War Against the Weak

by Edwin Black

  26. Mazumdar, pp. 23-24. Kevles, p. 98.

  27. “Editorial Notes”, Eugenics Review Vol. 2 (October 1910), pp. 163-164. Letter, Winston Churchill to unknown recipient, 27 May 1910: PRO HO 144/1085/193548/1.

  28. Darwin, “First Steps Towards Eugenic Reform.”

  29. Darwin, “First Steps Towards Eugenic Reform.” Riddell, p. 17.

  30. Caleb Saleeby, The Progress of Eugenics (London: Cassell, 1914), p. 181, as selected by Perry, p. 133.

  31. Darwin, “First Steps Towards Eugenic Reform.” “The Mental Deficiency Act, 1913,” Eugenics Review Vol.5 (Apr. 1913- Jan. 1914), p. 290, as selected by Perry, p. 148.

  32. Saleeby, “The House of Life.”

  33. Darwin, “First Steps Towards Eugenic Reform.”

  34. Saleeby, “The House of Life.”

  35. Saleeby, “The House of Life.”

  36. “Mental Deficiency Bill,” Eugenics Review Vol. 4 (circa January 1913), p. 420, as selected by Perry, p. 146. R. Langdon-Down, “The Mental Deficiency Bill,” Eugenics Review Vol. 5 (circa April 1913-January 1914), pp. 166-167, as selected by Perry, p. 147.

  37. “The Mental Deficiency Act, 1913,” p. 148. Eugenics Society, “The Sterilization of Mental Defectives,” draft of leaflet, circa 1929: PRO MH58/104A.

  38. Saleeby, The Progress of Eugenics, pp. 188-189, as selected by Perry, p. 134.

  39. “The Mental Deficiency Act, 1913,” p. 290, as selected by Perry, p. 148. “The Mental Deficiency Act,” Eugenics Review Vol. 9 (April 1917 — January 1918), p. 263 as cited by Perry, pp. 148-149.

  40. See Harry H. Laughlin, Eugenical Sterilization in the United States (Chicago: Psychopathic Laboratory of the Municipal Court of Chicago, 1922).

  41. Galton, Memories of My Life, pp. 293-294, 320-321. “Galton Laboratory for National Eugenics and the Biometric Laboratory,” Organized Eugenics, (New Haven, CT: American Eugenics Society), 1931, p. 37. Soloway, Demography and Degenration, p. 163. C. P. Blacker, Eugenics: Galton and After (Westport, CT: Hyperion Press, Inc.), p. 237. Mazumdar, pp. 82, 85.

  42. Letter, Francis Benedict to Karl Pearson, 20 November 1920: UCL, Pearson Papers, 653/2. Letter, Francis Benedict to Karl Pearson, 13 December 1920: UCL, Pearson Papers, 653/2.

  43. Mazumdar, pp. 77, 85-87, 289, 328.

  44. Mazumdar, p. 72. Report of the Committee appointed to consider the Eugenic Aspect of Poor Law Reform, “Section I: The Eugenic Principle in Poor Law Administration,” Eugenic Review Vol.2 (1910-1911) pp. 167-177 as cited by Mazumdar, p. 72. Eugenics Education Society, Third Annual Report (1911), p. 18 as cited by Mazumdar, pp. 71-72.

  45. Maznmdar, pp. 71-72, 133-135,205-207. MacNicol, p 429.

  46. Mazumdar, pp. 72, 73. “Metropolitan Relieving Officers’ Association: Eugenics and the Poor Law,” The Poor-Law Officers’ Journal, 26 September 1913, p. 1217. “Life and Scenes in London #1: ‘Bethnal Green,’” The Nineteenth Century (June 1924) as cited by Casebook: Jack The Ripper at www.casebook.org.

  47. “Metropolitan Relieving Officers’ Association: Eugenics and the Poor Law.”

  48. Mazumdar, pp. 109-121, 124, 125. See “Rothamsted,” at www.nolimits.nmw.ac.uk.

  49. Mazumdar, pp. 125, 126, 137, 142,294.

  50. Letter, Harry H. Laughlin to Harry Olson, 12 October 1923: Truman D-2-3:6. Letter, Harry H. Laughlin to Charles B. Davenport, 22 November 1923: Truman C-2-6:17.

  51. Laughlin to Olson, 12 October 1923.

  52. Generally see David Starr Jordan, War and the Breed: The Relation of War to the Downfall of Nations (Beacon Press 1915).

  53. Jordan.

  54. Jordan. Eugenics Review, Vol. 6, No. 3 (October 1914), pp. 197-198 as cited by Soloway, p. 141.

  55. Letter, Cora Hodson to Elton Mayo, 27 June 1927: Eugenics Society Paper C210, as cited by Mazumdar, pp. 127-128.

  56. Mazumdar, p. 133.

  57. Mazumdar, p. 137. Letter, Cora Hodson to Sir Walter Moley Fletcher, 15 September 1927: PRO FDI/1734.

  58. “Population studies in Edinburgh,” Eugenics Review Vol. 18 (1926-27), pp. 227-230 as cited by Mazumdar p. 137.

  59. Letter, Cora Hodson to Sir Walter Moley Fletcher, 15 September 1927. Letter, Cora Hodson to Miss C. H. Paterson, 8 February 1926: Wellcome Box 112. Mazumdar, pp. 133-137, 142. See Daniel Kevles, In The Name of Eugenics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985), pp. 100-101. See John MacNicol, “The Voluntary Sterilization Campaign in Britain, 1918-39,” The Journal of the History of Sexuality, Vol. 2., No.3 (1992), p. 429.

  60. Caleb Saleeby, “Two Decades of Eugenics,” The Sociological Review 16 July 1924, pp. 251-253 as cited by Perry, p. 135. “History and Survey of the Eugenics Movement, Committee on the,” Organized Eugenics, p. 17.

  61. Letter, Cora Hodson to Irving Fisher, 17 June 1925: Truman C-2-5:6. Letter, Field Secretary to Cora Hodson, 29 June 1925: Truman C-2-5:6.

  62. Letter, Cora Hodson to S. Wayne Evans, 9 June 1931 : Wellcome SA/EUG/E-1.

  63. Letter, Paul M. Kinsie to Harry H. Laughlin, 28 March 1928: Truman C-2-5:6.

  64. Eugenics Education Society, “Minutes of Proceedings at A Meeting held at The Rooms of the Royal Society, Burlington House, London, W. on Tuesday, January 29th, 1924”: Truman D-5-2:13. Harry H. Laughlin, “Eugenics in America,” Eugenics Review, April 1925.

  65. Laughlin, “Eugenics in America.”

  66. Cora Hodson, “Draft of Letter to ‘The Times.’”

  67. “Segregation versus Sterilization,” Eugenical News Vol. X (1925), pp. 2-3.

  68. C. P. Blacker, Eugenics: Galton and After (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1952 reprinted by Westport, CT: Hyperion Press, Inc., 1987), p. 203. “The Sterilization of Mental Defectives.”

  69. Mazumdar, pp. 197, 198. MacNicol pp. 428, 429.

  70. Ministry of Health, “Existing Position in U.K.”: PRO MH 58/104A.

  71. Letter, Ellen Askwith to Neville Chamberlain, 16 February 1929: PRO MH 58/103. Letter, Sir Bernard Mallet to Neville Chamberlain, 18 February 1929: PRO MH 58/103 98826.

  72. Letter, Frederick J. Willis to Leonard Darwin, 8 July 1927: PRO MH 511547. Frederick J. Willis, “Sterilization Bill,” draft attached to letter, 8 July 1927: PRO MH 51/547. Bernard Mallet, “Draft of Sterilization Bill,” circa 1929: PRO MH51/547.

  73. Letter, Lord Riddell to Neville Chamberlain, 27 April 1929: PRO MH 58/103. Riddell, pp. 1, 9,17,20.

  74. Riddell, p. 21.

  75. Mazumdar, p. 204. “Committee for Legalizing Eugenic Sterilization,” circa 1929, pp. 16,28-29: PRO MH 58/103 98826.

  76. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., s.v. “Great Britain.” Riddell, pp. 9, 10, 11.

  77. Soloway, Demography and Degeneration, pp. 163,381 footnote 3. C. P. Blacker, “Eugenics In Prospect and Retrospect,” The Galton Lecture, 1945 (Hamish Hamilton Medical Books, n.d.), p. 18.

  78. Letter, Cora Hodson to Ernst Rüdin, 24 July 1930: Eugenic Society Papers C300 as cited by Mazumdar, p. 205. Ernst Rüdin, “Psychiatrische Indikation zur Sterilisierung,” Das kommende Geschlecht 5 (1929), pp. 1-19: Eugenics Society Papers C300 as cited by Mazumdar, p. 206. Mazumdar, pp. 205,309 footnote 21.

  79. Letter, Cora Hodson to S. Wayne Evans, 11 June 1930: Wellcome SA/EUG/E-1.

  80. Letter, Cora Hodson to Charles B. Davenport, 15 February 1930: APS B:D 27 — IFEO 1930 # 1. See Letter, Cora Hodson to Charles B. Davenport, 25 March 1930: APS B:D 27 -IFEO 1930 #1. See Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Cora Hodson, 31 March 1930: APS B:D 27 — IFEO 1930 #1. See Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Cora Hodson, 13 May 1930: APS B:D 27 — IFEO 1930 #1. See Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Cora Hodson, 13 June 1930: APS B:D 27 — IFEO 1930#1.

  81. Hodson to Davenport, 25 March 1930. Davenport to Hodson, 31 March 1930. Letter, Cora Hodson to Sir Walter Moley Fletcher, 10 April 1930: APS B:D 27 — IFEO 1930 #l.

  82. Davenport to Hodson, 13 May 1930.

  83. Davenport to Hodson, 13 June 1930. “1930 Meeting of International Federation of Eugenic Organization: Programme and Time Table”: Truman C-2-4:3.

&nbs
p; 84. Eric Donaldson, “Operations on Mentally Deficient Patients in the Poor Law Hospital,” pp. 1,4: PRO MH 79/291.

  85. Donaldson, p. 2.

  86. Donaldson, p. 3.

  87. Donaldson, pp. 2 -3.

  88. Donaldson, pp. 2, 3,4. Letter, Eric Donaldson to Hugh MacEwen, 9 August 1930: PRO MH 79/291. MacEwen to Newman, 12 August 1930.

  89. Donaldson, p. l. Letter, Laurence Brock to R. H. H. Keenlyside, 1 August 1930: PRO MH 791291.

  90. Letter, Lionel L. Westrope to the Ministry of Health, 14 October 1930: PRO MH 79/291. “Ambulance Notes,” L.N.E.R. Magazine Vol. 29 No.5 (May, 1939).

  91. MacNicol, pp. 431, 432. Mazumdar, pp. 211, 212. See Casti Connubii: Encyclical of Pope Pius XI on Christian Marriages.

  92. Casti Connubii, section 68.

  93. Casti Connubii, section 70.

  94. Casti Connubii, sections 63, 64. Exodus 20: 13 NIV Study Bible.

  95. Eugenics Society, Sterilization of Mental Defectives, n.p., n.d.: Wellcome SA/EUG/N-32. “Should the Unfit be Sterilized?” newspaper clipping, n.p., n.d.: Wellcome SA/EUG/N-33. ” Committee for Legalizing Sterilization,” p. 16.

  96. MacNicol, pp. 429, 435. Eugenics Society, Annual Report 1931-32, n.p., circa 1932, p. 6: Wellcome SA/EUG/A-24.

  97. MacNicol, p 429. Mazumdar pp. 211, 212.

  98. Letter, Eugenics Society to Michael Pease, 17 August 1931: Wellcome Box 112. “Committee for Legalising Sterilization”, pp. 15-17. Mazumdar, p. 206.

  99. Letter, British Embassy to Sir John Simon, 17 November 1938: Wellcome Box 112. Brock Committee, “Summary of Principal Recommendation,” p. 1: PRO MH 51/210. Mazumdar, p. 203. Brock Committee, “Section 86: The Problem of the Carrier”: PRO MH 51/210.

  100. Mazumdar, pp. 210-211.

  101. Blacker, pp. 303-304. “Population and Its Control,” Eugenical News, Vol. XX (1935), p. 100. “Publication of the State Law: Part I: Given out in Berlin — 25th July 1933, No. 86,” circa 1933: Wellcome Library Box 112.

  CHAPTER TWELVE

  1. Harry Laughlin, secretary, Bulletin #10A: Report of the Committee to Study and to Report on the Best Practical Means of Cutting Off the Defective Germ-Plasm in tbe American Population: l. The Scope of the Committee’s Work (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor, 1914), pp. 1, 9.

  2. See Problems in Eugenics Vol. II: Report of Proceedings of the First International Eugenical Congress (Kingsway, W.C.: Eugenics Education Society, 1913). Caleb W. Saleeby, “The House of Life: The Mental Deficiency Bill,” 22 July 1912. See Laughlin, Bulletin #10A. See Harry H. Laughlin, secretary, Bulletin #10B: Report of the Committee to Study and to Report on the Best Practical Means of Cutting Off the Defective Germ-Plant in the American Population: II. The Legal, Legislative and Administrative Aspects of Sterilization (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor, 1914).

  3. The Eugenics Education Society, “Programme,” Problems in Eugenics Vol. II: Report of Proceedings of the First International Eugenical Congress (Kingsway, W.C.: Eugenics Education Society, 1913), p. 3. “History of the International Organisation of Eugenics,” memorandum circa November 1923, pp. 1-12: Truman C-2-1:2.

  4. “History of the International Organisation of Eugenics,” p. 3.

  5. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Madison Grant, 10 October 1919: APS B:D27 — Grant, Madison #1. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Madison Grant, 2 April 1920: APS B:D27 -Grant, Madison #3. Letter, Madison Grant to Charles B. Davenport, 7 April 1920: APS B:D27 — Grant, Madison #3. Letter, Madison Grant to Charles B. Davenport, 13 April 1920: APS B:D27 — Grant, Madison #3. Letter, Alvey A. Adee to Charles B. Davenport, 5 February 1921: NA 59/250/22/10/3/2620. Letter, C. C. Kimble to Envoy Extraordinary & Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States of America, 17 March 1921: NA 59/250/22/10/3/5459. Letter, Charles S. Hartman to Sr. Dr. Dn. N. Clemente Ponce, 7 June 1921: NA 59/250/22/10/3/5459.

  6. Grant to Davenport, 13 April 1920. Davenport to Grant, 2 April 1920. Lothrop Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1926), p. i. “Second Eugenics Congress,” Eugenical News Vol. VI (1921) p. 65. American Museum of Natural History, “Timeline” at www.amnh.org. Second International Congress of Eugenics, Eugenics, Genetics and the Family: Volume I: Scientific Papers (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Company, 192 3), p. i. Harry H. Laughlin, The Second International Exhibition of Eugenics (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co., 1923), p. 13.

  7. Eugenics, Genetics and the Family: Volume I: Scientific Papers, p. ii. “Second Eugenics Congress,” p. 64. Laughlin, The Second International Erhibition of Eugenics, p. 16. Herny Fairfield Osborn, “Address of Welcome,” Eugenics, Genetics and the Family: Volume I: Scientific Papers, pp. 1,3.

  8. Osborn, p. 2.

  9. Eugenics, Genetics and the Family: Volume I: Scientific Papers, pp. iii-v.

  10. Letter, Hermann Lundborg to Charles B. Davenport, 29 August 1921: APS B:D27. Also See Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Hermann Lundborg, 24 October 1921: APS B:D2 7. Also See Letter, Hermann Lundborg to Charles B. Davenport, 28 November 1921: APS B:D27.

  11. Charles B. Davenport, “Research in Eugenics,” Eugenics, Genetics and the Family: Volume I: Scientific Papers, p. 20.

  12. Laughlin, The Second International Exhibition of Eugenics, pp. 13, 33, 36, 152-153. “II. International Congress of Eugenics,” Eugenical News, Vol. VI (1921), p. 28. Princeton University, “Dodge-Osborn Hall,” at etc.princeton.edu.

  13. Arthur H. Estabrook, “The Second International Eugenics Congress,” speech given to the Indiana Academy of Science, 2 December 1921: Truman E-2-4:9.

  14. “Resolution Passed by the Executive Session of the Second International Congress, September 27,1921,” memorandum, n.d.: Wellcome SA/EUG/E11. “The International Eugenics Commission,” Eugenical News Vol. VI (1921), p. 67. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Dr. Erwin Baur, 30 March 1923: APS B:D2 7 Davenport & Erwin Baur. See “Meeting of International Commission at Lund — 1923” article, n.p., n.d.: Truman C-4-6:19.

  15. “International Commission of Eugenics,” Eugenical News Vol. VII (1922) p. 117. “History of the International Organisation of Eugenics, “ pp. 5-6, 7.

  16. “Personals,” Eugenical News Vol. VIII (1923), p. 94. Letter, John C. Merriam to Charles B. Davenport, 20 June 1923: CIW Genetics: Eugenics Record Office Misc. 2 of 2. “Minutes of the Meetings of the International Commission of Eugenics Held in the Rooms of the Medical Faculty of the University of Lund: Saturday, September 1st” and Monday, September 3rd, 1923,” memorandum: Truman C-2-1 :2.

  17. “History of the International Organisation of Eugenics,” pp. 9, 12. “Report of Sub-Committee on Ultimate Program to be Developed by the Eugenics Society of the United States of America,” Eugenical News, Vol. VIII (1923), p. 73. “Eugenics in India,” Eugenical News Vol. VII (1922), p. 2. “Eugenics in Japan,” Eugenical News Vol. VII (1922), p. 104.

  18. “Meeting of International Commission at Lund — 1923,” n.p. n.d. article: Truman C-4-6:19. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Dr. Erwin Baur, 30 March 1923: APS B:D27 — Davenport & Erwin Baur. Letter, Leonard Darwin to Herman Lundborg, 21 November 192 5: APS B:D27. Dr. Timothy Holian, “The German Hyperinflation of 1923: A Seventy-Fifth Anniversary Retrospective,” at www.mwsc.edu. “Resolution Passed by the Executive Session of the Second International Eugenics Congress,” p. 3.

  19. “The International Commission of Eugenics,” minutes of 14 July 1925 meeting: Truman C-2-5:6. See “Eugenics in the University of Padua,” Eugenical News Vol. X(I925), p. 164. See “Eugenical Sterilization in Denmark,” Eugenical News Vol. X (1925), p. 178. See “The International Federation of Eugenic Organizations,” Eugenical News Vol. XI (1926), p. 100. See “Immigration to Norway,” Eugenical News Vol. XI (1926), p. 139.

  20. “The International Commission of Eugenics.”

  21. “Memorandum of the Objects of the International Federation of the Eugenics Organizations,” circa September 1928: APS B:D27 — IFEO 1928 #2.

  22. “Seventh Meeting of the International Commission of Eugenics,” Eugen
ical News Vol. X (1925), p. 117. “International Federation of Eugenic Organizations,” Eugenical News Vol. XII (1927), p. 153. “Memorandum of the Objects of the International Federation of the Eugenics Organizations.”

  23. Bent Sigurd Hansen, “Something Rotten in the State of Denmark: Eugenics and the Ascent of the Welfare State,” in Eugenics and the Welfare State, edited by Gunnar Broberg and Nils Roll-Hansen (East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 1996), pp. 44, 51. See Nils Roll-Hansen, “Conclusion: Scandinavian Eugenics in the International Context,” in Broberg and Roll-Hansen, p. 268. See William H. Schneider, “The Eugenics Movement in France, 1890-1940,” in The Wellborn Science, edited by Mark B. Adams (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 80-83. “Pan’s Plans,” Eugenical News, Vol. IX (1924), p. 80.

  24. “Belgium Society of Eugenics,” Eugenical News Vol. V (1920), p. 63. “Revue D’Eugenique,” Eugenical News Vol. VI (1921), p. 43. “Societe Belge D’Eugenique,” Eugenical News Vol. V (1920), p. 54.

  25. “Revue D’Eugenique,” p. 43. “Societe Belge D’Eugenique,” p. 54. “Belgium Society of Eugenics,” p. 63. “Foreign Notes,” Eugenical News Vol. VI (1921), p. 72.

  26. “Belgian Eugenics Society,” Eugenical News, Vol. VII (1922), p. 14. “Dr. Alben Govaerts of Belgium,” Eugenical News, Vol. VII (1922), p. 64. “The New Belgian Eugenics Office,” Eugenical News, Vol. VII (1922), p. 92. “National Office of Eugenics in Belgium,” Eugenical News, Vol. VII (1922), p. 120. “The Hereditary Factor in the Etiology of Tuberculosis,” Eugenical News, Vol. VIII (1923), p. 32.

  27. “Prenuptial Examinations in Belgium, Luxemburg and Germany,” Eugenical News, Vol. XII (1927), p. 114. “The New Belgian Eugenics Office,” p. 92. Letter, Harry H. Laughlin to Dr. Alben Govaerts, 18 July 1923: Truman C-4-6: 19. Letter, Harry H. Laughlin to Charles B. Davenpon, 22 November 1923: Truman C-2-6:14. Letter, Harry H. Laughlin to Charles B. Davenpon, 26 November 1923: Truman C-2-6:17.

  28. Angus McLaren, Our Own Master Race: Eugenics in Canada, 1885–1945 (Toronto, Ontario: McClelland & Stewart, Inc.), pp. 43, 47,107, 181 f74. National Council of Women, 13th Report (Toronto, Ontario: Johnstone, 1907), pp. 56,58 as cited by McLaren, p. 38. R. W. Bruce Smith, “Mental Sanitation,” Canada Lancet, Vol. 41 (1907-1908), p. 976 as cited by McLaren, p. 42. F. McKevley Bell, “Social Maladies,” Queen’s Quarterly Vol. 16 (1908-09), p. 52 as cited by McLaren, p. 52.