War Against the Weak

by Edwin Black

  116. Baker, pp. 253, 264, 267, 330.

  117. U.S. Supreme Court, Members of the Supreme Court of the United States. Author’s correspondence with Jacques Semmelman, Esq., 14 November 2002 and Lexis-Nexis search by Semmelman, 14 November 2002.

  118. Bowen, pp. 372-373, 446. Oliver Wendell Holmes,Jr., “Dissent, Abrams v. US 250 U.S. 616,624 (1919), The Mind and Faith of Justice Holmes, ed. Max Lerner (Garden City, NY: Halcyon House, 1943), p. 312. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. “Dissent, U.S. v. Schwimmer 279 U.S. 644, 653 (1928),” The Mind and Faith of Justice Holmes, pp. 327-328. Oliver Wendell Holmes, “For the Court, Schenck vs. U.S. 249 U.S. 47 (1919),” The Mind and Faith of Justice Holmes, p. 296.

  119. Baker, p. 3.

  120. Bowen, p. 187. Holmes, Common Law, p. 340.

  121. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., “Natural Law,” The Mind and Faith of Justice Holmes, p. 395.

  122. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., “The Soldier’s Faith,” The Mind and Faith of Justice Holmes, pp. 18, 20.

  123. Letter, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. to Dean Wigmore, 19 November 1915, as cited by Mark De Wolfe Howe, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes: The Shaping Years 1841-1870 (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1957), p. 25.

  124. Letter, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. to Sir Frederick Pollock, 1 February 1920, Holmes-Pollock Letters: The Correspondence of Mr: Justice Holmes and Sir Frederick Pollock 1874-1932, ed. Mark DeWolfe Howe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1942), Vol. II, p. 36.

  125. Felix Frankfurter, foreword to Holmes-Laski Letters Abridged, ed. by Mark DeWolfe Howe (Clinton, MA: Atheneum, 1963), Vol. I, p. xvi. Letter, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. to Harold]. Laski, 14 June 1922, Holmes-Laski Letters, Vol. I, p. 330.

  126. Letter, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. to Harold J. Laski, 5 August 1926, Holmes-Laski Letters, ed. Mark De Wolfe Howe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1953), Vol. II., p. 862.

  127. Holmes to Laski, 21 May 1927, Holmes-Laski Letters, p. 946.

  128. Members o[ the Supreme Court of the United States. “The People’s Attorney,” at www.library.brandeis.edu. See William E. Hellerstein, “Review of The Forgotten Memoir of John Knox,” at www.law.uchicago.edu. See Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th” ed., s.v. “McReynolds, James Clark.”

  129. Buck v. Bell 274 U.S. 200 (1927).

  130. Buckv. Bell 274 U.S. 200 (1927).

  131. Buck v. Bell 274 U.S. 200 (1927).

  132. Buckv. Bell 274 U.S. 200(1927).

  133. Smith, pp. 16, 179. Lombardo, “Three Generations, No Imbeciles,” p. 61.

  134. Harry H. Laughlin, Eugenical Sterilization: 1926; Historical, Legal, and Statistical Review o[ Eugenical Sterilization in the United States (New Haven, CT: The American Eugenics Society, 1926), p. 60.

  135. Laughlin, Eugenical Sterilization: 1926, pp. 21-22,60. Abraham Myerson et. aI., Eugenical Sterilization: A Reorientation o[ the Problem (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1936), p. 10.

  136. Human Betterment Foundation, Legal Status of Eugenical Sterilization (ca. 1940), Truman D -4-2: 11.

  137. Legal Status of Eugenical Sterilization.

  138. E. Carleton MacDowell, “Charles Benedict Davenport, 1866-1944. A Study of Conflicting Influences,” BIOS Vol. XVII, no. 1, p. 30.

  CHAPTER SEVEN

  1. See US Const, Amend XIX. Margaret Sanger: An Autobiography (W. W. Norton & Company, 1938; New York: Dover Publications, 1971), p. 13.

  2. Ellen Chesler, Women of Valor (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), p. 68.

  3. Sanger, pp. 86-89, 213-215. Also see Chesler, p. 62. Also see Margaret Sanger, The Pivot of Civilization (New York: Brentano’s, 1922), p. 29. See Doris Weatherford, American Women's History, (New York: Prentice Hall General Reference, 1994), pp. 182-183.

  4. Sanger, An Autobiography, pp. 90-92. Also see Chesler, p. 63.

  5. Sanger, An Autobiography, p. 92.

  6. Sanger, An Autobiography, pp. 92-93,107-108, 190, 192-209,292-294. Sanger, Pivot of Civilization, pp. 12, 16,26-27,272-273. Margaret Sanger, “Address,” read at the Thirtieth Annual Meeting luncheon of the Planned Parenthood Federation of America, New York City, 25 October 1950, p. 1: Wellcome Institute, Box 112. David M. Kennedy, Birth Control in America: The Career of Margaret Sanger, (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1970), pp. 256-257.

  7. Sanger, Pivot of Civilization, pp. 14, 18-21, 190-192, 194. Sanger, An Autobiography, p. 308. See also Sanger, An Autobiography, pp. 301-304.

  8. See Planned Parenthood Foundation of America, “Our Founder: Margaret Sanger” at www.plannedparenthood.org.

  9. Sanger, Pivot of Civilization, pp. 101-102. See Julian Huxley, “Towards A Higher Civilization,” Birth Control Review (December, 1930), p. 344. “Editorial,” Birth Control Review (March, 1928), p. 73.

  10. Sanger, Pivot of Civilization, p. 101. Huxley, p. 344.

  11. Sanger, An Autobiography, pp. 376-377. Margaret Sanger, “A Plan for Peace,” Birth Control Review, April 1932, pp. 107-108. Margaret Sanger, excerpt from “Racial Betterment,” The Selected Papers o[ Margaret Sanger: Volume 1: The Woman Rebel, 1900-1928, edited by Esther Katz (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2003), p. 446.

  12. Sanger, Pivot of Civilization, pp. 104, 108-109, 113-117, 120-121, 123.

  13. Sanger, Pivot of Civilization, pp. 109, 112, 116. Margaret Sanger, “Is Race Suicide Probable?” Collier’s, August 15, 1925, p. 25 as selected by Michael W. Perry, ed., The Pivot of Civilization: In Historical Perspective (Seattle, WA: Inkling Books, 2001), p. 176.

  14. Katz, pp. 333-334. Chesler, pp, 343-344. Margaret Sanger Papers Project, “Notes on Sources,” The National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control 1929-1937 at www.nyu.edu. Henry Pratt Fairchild, The Melting-Pot Mistake (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company: 1926), pp. 109-112.

  15. See Roswell H.Johnson, “The Eugenic Aspects of Population Theory,” Birth Control Review, September 1930, pp. 256-258. See Eleanor DwightJones, “Practical Race Betterment,” Birth Control Review, July 1928, pp. 203-204. See American Medicine, “Intelligent or Unintelligent Birth Control?” Birth Control Review, May 1919, p. 12. See Sanger, “Address,” p. 3. See Perry, p. 176.

  16. Victoria C. Woodhull, “The Rapid Multiplication of the Unfit,” as selected by Perry, p. 31.

  17. Sanger, Pivot of Civilization, p. 81.

  18. Sanger, An Autobiography, p. 11.

  19. Sanger, An Autobiography, p. 29.

  20. Sanger, An Autobiography, pp. 107-108.

  21. Stephen S. Wise, “The Synagogue and Birth Control,” Birth Control Review, October 1926, pp. 301-302. Margaret Sanger Papers Project, “ABCL Staff, Officers, and Board Members for 1921-1928,” The American Birth Control League 1921-1939 at www.nyu.edu.

  22. Sanger, Pivot of Civilization, p. 189.

  23. Sanger, Pivot of Civilization, p. 105.

  24. Sanger, Pivot of Civilization, p. 108.

  25. Sanger, Pivot of Civilization, pp. 116-117.

  26. Sanger, Pivot of Civilization, p. 115.

  27. Sanger, Pivot of Civilization, p. 123.

  28. Sanger, Pivot of Civilization, p. 112.

  29. Margaret Sanger, Woman and the New Race (New York: Brentano’s, 1920), Chapter 6.

  30. H. G. Wells, Introduction to Sanger, Pivot of Civilization, p. xvi.

  31. “Intelligent or Unintelligent Birth Control?” Also see Sanger, Woman and the New Race, Chapter 4.

  32. Sanger, Pivot of Civilization, p. 104.

  33. Sanger, Pivot of Civilization, pp. 101-102.

  34. Sanger, Pivot of Civilization, pp. 277, 282. Also see “Principles and Aims of the American Birth Control League,” pamphlet: California State Archives.

  35. Sanger, Woman and the New Race, Chapter 3.

  36. Sanger, Woman and the New Race, Chapter 3.

  37. Letter, Isabelle Keating to Margaret Sanger, 4 January 1932: Margaret Sanger Papers Project. Letter, Margaret Sanger to Isabelle Keating, 15 January 1932: Margaret Sanger Papers Project.

  38. John C. Duvall, “The Pur
pose of Eugenics,” Birth Control Review, December 1924, p. 344: California State Archives.

  39. Sanger, Woman and the New Race, Chapter 7.

  40. Sanger, Woman and the New Race, Chapter 5.

  41. Perry, p. 176.

  42. Lothrop Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color Against White World Supremacy (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1926), pp. 303-304.

  43. Stoddard, pp. 259-260, 306.

  44. Margaret Sanger Papers Project, The American Birth Control League 1921-1939. Letter, Margaret Sanger to Henry F. Osborn, 6 October 1921: APS B:D27 Davenport — Sanger, Margaret. See The American Birth Control League 1921-1939. “Tentative Program,” program of the Sixth International Neo-Malthusian and Birth Control Conference: Truman E-I-I:l.

  45. Eugenics Research Association, Officers and Committee List of the Eugenics Research Association — January 1927 (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Eugenics Research Association, 1927): Truman, ERA Membership Records. Professor Irving Fisher, “A Reply,” Official Proceedings of the Second National Conference on Race Betterment (Battle Creek, MI: The Race Betterment Foundation, 1915).

  46. Letter, Sanger to Osborn, 6 October 1921. Letter, Harry H. Laughlin to Irving Fisher, 26 March 1925: Truman E-l-l:1.

  47. Margaret Sanger Papers Project, “Staff Members, Officers, Board Members, Chairman and Committee Members,” The National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control 1929-1937 at www.nyu.edu. Margaret Sanger Papers Project, “BCFA Staff, Officers, Board and Committee Members,” The Birth Control Federation of America 1939-1942 at www.nyu.edu. Margaret Sanger Papers Project, “Organization of Council,” The Birth Control Council of America 1937 at www.nyu.edu. Margaret Sanger Papers Project, “BCCRB Staff, Officers, Council Members, and Board Members,” The Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau 1928-1939 at www.nyu.edu. Margaret Sanger Papers Project, faxed list of letters berween Margaret Sanger and Henry Pratt Fairchild.

  48. Fairchild, pp. 150,261.

  49. The National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control 1929-1937. The Birth Control Federation of America 1939-1942. The Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau 1928-1939. American Birth Control League, “World Population Conference,” Eugenical News Vol. XII (1927), p. 133. Faxed list of letters berween Margaret Sanger and Henry Pratt Fairchild.

  50. “Tentative Program.”

  51. Roswell H. Johnson, “Population Control by Immigration,” Birth Control Review, February 1932, p. 57. “A Plan for Peace,” pp. 107-108. Katz, p. 446.

  52. See Sanger, Pivot of Civilization, pp. 101-102.

  53. See Sanger, Pivot of Civilization, p. 104. See Margaret Sanger, “An Answer to Mr. Roosevelt,” Birth Control Review, December 1917, as reprinted in Perry, pp. 156-157.

  54. “Eugenics vs. Birth Control,” Eugenical News, Vol. II (1917), p. 73.

  55. Letter, Margaret Sanger to Henry F. Osborn, 6 October 1921: APS B:D27 Davenport-Sanger, Margaret. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Margaret Sanger, 21 October 1921: APS B:D27 Davenport — Sanger, Margaret.

  56. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Margaret Sanger, 13 February 1925:APSB:D27 Davenport — Sanger, Margaret.

  57. Letter, Margaret Sanger to Harry H. Laughlin, 13 March 1925: Truman E-l-l:1. “Tentative Program.” Letter, Margaret Sanger to Harry H. Laughlin, 24 March 1925: Truman E-I-l :l. Letter, Harry H. Laughlin to Margaret Sanger, 26 March 1925: Truman E-I-I:1.

  58. Margaret Sanger, “Editorial,” The Birth Control Review Vol. IX, No.6 (June, 1925), p. 163. See Letter, Paul Popenoe to Madison Grant, 14 April 1928: APS B:D27 Grant, Madison #5. Also see “Birth Control and Eugenics,” Eugenical News Vol. X (1925), p. 58.

  59. “Editorial.” “Birth Control and Eugenics.” See Paul Popenoe and Roswell Hill Johnson, Applied Eugenics, rev. ed. (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1935). Also see “Birth Control and Eugenics,” p. 58.

  60. “Editorial,” pp. 163-164.

  61. “Tenth Annual Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Eugenics Research Association,” Eugenical News Vol. VII (1922), p. 89.

  62. Letter, Leon F. Whitney to Charles B. Davenport, 3 April 1928: APS B:D27 Davenport — Leon Whitney # 1. “Tentative Program.” The National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control 1929-1937. The Birth Control Federation of America 1939-1942. The Birth Control Council of America. The Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau 1928-1939. Also see Chesler, p. 217.

  63. Reverend Albert P. Van Dusen, “Birth Control as Viewed by a Sociologist,” Birth Control Review, May 1924, p. 133.

  64. Duvall, p. 345.

  65. Duvall, p. 345. Van Dusen, p. 134.

  66. Whitney to Davenport, 3 April 1928.

  67. Popenoe to Grant, 14 April 1928.

  68. Popenoe to Grant, 14 April 1928.

  69. Letter, Madison Grant to Leon F. Whitney, 15 April 1928: APS B:D27 — Grant, Madison #5. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Madison Grant, 21 April 1928: APS B:D27 — Grant, Madison #5.

  70. Davenport to Grant, 21 April 1928. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Leon F. Whitney, 5 April 1928: APS B:D27 Davenport — Leon Whitney #1.

  71. Davenport to Whitney, 5 April 1928.

  72. Davenport to Whitney, 5 April 1928.

  73. Letter, Henry Pratt Fairchild to Dr. Harry F. Perkins, 9 February 1933: VT PRA-21. See State of Vermont Department of Buildings and General Services, “Content and Historical Significance of Records,” The Papers of the Eugenics Survey of Vermont at www.bgs.state.vt.us.

  74. Letter, Henry Pratt Fairchild to Dr. Harry F. Perkins, 8 March 1933 : VT PRA-21.

  75. Fairchild to Perkins, 8 March 1933.

  76. Letter, Paul Popenoe to Dr. Harry F. Perkins, 16 May 1933: VT PRA-21.

  77. Popenoe to Perkins, 16 May 1933.

  78. Letter, George Reid Andrews to Members of the Board of Directors, 22 May 1936: VT PRA-21. Letter, Willystine Goodsell to Dr. Harry F. Perkins, 7 June 1936: VT PRA-21.

  79. Sanger, “Address,” p. 1, 3

  80. Sanger, “Address,” pp. 3,4-5.

  81. Sanger, “Address,” p. 5.

  82. Sanger, “Address,” pp. 5-6.

  83. Sanger, “Address,” p. 1. Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc., Books on Planned Parenthood and Related Subjects, circa 1950: Wellcome Institute, Box 112.

  84. Letter, Margaret Sanger to Dr. C.P. Blacker, 5 May 1953: Wellcome Institute Box 112.

  CHAPTER EIGHT

  1. “Death of Dr. Lucien Howe,” Eugenical News, Vol. XIV (1929), p. 16. Frank W. Newell, The American Ophthalmological Society 1864-1989: A Continuation of Wheeler's First Hundred Years (Rochester, Minnesota: American Ophthalmological Society, 1989), pp. 154-155. “The Howe Laboratory of Ophthalmology,” Eugenical News, Vol. XI (1926), p. 144.

  2. “Death of Dr. Lucien Howe.” Eugenics Research Association, Officers and Committee List of the Eugenics Research Association- January 1927 (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Eugenics Research Association, 1927): Truman, ERA Membership Records. “Report of the Committee on Selective Immigration of the Eugenics Committee of the United States of America,” Eugenical News, Vol. XI (1924), p. 21. See “Eugenics Committee of the United States of America,” Eugenical News, Vol. X (1923), p. 5.

  3. Francis Galton, “Eugenics; Its Definition, Scope and Aims,” Nature, Vol. 70 No. 1804 (1904), p. 82. Charles B. Davenport, Eugenics Record Office Bulletin No. 9: State Laws Limiting Marriage Selection Examined in the Light of Eugenics (Cold Spring Harbor, New York: Eugenics Record Office, 1913), pp. 43-66.

  4. Robert Reid Rentoul, Race Culture: Or, Race Suicide? (London: The Walter Scott Publishing Co., Ltd., 1906), pp. 133-141.

  5. Davenport, p. 1. Dr. W.C. Rucker, “More ‘Eugenic Laws,’” The Journal of Heredity, Vol. VI, No.5 (May, 1915), pp. 219, 226.

  6. Letter, Edward M. Van Cleve of The New York Institute for the Education of the Blind to Lucien Howe, 18 February 1918:APS 77 ERO Series V. Letter, Dr. Harry Best to Lucien Howe, 26 February 1918:APS 77 ERO Series v: Eugenics Record Office, “Cost for the Blind,” memorandum, circa 1920:
APS 77 ERO Series V. Letter, Harry H. Laughlin to Lucien Howe, 13 November 1920: APS 77 ERO Series I.

  7. Lucien Howe, “The Relation of Hereditary Eye Defects to Genetics and Eugenics,” The Journal of Heredity, Vol. X, No. 8 (November 1919), p. 318. “Abstracts of Papers,” Eugenical News, Vol. XI (1926), p. 114. “The Blind: Follow-Up Census Survey,” Eugenical News, Vol. V (1920), p. 43.

  8. Letter, The New Era Printing Company to Harry H. Laughlin, 12 December 1918: APS 77 ERO Series V. “The Blind,” Eugenical News, Vol. V (1920), p. 42. “Study of Hereditary Blindness,” Eugenical News, Vol. V (1920), pp. 42-43. “The Blind: Follow-Up Census Survey,” Eugenical News, Vol. V (1920), p. 43. “Science of Hereditary Blindness,” Eugenical News, Vol. V (1920), p. 43. “Prevention of Inherited Blindness,” Eugenical News, Vol. III (1918), p. 64. Letter, Howard J. Banker to Professor George Arps, 6 January 1921: APS 77 ERO Ser. X, HHL Box #3 — Hereditary Blindness Law Research Materials (1921-1928).

  9. Eugenics Record Office, Schedule for Recording First-Hand Pedigree-Data on Hereditary Eye Defect and Blindness, 1921: APS 77 Series V.

  10. Schedule for Recording First-Hand Pedigree-Data. Letter, Harry H. Laughlin to Lucien Howe, 30 March 1920: APS 77 Series I: PDR & Correspondence. Eugenics Record Office, List of School, Etc. For the Blind to Which Questionnaire And Schedule Have Been Sent, circa 1920: APS 77 Series X: Harry H. Laughlin Box #2 -Hereditary Blindness Corresp #2 1918-1927.

  11. Schedule for Recording First-Hand Pedigree-Data. Letter, Laughlin to Howe, 30 March 1920. See annotated List of Fellows of the American Medical Association registered in the Section on Ophthalmology, 1919: APS 77 ERO Series X.

  12. Letter, Banker to Arps, 6 January 1921.

  13. Howe, “Relation of Hereditary Eye Defects to Genetics and Eugenics,” p. 381. Author’s notes on inquiries to Howe Laboratory, American Ophthalmology Society, the National Society for the Prevention of Blindness, the National Eye Institute of the National Institutes of Health, and the Retinitis Pigmentosa Society. Laughlin to Howe, 13 November 1920.

  14. Howe, “Relation of Hereditary Eye Defects to Genetics and Eugenics,” p. 381.