by Edwin Black
7. See Eugenical News, Vol. vrn (1923).
8. “Eugenical Notes,” Eugenical News Vol. VIII (1923), p. 22. “Archiv Für Rassen Und Gesellschafts-Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. IX (1924), p. 51. “Notes and News,” Eugenical News Vol. IX (1924), p. 64. “Archiv Fuer Rassen- U. Gesellschafts-Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. X (1925), p. 31. “Archiv Fuer Rassen-U. Gesellschafts-Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. X (1925), p. 88. “Archiv Fuer Rassen- Und Gesellschafts-Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. X (1925), p. 152. “Archiv Fuer Rassen- U. Gesellschafts-Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. XI (1926), p. 9. “Archiv Fuer Rassen- U. Gesellschafts-Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. XI (1926), p. 41. “Archiv Fuer Rassen- U. Gesellschafts-Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. XI (1926), p. 92. “Archiv Fuer Rassen- U. Gesellschafts-Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. XI (1926), p. 134. “Archiv Fuer Rassen- U. Gessellschafts-Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. XII (1927), p. 31. “Current Periodicals,” Eugenical News Vol. XII (1927), p. 64. “Archiv Fuer Rassen- U. Gesellschafts-Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. XII (1927), p. 91. “Archiv Fuer Rassen- U. Gesellschafts-Biologie,” Eguenical News Vol. XII (1927), p. 180. “Archiv Fuer Rassen- U. Gesellschafts-Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. XIII (1928), p. 32. “Current Periodicals,” Eugenical News Vol. XIII (1928), p. 72. “Current Periodicals,” Eugenical News Vol. XIII (1928), p. 104. “Current Periodicals,” Eugenical News Vol. XIII (1928), p. 162. “Current Periodicals,” Eugenical News Vol. XIV (1929), p. 32. “Current Periodicals,” Eugenical News Vol. XIV (1929), p. 48. “Archiv Fuer Rassen- U. Gesellschafts-Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. XIV (1929), p. 88. “Archiv Fuer Rassen- U. Gesellschafts-Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. XIV (1929), p. 126. “Archiv Für Rassen- Und Gesellschafts-Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. XV (1930), p. 16. “Archiv Für Rassen- Und Gesellschafts-Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. XV (1930), p. 88. “Archiv Für Rassen- Und Gesellschafts-Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. XV (1930), p. 132. “Archiv Für Rassen- Und Gesellschafts-Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. XVI (1931), p. 184. “Archiv Für Rassen- Und Gesellschafts-Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. XVII (1932), p. 30.
9. Fritz Lenz, “Eugenics in Germany,” trans. Paul Popenoe, Journal of Heredity Vol. XV No.5 (May, 1924), pp. 223-231. “Race Hygiene,” Eugenical News, Vol. IX (1924), p. 86.
10. “Berlin (From Our Regular Correspondent),” Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 82, No. 21 (May 1924), pp. 1709, 1710.
11. “Are the Gifted Families in America Maintaining Themselves?” Eugenical News Vol. XI (1926), pp. 2-4.
12. “Anthropology Iconography,” Eugenical News Vol. XI (1926), p. 144. Paul J. Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 310-311.
13. “Current Periodicals,” Eugenical News Vol. XII (1927), p. 64.
14. “Races of Central Europe,” Eugenical News Vol. IX (1924), p. 34. “Archiv Fuer Rassen- Und Gesellschafts-Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. X (1925), p. 152. “Archiv F. Rassen-U. Gesellschafts-Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. XII (1927), p. 180. “Noses and Ears,” Eugenical News Vol. XIV (1929), p. 55.
15. Nobel Museum, “The Foundation of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research,” at www.nobel.se. Nobel Museum, “The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918” at www.nobel.se. Nobel Museum, “The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1936” at www.nobel.se. Nobel Museum, “The Nobel Prize in Physics 1918” at www.nobel.se. Nobel Museum, “The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921” at www.nobel.se. Memorandum, Charles B. Davenport to Cora Hodson, 27 October 1928: APS B:D27 — IFEO 1928 #2.
16. Marthias M. Weber, “Psychiatric Research and Science Policy in Germany. The History of the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Psychiatrie (German Institute for Psychiatric Research) in Munich from 1917 to 1945,” History of Psychiatry xi (2000), p. 239. See Paul J. Weindling, “From Philanthropy to International Science Policy: Rockefeller Funding of Biomedical Sciences in Germany 1920-1940,” in Nicolaas A. Rupke, ed., Science, Politics and the Public Good: Essays in Honor of Margaret Gowing (New York: Macmillan Press, 1988), p. 131.
17. Angus Rae, “Osler Vindicated: The Ghost of Flexner Laid to Rest,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 164 (13) 26 June 2001, p. 1860. Weindling, “From Philanthropy to International Science Policy: Rockefeller Funding of Biomedical Sciences in Germany 1920-1940,” p. 121. See Abraham Flexner, Medical Education in Europe: A Report to the Carnegie Foundation (1912). See Nancy Rockefeller, “The Flexner Report in Context,” at www.library.ucsf.edu.
18. See Abraham Flexner, Prostitution in Europe (New York: The Century Company, 1914). Weindling, “From Philanthropy to International Science Policy: Rockefeller Funding of Biomedical Sciences in Germany 1920-1940,” pp. 121, 123. Kristie Macrakis, Surviving the Swastika: Scientific Research in Nazi Germany (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 18-22. Paul J. Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 324-325.
19. Weindling, “From Philanthropy to International Science Policy,” pp. 123, 124-125, 127,128. Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945, p. 335.
20. Rockefeller Archives, “History,” Vol. 15, p. 3794 as cited by Weindling, “From Philanthropy to International Science Policy,” pp. 124-125, 127.
21. Weindling, “From Philanthropy to International Science Policy,” pp. 126-127. Letter, Fritz Haber to Friedrich Schmidt-Ott, 6 March 1923: BAB R 73, Akte 217 (Notgemeinschaft der deutschen Wissenschaft — now: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft). Letter from E. Uhlenbruch to Friedrich Schmidt-Ott, 22 March 1923: BAB R 73, Akte 217 (Notgemeinschaft der deutschen Wissenschaft-now: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft).
22. “VII. Bericht iiber die Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Psychiatrie (Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut) in München zur Stiftungsratssitzung am 5. Februar 1927,” Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psycbiatrie, p. 344: BAB R 1501, Akte 126 789, Blatt 148-150. Author’s communication with Paul Weindling, 23 January 2003.
23. Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945, p. 336. Weber, pp. 250, 251. Robert N. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), p. 112.
24. Matthais M. Weber, Ernst Rüdin: Eine Kritische Biographie (Berlin: J. Springer-Verlag, 1993). Proctor, p. 17. Also see Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945, pp. 72, 150, 185-186.
25. Weindling, Health, Roce and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945, pp. 384, 385.
26. “The German Genetic Association,” Journal of Heredity, Vol. XIII No. 5 (May 1922), p. 200. “Notes and News,” Eugenical News Vol. IX (1924), p. 56. “Heredity of Insanity,” Eugenical News Vol. IX (1924), p. 83. “The Genealogical Section of the Psychiatric Institute of Munich,” Eugenical News Vol. X (1925), p. 118. “Berlin (From Our Regular Correspondent),” Journal of the American Medical Association Vol. 94 No.3 (Dec. 1929), p. 201.
27. “Meeting of International Federation of Eugenic Organizations,” Eugenical News Vol. XIII (1928), pp. 129, 131. “Membership and Organization of the International Federation of Eugenic Organizations,” Eugenical News Vol. XV (1930), p. 168. “The International Federation of Eugenics Organizations,” Eugenical News Vol. XVIII (1933), p. 16.
28. “Fifth International Congress of Genetics,” Eugenical News Vol. XII (1927), p. 152.
29. “Fifth International Congress of Genetics,” p. 152. Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945, p. 435.
30. “Fifth International Congress of Genetics,” p. 150, 152. Fifth International Congress, “Program,” p. 4: APS B:D27 — International Congress of Genetics 5th and 6th. William E. Seildeman, “Science and Inhumanity: The Kaiser-Wilhelm/Max Planck Society,” If Not Now an e-journal Vol. 2 (Winter 2000), at www.soec.at. Invitation to Charles B. Davenport from Fif
th International Congress of Genetics: APS B:D27 — International Congress of Genetics 5’” and 6”‘·. Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945, p. 436.
31. "Fifth International Congress of Genetics,” pp. 150,152. Fifth International Congress, “Program,” pp. 9-11, 22-23.
32. “Fifth International Congress of Genetics,” pp. 150,152. “Program,” pp. 12-19. Fifth International Congress of Genetics, “List of the Papers Announced at the Congress,” n.p., n.d., pp. 7-13: APS B:D27 — International Congress of Genetics 5th and 6th. Invitation to Charles B. Davenport from Fifth International Congress of Genetics.
33. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Eugen Fischer, 5 October 1926: APS B:D27 — Fischer. “Fifth International Congress of Genetics,” p. 152. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Hermann Muckermann, 6 October 1928: APS B:D27 -Davenport — Muckermann, Dr. H. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Eugen Fischer, 3 October, 1928 and attached letter, Charles B. Davenport to Eugen Fischer: APS B:D27 -IFEO 1928 #2. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Eugen Fischer, 4 December 1928: APS B:D27 -Fischer.
34. Hans-Walter Schmuhl, Hirnforschung und Krankenmord, Das Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Hirnforschung 1937-1945, (Berlin: 2000). “Cécile and Oskar Vogt: On the Occasion of her 75th and his 80th Birthday,” Neurology Vol. I No.3 (May-June 1951), pp. 183, 184. Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, “History” at www.mdc-berlin.de. Tage Kemp, “To The Rockefeller Foundation: Report of visits to various Institutes, Laboratories, etc. for Human Genetics in Europe.” July-October 1934), pp. 59-60: RF 1.2/713/2/16. Letter, Norma S. Thompson to Adolf von Harnack, 24 May 1929: RF 1.1 717 10 64. Letter, George J. Beal to Adolf von Harnack, 4 June 1929: RF 1.1 717 1064. Review of recommendation on the Kaiser WIlhelm Institute for Brain Research, 22 May 1929: RF 1.1 717 10 64. Review of appropriations to the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research, 9 May 1932: RF 1.1 717 1064.
35. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Wickliffe Draper, 23 February 1926: APS B:D27-Davenport — W. P. Draper #1. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Wickliffe Draper, 15 March 1926: APS B:D 27 — W.P. Draper #1.
36. Davenport to Draper, 23 February 1926. Davenport to Draper, 15 March 1926. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Cora Hodson, 18 March 1926: APS B:D27 — Davenport: Int’I Fed of Eugenic Orgs.
37. Charles B. Davenport and Morris Steggerda, Race Crossing in Jamaica (Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1929), pp. 3,4, 9.
38. See Edwin Black, IBM and the Holocaust (New York: Crown Publishers, 2001), Chapter II.
39. Generally see Black, especially Chapters II, III, IV, and V.
40. Hermann Krüger, “Das Hollerith-Lochkarten-Verfahren im Fursorgewesen,” Hollerith Nachrichten 47 (March 1935), pp. 615, 618. “Secret Report: PW Intelligence Bulletin No. 2/57,” April 25, 1945, p. 1: CSDIC. Davenport and Steggerda, p. 4. See Black, Chapter II. See “Report of the Advisory Committee on the Eugenics Record Office,” circa 1935: Truman C-2-2 :2.
41. “List of data for Columns of Hollerith Cards,” memorandum circa 1926: APS B:D27 -Davenport — Draper Fund for Race Crossing #2. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Morris Steggerda, 8 April 1927: APS B:D27 — April #3 Davenport — Steggerda.
42. Generally see Black, especially Chapters IV, V, VII, and VIII.
43. See Davenport and Steggerda. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Eugen Fischer, 17 February 1927: APS B:D27 — Fischer. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Cora Hodson, 23 February 1927: APS B:D27 -Davenport: Int’l Federation of Eugenic Orgs. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Hermann Lundborg, 17 May 1928: APS B:D27.
44. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Henry L. Bolley, 14 November 1928: APS B:D27-Committee on Race Crossing. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Bennet Allen, 14 November 1928: APS B:D27 — Committee on Race Crossing. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Trevor Kincaid, 14 November 1928: APS B:D27 — IFEO Committee on Race Crossing #3. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to W.E. Bryan, 14 November 1928: APS B:D27 -Committee on Race Crossing. Letter, J.P. Anderson to Charles B. Davenport, 20 March 1929: APS B:D27 — Committee on Race Crossing. Letter, Raymond Bellamy to Charles B. Davenport, 17 January 1928: APS B:D27 -Committee on Race Crossing.
45. Letter, Bellamy to Davenport, 17 January 1928. Letter, W. E. Bryan to Charles B. Davenport, 10 January 1929: APS B:D27 — Committee on Race Crossing. Letter, J. S. Blitch to Charles B. Davenport, 10 January 1929: APS B:D27 -Committee on Race Crossing. Letter, B. M. Allen to Charles B. Davenport, 5 December 1929: APS B:D27 — Committee on Race Crossing. Letter, Henry Bolley to Charles B. Davenport, 21 November 1928: APS B:D27 -Committee on Race Crossing.
46. “Form Letter” circa February 1929: APS B:D27 — IFEO Committee on Race Crossing #3. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to E. A. Arce, 28 February 1929: APS B:D27 — IFEO Committee on Race Crossing #3.
47. Letter, Halfdan Bryn to Charles B. Davenport, 4 April 1929: APS B:D27 — IFEO Committee on Race Crossing #3. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Halfdan Bryn, 19 April 1929: APS B:D27 — IFEO Committee on Race Crossing #3. Letter, V. Bunak to Charles B. Davenport, 20 March 1929: APS B:D27 — IFEO Committee on Race Crossing #3. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to v: Bunak, 18 April 1929: APS B:D27 — IFEO Committee on Race Crossing #3. Letter, G. Arnold to Charles B. Davenport, 4 April 1929: APS B:D27 — IFEO Committee on Race Crossing #3. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to G. Arnold, 10 May 1929: APS B:D27 — IFEO Committee on Race Crossing #3. Letter, A. de Assis to Charles B. Davenport, 28 March 1929: APS B:D27 — IFEO Committee on Race Crossing #3. Letter, Davidson Black to Charles B. Davenport, I April 1927: APS B:D27 — IFEO Committee on Race Crossing #3. Letter, H. J. V.: Bijlmer to Charles B. Davenport, 24 April 1929: APS B:D27 — IFEO Committee on Race Crossing #3. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to H. J. V: Bijlmer, 27 June 1929: APS B:D27 — IFEO Committee on Race Crossing #3. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to F. W. Caine, 8 July 1929: APS B:D27 — IFEO Committee on Race Crossing #3. Letter, E. Lucas Bridges to Charles B. Davenport, 15 May 1929: APS B:D27 — IFEO Committee on Race Crossing #3. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to E. Lucas Bridges, 9 july 1929: APS B:D27 — IFEO Committee on Race Crossing #3. Letter, H. Beroot to Charles B. Davenport, 9 March 1929: APS B:D27 — IFEO Committee on Race Crossing #3.
48. Letter, Prescott Childs to Charles B. Davenport, 30 April 1929: APS B:D27 — IFEO Committee on Race Crossing #3. Letter, C.C. Hanson to Charles B. Davenport, 8 May 1929: APS B:D27 — IFEO Committee on Race Crossing #3. Letter, Charles H. Albrecht, 14 May 1929: APS B:D27 — IFEO Committee on Race Crossing #3. Letter, Harry E. Carlson to Charles B. Davenport, 29 May 1929: APS B:D27 — IFEO Committee on Race Crossing #3. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to the American Consul in Magallanes, Chile: APS B:D27 — IFEO Committee on Race Crossing #3. Letter, Lewis V. Boyle to Charles B. Davenport, 2 May 1929: APS B:D27 — IFEO Committee on Race Crossing #3.
49. Letter, Eugen Fischer to Charles B. Davenport, 19 July 1929: APS B:D27 — Fischer. “The Meeting of the International Federation of Eugenic Organizations,” p. 156.
50. “The Meeting of the International Federation of Eugenic Organizations,” p. 154.
51. “The Meeting of the International Federation of Eugenic Organizations,” pp. 155,157.
52. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Eugen Fischer, 2 December 1929: APS B:D27. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Alfred Ploetz, 1 October 1932: APS B:D27 — Ploetz, Alfred.
53. Letter, Eugen Fischer to Charles B. Davenport, 22 December 1929: APS B:D27. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Eugen Fischer, 3 February 1930. Charles B. Davenport and Eugen Fischer, “Studies on Human Race Crossings,” memorandum circa 1930: APS B:D27.
54. Letter, F. Schmidt-Ott to Edmund E. Day, 20 September 1929: RF 1.1 717 20 187.
55. Schmidt-Ott to Day, 20 September 1929.
56. “Progress Report: Grant to Notgemeinschaft for Anthropological Studies of the Population of Germany,” 10 June 1933: RF 1.1 717 20 187. “Action RF 29137- Anthropological Investigation of the German People,” memorandum of 2 October 1933: RF 1.1 717 20 187. Letter, Norma S. Thompson to
Dr. F. Schmidt-Ott, 14 November 1929: RF 1.1 717 20 187. Letter, Edmund E. Day to Dr. F. Schmidt-Ott, 27 November 1929: RF 1.1 717 20 187. Letter, George J. Beal to R. Letort, 6 December 1929: RF 1.1 717 20 187. Letter, R. Letort to George J. Beal, 6 January 1930: RF 1.1 717 20 187. Letter, Dr. F. Schmidt-Ott to Edmund E. Day, 5 September 1929: RF 1.1 717 20 187.
57. “Archiv Für Rassen-u. Gesellschafts Biologie,” Eugenical News, Vol. XV (1930), p. 152. “Jews in West Africa,” Eugenical News, Vol. XV (1930), pp. 142-143. “Books on Human Heredity,” Eugenical News, Vol. XV (1930), p. 143. Gary D. Stark, Entrepreneurs of Ideology (Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 1981), p. 223. “Ninth Meeting of the International Federation of Eugenic Organizations,” Eugenical News, Vol. XV (1930), p. 162.
58. Ernst Rüdin, “Hereditary Transmission of Mental Diseases,” Eugenical News Vol. XV (1930), pp. 171-174.
59. “Hereditary Transmission of Mental Diseases,” pp. 172, 174.
60. Memorandum, from D.P. O’Brien to Alan Gregg, 10 November 1933: RF .1.1 717 9 46.
61. “Memo for Officer’s Action: Forschungsanstalt Für Psychiatrie,” memorandum circa December 1933: RF 1.1 717 956. Letter, Thomas B. Appleget to Benson Y. Landis, 23 February 1934: RF 1.1 717 956. Memorandum, D.P. O’Brien to Alan Gregg, 27 November 1934: RF 1.1 717956. “University of Copenhagen -Institute of Human Genetics,” memorandum, June 1939: RF 1.1 Ser 713A Box 2 Folder 15. Letter, Tage Kemp to The Rockefeller Foundation, 17 November 1932: RF 1.2 Ser 713 Box 2 Folder 15.
62. “From HAS’ diary: June 4, 1931,” inter-office correspondence: RF 1.1 Ser 100 Box 40 Folder 365.
63. Erwin Baur, Eugen Fischer and Fritz Lenz, Human Heredity, 3rd Ed., trans. Eden & Cedar Paul (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1931), pp. 677, 680, 681.
64. “Heredity and Eugenics,” Eugenical News Vol. XVI (1931), pp. 220-221.
65. See Kershaw, pp. 336-337.
