby kept his own tabs: RFK OH, May 14, 1964, 331; and Remembering America, 396–97.
“Kennedy has worked”: Schaap, R.F.K., 40.
That ideological progression: Warren and Tretick, “Bob Kennedy We Knew,” Look; Seek a Newer World, 74–75; and Newfield, “What Kind of President,” Boston Globe.
The journalist who best: Feiffer, “Bobby Twins,” Village Voice.
conflicting signals Bobby was sending: Author interview with Elizabeth Drew; “Robert Kennedy Answers”; and McGrory, “He Had to Be Explained,” Boston Globe.
depended on the timing: Haddad email to author; and McGovern, Grassroots, 115.
10. LAST CAMPAIGN
His achievements added up: U.S. News & World Report, “On the Campaign Trail with Robert Kennedy”; “Robert Kennedy for President,” New York Times; Remembering America, 435; and Glass, “Compulsive Candidate,” Saturday Evening Post.
he told Lowenstein: RFK: A Memoir, 186.
Bobby was again asking himself: Newfield, “Time of Plague,” Village Voice; Joseph Alsop, “Can Bob Kennedy Be Pressured?” Washington Post; Times to Remember, 466; and True Compass, 262.
telephone acquaintances late at night: White, Making of the President, 1968, 186.
Bobby thought McCarthy vain: RFK: A Memoir, 191.
Fully aware of the risk: Boyarsky, Big Daddy, 183; and Witcover, 85 Days, 60.
responding more to gut instincts: RFK: A Memoir, 224–25.
only two events mattered: White, Making of the President, 1968, 103; Stout, People: The Story, 185; Bradshaw, “Richard Goodwin: The Good, the Bad,” New York; and McGrory, “Disgust in McCarthy Camp,” Miami News.
“It took Bobby Kennedy seventeen”: Carpenter, “On the Candidates,” New York Times.
“My decision reflects”: RFK: Collected Speeches, 320–22.
rollout of a presidential campaign: Schumach, “Kennedy Parades to Mixed Chorus,” New York Times; and Meet the Press, March 17, 1968.
The fun part began: RFK: Collected Speeches, 323–27; Robert Kennedy and His Times, 862; and RFK: A Memoir, 234.
a second War on Poverty: RFK: Collected Speeches, 328–29; “Charisma Amid the Chaos,” kuhistory.com; and Harwood, “First Week’s Crowds Elate Kennedy Camp,” Washington Post.
“Any who seek high office”: RFK:
Collected Speeches, 334–35.
Crowds were the most emphatic: On His Own, 319–20; and Making of the President, 1968, 203.
the polarized responses: Stevenson, Robert F. Kennedy Campaign, 20 and 27; RFK: A Memoir, 170; Halberstam, Unfinished Odyssey, 96; Knebel, “Las Vegas: It Wins,” Look; Hentoff, “Help,” Village Voice; Last Campaign, 25; The Bureau: My Thirty Years, 56; and “Robert F. Kennedy Conference,” November 18, 2000, 24, JFKL.
set off particular alarms: RFK: Collected Speeches, 338–39.
president dropped a bombshell: RFK: A Memoir, 244; and author interview with Dall Forsythe.
Old and New Bobbys collided: RFK: Collected Speeches, 350–51; and My Brother, Lyndon, 252.
told Bobby not to go: Tolan OH, June 27, 1969, 45, JFKL.
“I’m only going to talk”: RFK remarks on the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., April 4, 1968 (americanrhetoric.com/speeches/rfkonmlkdeath.html).
His remarks, lasting barely: Lewis and D’Orso, Walking with the Wind, 407; author interview with John Lewis; Murray, “Remove Bloodshed from the Land,” Chicago Sun-Times; Moynihan, “Democrats, Kennedy and the Murder of Dr. King,” Commentary; and author interviews with Walinsky and Richard Lugar.
Back at his hotel: Author interview with Lugar; Walking with the Wind, 408; Bigart, “Negroes Are Cool,” New York Times; Boomhower, 1968 Indiana Primary, 70; Greenfield OH, 27; and Braden, Just Enough Rope, 155.
inherited the slain leader’s mantles: RFK: Collected Speeches, 360; and American Journey, 261.
unexpected center of attention: Author interview with Andy Young; and American Journey, 348.
Eugene Pulliam wasn’t: Last Campaign, 81; and Connor, Star in the Hoosier Sky, 11.
So Kennedy changed course: Herbers, “Indiana Seeing a New Kennedy,” New York Times.
“The matrons on their porches”: Making of the President, 1968, 201.
Some journalists worried: It Seems Like Only Yesterday, 287–92; and 85 Days, 154.
Simple evenhandedness: RFK: Collected Speeches, 342–43; and Honorable Profession, 90.
a powerhouse of an organization: CBS Reports, “Robert F. Kennedy”; author interviews with Gerard Doherty and Kaye Martin; Robert Kennedy: His Life, 374; author interview with Richard Corbett; and Times to Remember, 470. Corbett managed the campaign’s finances under Steve Smith, who had been his boss at the Park Agency.
Bobby spent the earliest hours: RFK: A Memoir, 261–62.
By nightfall Gene McCarthy’s: 1968 Indiana Primary, 115–16; and Broder, “Kennedy Indiana Feat Raises Doubt,” Washington Post.
Watching the televised results: RFK: A Memoir, 263–65.
“I wonder why so many of you”: Author interview with Taylor Branch.
“The superintendent twittered”: Dudar, “Perilous Campaign,” New York Post.
Kristi Witker experienced: Author interview with Kristi Witker; and Witker, How to Lose Everything, 24.
both were sufficiently beguiled: Navasky, “Jack Newfield Talks About R.F.K.,” New Leader; and Unfinished Odyssey, 37–38.
Journalists reciprocated: Honorable Profession, 91–92.
When they finished there: Ibid., 92.
they lampooned him: Chicago Tribune, “What Bobby Is”; Loeb, “American Dictator,” Manchester Union Leader; Kempton, “Why I’m for McCarthy,” New Republic; and McGrory, “Bobby Fights Himself,” Boston Globe.
his journalist fans: Author interview with James Stevenson; Mailer, Miami and the Siege of Chicago, 93; 85 Days, 224–25; and author interview with Dan Rather.
were disciples: Author interviews with Bill Kovach and Seigenthaler; and Heroes of My Time, 21–22.
“I had known Bobby”: Harwood, “With Bobby Kennedy,” Washington Post.
“We were seduced”: Shining Hour, 160–63.
“He was a flame”: Author interview with Drew.
The primary after Indiana: Author interview with Mark Shields; 85 Days, 191–92; and Greenfield OH, January 5, 1970, 33–37, JFKL.
how irreconcilable the differences were: Harwood, “McCarthy and Kennedy,” Washington Post.
“Won’t it be wonderful”: The Kennedy Case, 290.
“he hugged Mrs. Kennedy”: Ibid., 295.
Oregon was McCarthy country: 85 Days, 202 and 206.
A single moment captured: Larner, Nobody Knows, 99–101.
But even Larner later acknowledged: Author interview with Jeremy Larner; and Nobody Knows, 101–2.
how he handled the loss: Dougherty, “Kennedy Has Little to Say,” Los Angeles Times; and RFK: A Memoir, 271.
met defeat “with grace”: McGrory, “Will Bobby Join Gene?” Boston Globe.
go down swinging: RFK: A Memoir, 271; and 85 Days, 235–37.
one exchange that registered: ABC News, Debate between RFK and Eugene McCarthy, June 1, 1968.
The day after the debate: RFK: A Memoir, 284; and author interview with Kerry Kennedy.
The day before the primary: RFK: A Memoir, 287.
There was one more incident: A Life on the Edge, 135; Last Campaign, 118; and Reddin, unpublished memoir.
Bobby got in the way: RFK: A Memoir, 31; Gary, White Dog, 194; and Last Campaign, 205.
“You want to hear about”: 85 Days, 255.
Bobby believed he could do it: Unfinished Odyssey, 214.
took a quiet moment: RFK: A Memoir, 298.
His valedictory speech: RFK: A Memoir, 298–99; and RFK: Collected Speeches, 401–2.
That was as far: 85 Days, 265–73; Last Campaign, 275; Hamill, “Last Hours of RFK,” New York; Hamill, “Two Minutes to Midnight,” Village Voice; Lopez, “The Busboy Who Cradled a Dying RFK,” Los Angeles Times; and RFK: A Memoir, 300.
Chief Reddin says: Reddin, unpublished memoir.
David, who’d always been terrified: Reddin, unpublished memoir; and Being Catholic Now, xvii. Bob Galland, the Kennedy children’s caretaker, says he was with David when the teenager heard the televised news about his father; Galland took him for a walk and told him everything would be okay, but David “had seen too much” to be patronized or consoled. Galland also says it was he, not a TV newscaster, who explained Bobby’s shooting to Kerry, Courtney, Michael, Christopher, and Max. Bob Galland’s unpublished memoir, and emails from Galland to author.
Bobby meanwhile was transferred: RFK: A Memoir, 302; and 85 Days, 283. Newfield said he was told the sign had been up there for weeks, which suggests it might have had nothing to do with Bobby. Others insisted that the signmaker had the Kennedys in mind, with Jack as the king who was and Bobby the one who would be. Or perhaps both references were to Bobby himself.
EPILOGUE
a sendoff like this: United Press International, Assassination, 197–202; American Journey, 46–47; and Making of the President, 1968, 213–15.
signs that spoke: Robert Kennedy and His Times, 1; and “In Memory of Robert Francis Kennedy,” June 10, 1968, Memorial Church, Harvard University, 6.
twenty-one-car train: Harrington, Fragments of the Century, 214 and 216–17; and author interview with Mankiewicz.
“They’re in heaven”: Author interview with Ethel Kennedy.
“He asked me one day”: Shining Hour, 51.
Then there was Rose: Times to Remember, 477–79.
Ted tried to step in: New York Times, “Text of Edward Kennedy’s Tribute”; Shining Hour, 305.
“It was after Bobby’s”: Hubert Humphrey OH, March 30, 1970, 40–43, JFKL.
The questions that everyone asks: RN: Memoirs of Richard Nixon, 305; and author interview with Daley.
Last goodbyes for the slain candidate: Tupponce, “Hickory Hill,” Virginia Living; “He Stood for Justice,” Times of London; “Bob Kennedy We Knew”; and Shining Hour, 110.
Not everyone is sentimental: Author interview with Richard Rusk; and Counsel to the President, 545.
“Daddy was very funny”: Collier and Horowitz, The Kennedys: An American Drama, 363.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
From 2011 to 2016, the author interviewed or exchanged emails with the following RFK authors, colleagues, family, friends, and others familiar with him and his work: Bess Abell, Tyler Abell, Jerry Abramson, Sam Adams, Bill Allard, Graham Allison, Ben Altman, John Anderson, Patrick Anderson, Bill Arnone, Diego Asencio, Richard Aurelio, George Azar, Bob Baime, Bobby Baker, Charles Bartlett, Jack Bass, John Bates, Jr., Birch Bayh, James Beatty, Al Benn, Jim Bennett, Berl Bernhard, Dan Blackburn, Bill Blair, Robert Blakey, Julian Bond, Richard Boone, Bill Boyarsky, Ben Bradlee, William Brady, Taylor Branch, David Breasted, Philip Brenner, Jimmy Breslin, Albert Brewer, Ed Bridges, Tom Brokaw, Hamilton Brown, Joan Winmill Brown, Sam Brown, William Brown, Dino Brugioni, Chris Burch, Fred Burger, Catherine Burks-Brooks, Brian Burns, Angela Cabrera, Gay Campbell, Lou Cannon, Mortimer Caplin, Ted Carey, Rene Carpenter, Mickey Carroll, Hodding Carter III, John Cassidy, Anne Caudill, Donna Chaffee, LeRoy Chatfield, Wendy Cimmet, Ramsey Clark, James Clayton, Adam Clymer, Jerry Cohen, Barbara Coleman, Jack Colwell, Lawrence Connor, Harry Cook, Richard Corbett, Tom Corcoran, Dan Cordtz, Greg Craig, Barbara Crancer, Joe Crangle, Bill Crawford, Gerry Creedon, John Criswell, Judy Cromwell, John Culver, Kerry Kennedy Cuomo, Mike Curzan, Alan Dabbiere, Bill Daley, Chuck Daly, Sid Davidoff, Jackie Davis, John G. Dean, Kenneth Dean, Midge Decter, Cartha DeLoach, Tom Devries, Jim Dingeman, Muriel Dobbin, Gerard Doherty, Sam Donaldson, Norman Dorsen, Jimmy Doyle, Elizabeth Drew, Frank Dunbaugh, Nancy Dutton, Peter Edelman, Ronnie Eldridge, Daniel Ellsberg, Stan Evans, Charles Evers, Myrlie Evers, Paul B. Fay III, Jules Feiffer, Ken Feinberg, Dan Fenn, Peter Fishbein, Jim Flug, Dall Forsythe, Sonny Fox, Neil Gallagher, Curtis Gans, Dave Garrow, Joe Gelarden, Bill Geoghegan, Jack Germond, Gwen Gibson, Frank Gifford, Bill Gigerich, Tommy Giles, John Gilligan, Ben Glascoe, Howard Glickstein, Jay Goldberg, Ronald Goldfarb, Jay Goldin, Richard Goodwin, Victor Gotbaum, Stanhope Gould, Colvin Grannum, Earl Graves, Winifred Green, Jack Greenberg, Jeff Greenfield, Dick Gregory, Brandon Grove, Henry Gwiazda, Judith Hackett, Bill Haddad, Joe Hakim, Lee Hamilton, Tim Hanan, Wayne Hardin, Fred Harris, LaDonna Harris, Laura Harris, V. V. Harrison, Gary Hart, Craig Harvey, Sioux Harvey, Josefina Bernard Harvin, Bea Harwood, Richard Hatcher, Tom Hayden, Katie Healy, Cynthia Helms, Thelton Henderson, Bill Henry, John Herbers, James Hershberg, Ted Hesburgh, Philip Heymann, Arnold Hiatt, Clint Hill, James Hoffa, Tim Hogan, Warren Hoge, Ernest Hollings, John Jay Hooker, Margot Howard, Charlayne Hunter-Gault, Lester Hyman, Andy Jacobs, Eli Jacobs, Doug Jeffe, Sherry Bebitch Jeffe, Haynes Johnson, Charles Jones, Clarence Jones, James Jones, Kirby Jones, Bill Josephson, Jim Juliana, Lew Kaden, Marvin Kalb, Linda Katz, Nicholas Katzenbach, Damian Kearney, Josie Kelly, Jim Kenary, Chris Kennedy, Douglas Kennedy, Ethel Kennedy, Robert Kennedy, Jr., Crickett Kerrebrock, John Kerry, Sergei Khrushchev, Edwin King, Jim King, Anne Kirby, Gail Kirk, Paul Kirk, Ted Knap, Jayne Kobliska, Peter Kornbluh, Nick Kotz, Bill Kovach, Polly Kraft, David Kraslow, Jerry Kretchmer, Jay Kriegel, Jules Kroll, Steve Kurzman, Gerry LaFollette, Brian Landsberg, Lisa Lansing, George Lapides, Jeremy Larner, Richard Leone, Larry Levinson, Andrew Levison, Bonnie Angelo Levy, Nat Lewin, Anthony Lewis, John Lewis, Ron Linton, George Lois, Hector Lopez, Ted Lowi, Richard Lugar, Pidey Lumet, Staughton Lynd, Frank Lynn, Nance Lyons, Peter MacLellan, Jeannie Main, Jack Mallon, Frank Mankiewicz, Lane Mann, Sherwin Markman, Dave Marlin, Catie Marshall, Margie Marshall, Gordon Martin, Kaye Martin, Bobbie Green McCarthy, Eddymarie McCoy, George McGovern, Joe McGowan, Dougald McMillan, Eleanor McPeck, James McShane, Ellen Meacham, Walter Mears, Michael Meltsner, James Meredith, Melody Miller, Wilson Minor, Martha Minow, Newton Minow, George Mitrovich, P. J. Mode, Walter Mondale, Robert Morgenthau, Robert Moses, Richard Mosk, Liz Moynihan, Roger Mudd, Irene Murphy, Ralph Nader, Tim Naftali, Victor Navasky, Esther Newberg, Larry Newman, Susan Newman, John Nolan, Marty Nolan, Jack O’Dell, Fred Ohrenstein, Richard Ottinger, Harold Pachios, Fred Papert, Barbara Parisi, Carmine Parisi, Bob Pastor, John Patterson, Gwen Patton, Bob Penn, Barbara Perry, Chester Pierce, Walter Pincus, David Pitts, Stephen Pollak, Barrett Prettyman, Todd Purdum, Selwyn Raab, Dan Rapperport, Jim Rasenberger, Dan Rather, Henry Raymont, Betty Jane Reddin, Jewel Reed, Richard Reeves, Edmund Reggie, Robert Reich, Murray Richtel, Marie Ridder, Mike Riley, Pat Riley, Paul Rilling, Jinx Ring, Donald Ritchie, Ian Robertson, Joe Robertson, Sean Rogers, John Rosenberg, Roger Rosenblatt, Jack Rosenthal, Sandy Ross, Eugene Rossides, David Rusk, Richard Rusk, Henry Ruth, Nicole Salinger, Bob Saloschin, Carl Sanders, Sydney Schanberg, Andrew Schlesinger, Marian Schlesinger, Steve Schlesinger, John Schnittker, Paul Schrade, Jill Schuker, Michael Schwartz, Frank Schwelb, Anthony Scotto, Amy Seigenthaler, John Seigenthaler, Patricia Shakow, Don Shannon, Tony Sherman, Ann Shields, Mark Shields, Larry Shore, Gerald Shur, Charles Smith, Jean Kennedy Smith, Jerome Smith, Nancy Smith, Terence Smith, Brandy Solomon, Alan Spivak, Elvin Stanton, Herbert Stern, Sheldon Stern, George Stevens, Liz Stevens, Adlai Stevenson III, James Stevenson, B. J. Stiles, Herb Sturz, Rose Styron, Adele Sweet, Robert Sweet, Jim Symington, Gay Talese, Nan Talese, Susan Tannenbaum, Bruce Terris, Evan Thomas, Franklin Thomas, J. Mills Thornton, Gail Tirana, Bill Tolan, James Tolan, Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, Tom Troyer, Dick Tuck, John William Tuohy, Rick Tuttle, Joe Tydings, Mark Updegrove, John Van De Kamp, Bill vanden Heuvel, Sander Vanocur, Jack Vaughn, Milton Viorst, Susan Vogelsinger, Nick von Hoffman, Patricia Wald, Adam Walinsky, Wyatt Tee Walker, Gerald Walpin, Bob Walters, Susan Wilbur Wamsley, Richard Wasserstrom, Marvin Watson, Janet Ray Weininger, David Welch, Lee White, Diane White-Crane, Calvin Whitesall, Jim Whittaker, Phil Wilens, Curtis Wilkie, Roger Wilkins, Susie Wilson, Jules Witcover, Kristi Witker, Harris Wofford, Lester Wolff, Andy Young, Philip Zelikow, and Lois Zenkel.