War Against the Weak

by Edwin Black

  10. Direct testimony of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4197-4199. Edwin Katzen-Ellenbogen, “The Detection of a Case of Simulation of Insanity By Means of Association Tests,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology Vol. VI (1911), p. 19. See Massachusetts Department of Correction, “People Executed by Electrocution in Massachusetts,” at www.state.ma.us.

  11. Direct testimony of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4198-4199. “A Critical Essay on Mental Tests in Their Relation to Epilepsy,” Epilepsia Vol. 4 (1913), pp. 130, 140. Edwin Katzen-Ellenbogen, “The Mental Efficiency in Epileptics,” Epilepsia Vol. 3 (Dec 1912), p. 504.

  12. Direct examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4198-4199.

  13. Direct examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4199,4200. Edwin Katzen-Ellenbogen,”A Critical Essay on Mental Tests in Their Relation to Epilepsy,” p. 130. Active Membership Accession List.

  14. Direct examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, p. 4200. Letter, Pilat to the High American Military Court, 20 September 1947. Letter, Olga Heide-Pilat to General Handy, 7 August 1951: NA RG 496/457. Letter, “Edwin Katzen Ellenbogen” to the Prison Director of Landsberg, 7 January 1950: NA RG 496/457. Letter, “Owner of the Bourgemeister Madonna” to Katzen-Ellenbogen, 31 August 1947: NA RG 496/457.

  15. Letter, “Owner of a copy of Bourgemeister Madonna” to Katzen-Ellenbogen, 31 August 1947. Letter, Krantz to “Katzenellenbogen,” 15 August 1947.

  16. Letter, Pilat to “The High American Military Court,” 20 September 1947. Deposition of Edwin Katzen-Ellenbogen, 13 April 1948, p. 3. Letter, Olga Pilat to the Chief Commander of EUCOM, 5 June 1951: NA RG 496/457. Affadavit, Axel and Jan Helge Heide, 20 February 1950: NA RG 496/457.

  17. Direct examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, p. 4200.

  18. Direct examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4200, 4201-4202.

  19. Direct examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4203-4205.

  20. Direct examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4204,4205.

  21. David A. Hackett, ed. and trans., The Buchenwald Report (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995), pp. 112-115.

  22. Kogon, pp. 155, 157, 172. Opening statement of the prosecution, United States of America v. Karl Brandt et al. at www.ess.uwe.ac.uk. Testimony of M. Dubost, “The Trial of German Major War Criminals, Forty-Fifth Day: Tuesday 29th January 1946,” at www.nizkor.org. The Buchenwald Report, p. 79. Buchenwald Camp: The Report of a Parliamentary Delegation, April 1945, p. 6: NA RG 496/290/59/14/1-5 Box #440. Kogon, p. 172.

  23. “Statement by a Jewish-Christian Prisoner,” p. 5: PRO FO 371/21757. Buchenwald Camp: The Report of a Parliamentary Delegation, p. 6. “Buchenwald Atrocities,” at www.scrapbook-pages.com. The Buchenwald Report, pp. 238-239. See Johannes Tuchel, Die Inspektion der Konzentrations-Lager: Das System des Terrors: 1938-1945, p. 100.

  24. The Buchenwald Report, p. 113. Wood, pp. 2, 3, 4. Buchenwald Camp: The Report of a Parliamentary Delegation, p. 6. “George Vanier: Canadian diplomat reports his experience,” 27 April 1945 at www.nizkor.org. “The Trial of German Major War Criminals, Forty-Fifth Day: Tuesday 29th January 1946.” Cross-examination of Biermann, U.S. v. Josias Prince Zu Waldeck et. al., p. 549. Cross-examination of Wilhelm, U.S. v. Josias Prince Zu Waldeck et. al., p. 4447. Memorandum to Commanding General, Third U.S. Army, 25 May 1945 at www.nizkor.org. Direct examination of Sitte, U.S. v. Josias Prince Zu Waldeck et. al., pp. 365-366.

  25. Nuremberg Military Tribunal Volume V, p. 973.

  26. Buchenwald Camp: The Report of a Parliamentary Delegation, p. 7.

  27. PW Intelligence Bulletin No. 21, 20 December 1944 at www.lib.uconn.edu/DoddCenter. Deposition of Isaak Egon Oschshom, 5 September 1945 at www.lib.uconn.edu/DoddCenter. Direct examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, p. 4206. Deposition of Erich Kather, 9 May 1947: NA RG 496/290/59/14/1-7 Box #435. Direct examination of Hom, pp. 905-906. Direct examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, p. 4284, 4294-4296. Direct examination of Siebeneichler, pp. 2318-2319. Cross-examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, p. 4371. Photograph of Katzen-Ellenbogen.

  28. Direct examination of Hom, pp. 898-899. Direct examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4207-4210,4214,4237-4238,4244. Affidavit of August Bender, 3 April 1948: NA RG 496/45 7. Affidavit of August Bender, 20 February 1950: NA RG 496/290/59/14/1-5 Box #457.

  29. Direct examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4209, 4214, 4241, 4244, 4245. Cross-examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4371, 4386. Direct examination of Siebenichler, p. 2320. Statement of Hummelsheim, p. 2. Direct examination of Hom, p. 912. Testimony of Berthold, p. 17.

  30. Direct examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4238-4239.

  31. Direct examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4238-4239.

  32. Direct examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4240-4241. The Buchenwald Report, p. 42.

  33. Direct examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, p. 4239.

  34. Direct examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4225,4226,4273-4275. Statement of Hummelsheim, p. 2. Direct examination of Hom, pp. 897-898, 907-911. Cross-examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, p. 4355. Smith, p. 2. Recross examination of Kogon, U.S. v. Josias Prince Zu Waldeck et. al., p. 946.

  35. Cross-examination of Kogon, U.S. v. Jonas Prince Zu Waldeck et. al., p. 939. Redirect examination of Hom, U.S. v. Josias Prince Zu Waldeck et. al., p. 915.

  36. Direct examination of Edwin Katzen-Ellenbogen, p. 4223.

  37. Direct examination of Challe, p. 438. Cross-examination of Challe, U.S. v. Jonas Prince Zu Waldeck et. al., p. 439.

  38. Smith, p. 3.

  39. Cross-examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4361-4632.

  40. Jens-Christian Wagner, Das KZ Mittelbau-Dora (Wallstein Verlag, 2001), p. 53. United States Holocaust Museum, “Dora-Mittelbau,” at www.ushmm.org. The Buchenwald Report, pp. 219-220.

  41. Cross-examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4340-4341, 4342-4343.

  42. Cross-examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, p. 4343.

  43. Statement of Hummelsheim, p. 2. Direct examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4278-4281.

  44. Kogon, pp. ix, x. Opening statement of the prosecution, United States of America v. Karl Brandt et al. Re-direct examination of Kogon, U.S. v. Jonas Prince Zu Waldeck et. al., p. 948. Generally see Eugen Kogon et. aI., Terror und Gewaltkriminalität: Herausforderung für den Rechtsstaat: Diskussionsprotokoll Reihe Hessen-forum. Generally see Eugen Kogon, Die Stunde der Ingenieure: technolog. Intelligenz u. Politik.

  45. Direct testimony of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4232,4300. Kogon, The Theory and Practice of Hell, pp. 229-230. “Extracts from the Affidavit of Waldemar Hoven 24 October 1946, Concerning the Killing of Inmates by Phenol and Other Means,” at www.mazal.org. Cross-examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4344-4345, 4352. Re-direct of Katzen-Ellebogen, p. 4387. Statement of Katzen-Ellenbogen, p. 4397.

  46. Direct examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, p. 4245. Cross-examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4344-4345, 4352. The Buchenwald, pp. 225, 319-320.

  47. Cross-examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, p. 4352.

  48. Cross-examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4352-4353.

  49. Robert Jay Lifton, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Kjlling and the Psychology of Genocide (New York: Basic Books, 1986), p. 362. Author’s communication with Dr. Harry Stein.

  50. Direct examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4228,4243-4244. Author’s interview with Dr. Harry Stein, 20 January 2003.

  51. Letter, Andre Simonart to Edwin Katzen-Ellenbogen, 2 May 1948: NA RG496/457. Letter, Andre Simonart to Edwin Katzen-Ellenbogen, 18 May 1947: NA RG 496/290/59/14/1-5 Box #434. Affidavit of August Bender, 20 February 1950. Direct examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, p. 4214. Direct examination of Siebeneichler, pp. 2323-2324. Statement of Edwin Katzen-Ellenbogen, p. 4401. List of exhibits for Katzen-Ellenbogen trial: NA RG 496/290/59/14/1-5 Box #439. Direct examination of Horn, p. 900.

  52. Direct examination of Sitte, p. 363. Author’s interview with Dr. Harry Stein. “RuSHA Case: Introduction,” at www.mazal.org. Direction examination of Horn, p. 897. See “A. Forced Germanization of Enemy Nationals,” at www.mazal.org.

  53. Dire
ct examination of Horn, p. 897.

  54. Direct examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, p. 4271.

  55. Cross-examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, p. 4328.

  56. Direct examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, p. 4302.

  57. Redirect of Kogon, p. 943.

  58. Cross-examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, p. 4349.

  59. Cross-examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, p. 4373.

  60. Cross-examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4373-4374.

  61. Cross-examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4393-4394.

  62. Cross-examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, p. 4400.

  63. Statement of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4400-4401.

  64. Smith, p. 1. “The Guilty.”

  65. Opening statement of the prosecution, U.S. v. Jorias Prince Zu Waldeck et. al., p. 43. “Review and Recommendations of the Deputy Judge Advocate for War Crimes,” p. 60: NA RG 496/290/59/14/1-5 Box #433.

  66. Smith, pp. 1-2.

  67. “Appraisal of Petition for Clemency,” 25 March 1953: NARG 496/457. Smith, pp. 2, 3. Statement, Katzen-Ellenbogen to the 7708 War Crime Group. Letter, “Edwin K. Ellenbogen” to the Two Representatives of the Inspector General’s Office, 1 November 1949: NA RG 496/457. Letter, “Edwin K. Ellenbogen” to General Thomas T. Handy, 18 February 1950: NA RG 496/457. Letter, “E. K. Ellenbogen” to General Thomas T. Handy, 2 April 1950: NA RG 496/290/59/14/5-7 Box #457. Letter, “Edwin Katzen Ellenbogen” to the Prison Director, 7 January 1950: NA RG 496/457. Letter, “Edwin Katzen Ellenbogen,” to Commander-in-Chief, United States Army, Europe, 10 March 1953: NA RG 495/457. Internal Route Slip, Subject Edwin Katzen-Ellenbogen, 25 March 1953: NA RG 496/457.

  CHAPTER SEVENTEEN

  1. Lucene Matalon Lagnado and Sheila Cohn Dekel, Children of the Flames (New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1991), p. 47. Miklos Nyiszli, Auschwitz: A Doctor’s Eyewitness Account (New York: Arcade Publishing, 1993), pp. 17-19.

  2. Nyiszli, p. 19. Robert Jay Lifton, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide (New York: Basic Books, 1986), p. 164.

  3. Nyiszli, pp. 19,52-54. Lifton, p. 166. Rudolf Hoess, Commandant of Auschwitz (New York: Popular Library, 1959), pp. 176-177.

  4. Lifton, p. 165 Edwin Black, IBM and the Holocaust (New York: Crown Publishers, 2001), pp. 352-353.

  5. Generally see Yisrael Gutman and Michael Berenbaum, ed., Anatomy oj the Auschwitz Death Camp (Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1994). See Gerald Reidinger, The Final Solution (New York: A.S. Barnes & Company, Inc., 1961), pp. 113-117. Also see Hoess, p. 183.

  6. Lifton, pp. 169,269-271,360-363. Nyiszli, pp. 102,103, 134-137.

  7. Benno Müller-Hill, Murderous Science, G. R. Fraser, trans. (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: 1998), p. 127. Benno Müller-Hill, “The Blood from Auschwitz and the Silence of the Scholars,” History and Philosophy oj the Life Sciences Vol. 21 (1999), p. 332.

  8. Henry Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide (Chapel Hill, NC: The University of Carolina Press, 1995), p. 14. Müller-Hill, Murderous Science, pp. 216-217. “Notes and News,” Eugenical News Vol. X (1925), p. 24. Paul J. Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 436.

  9. Robert N. Proctor, Rocial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), pp. 42-43, 81, 188. Black, IBM and the Holocaust

  (New York: Crown Publishers, 2001), p. 109. “Reich Health Leader,” Who’s Who in Nazi Germany (London: Wiederfield and Nicols, 1982).

  10. Proctor, pp. 104-105.

  11. Black, IBM, pp. 93-95. “Verschuer’s Institute,” Eugenical News Vol. XX (1935), pp. 59-60. Posner and Ware, pp. 11-12. Arthur L. Caplan, ed., When Medicine Went Mad (Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1992), p. 28. Lifton, p. 27. Weindling, pp. 526-530, 553. “Berlin: From Our Regular Correspondent,” Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 102 No. 8 (24 February 1934), p. 631. “Berlin: From Our Regular Correspondent,” Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 104 No. 22 (1 June 1933), p. 2011. “Berlin: From Our Regular Correspondent,” Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 104 No. 23 (8 June 1935), p. 2110. “Berlin: From Our Regular Correspondent,” Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 103 No. 13 (30 September 1936), p. 1052.

  12. Müller-Hill, Murderous Science, p. 12. Proctor, p. 81. Posner and Ware, p. 11.

  13. Proctor, p. 259. Müller-Hill, “The Blood from Auschwitz,” pp. 333, 334.

  14. “Notes and News,” p. 24. “Archiv Fuer Rassen- Und Gesellschafts-Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. XI (1926), p. 9. “Archiv f. Rassen- U. Gesellschafts-Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. XII (1927), p. 180. “Meeting of Intemational Federation of Eugenic Organizations,” Eugenical News Vol. XIII (1928), p. 129. See “Arcruv Für Rassen- Und Gesellschafts-Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. XIII (1928), p. 32. See “Current Periodicals,” Eugenical News Vol. XIII (1928), p. 162.

  15. “Berlin: From our Regular Correspondent,” Journal of the American Medical Association Vol. 102 No. 1 (6 January 1934), p. 57. “The Inheritance of Tuberculosis,” Journal of Heredity (January 1934), p. 26. “Marriage Consultation Centers in Central Europe,” Eugenical News Vol. XIX (1934), p. 78. “Berlin: From our Regular Correspondent,” Journal of the American Medical Association Vol. 103 No.6 (1 September 1934), p. 767. “New German Etymology for Eugenics,” Eugenical News Vol. XIX (1934), p. 125. “German Eugenics, 1934,” Eugenical News Vol. XIX (1934), pp. 141-142.

  16. “Verschuer’s Institute,” pp. 59-60.

  17. Letter, C.H. Danforth to Otmar von Verschuer, 15 April 1936: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4. Letter, Henry H. Goddard to Otmar von Verschuer, 7 July 1936: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4, Letter, Paul Popenoe to Otmar von Verschuer, 16 July 1936: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4. Letter, E.S. Gosney to Otmar von Verschuer, 24 May 1937: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4. Letter, E.S. Gosney to Otmar von Verschuer, 15 June 1937: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4. Letter, E.S. Gosney to Otmar von Verschuer, 26 June 1937: UniversitätsarchivMünster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4.

  18. Letter, Harry H. Laughlin to Otmar von Verschuer, 16 June 1936: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4. Letter, Harry H. Laughlin to Otmar von Verschuer, 23 July 1936: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4.

  19. Letter, Otmar von Verschuer to Harry H. Laughlin, 2 September 1936: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4.

  20. “Verschuer’s Institute of Genetics and Race Hygiene,” Eugenical News Vol. XX (1935), p. 104. “Berlin: From Our Regular Correspondent,” Journal of the American Medical Association Vol. 103 No. 13 (30 September 1935), pp. 1052-1053. “Berlin: From Our Regular Correspondent,” Journal of the American Medical Association Vol. 106 No. 4 (23 January 1935), p. 308.

  21. Proctor, pp. 196-197. “The Hereditary Aspect of Pathology,” Eugenical News Vol. XXI (1936), pp. 21-22.

  22. Letter, C.M. Goethe to Otmar von Verschuer, 15 April 1937: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4. See letter, C.M. Goethe to Otmar von Verschuer, 23 December 1937: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4. See letter, C.M. Goethe to Otmar von Verschuer, 26 February 1938: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4. See letter, C.M. Goethe to Otmar von Verschuer, 22 November 1938: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4.

  23. Goethe to von Verschuer, 23 December 1937.

  24. Goethe to von Verschuer, 26 February 1938. Goethe to von Verschuer, 22 November 1938. Martin Gilbert, The Holocaust (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1985), pp. 64-65.

  25. Letter, C.H. Danforth to Otmar von Verschuer, 28 February 1939: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4.

  26. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Otmar von Verschuer, 15 December 1937: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4. Letter, Otmar von Verschuer to Ch
arles B. Davenport, 5 January 1938: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4.

  27. Weindling, pp. 559, 561. Gerald L. Posner and John Ware, Mengele: The Complete Story (New York: Cooper Square Press, 1986), pp. 9, 10-11. Lifton, p. 339.

  28. Posner and Ware, pp. 12-13. Müller-Hill, Murderous Science, pp. 38, 128. Also see RG242, RuSHA roll #D5462, beginning Fr. 2892.

  29. Posner and Ware, pp. 12-13. Müller-Hill, Murderous Science, pp. 38, 128. Müller-Hill, “The Blood from Auschwitz,” pp. 336-337.

  30. Müller-Hill, Murderous Science, pp. 128, 163.

  31. RuSHA roll #D5462. Posner and Ware, p. 14. Lifton, p. 340. Universitäts-Institut Erbbiologie und Rassenhygiene, memorandum of 30 September 1938: BAK: R 73 Akte 15342.

  32. Letter, rector of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität to the Reichsrninister Für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung, 17 December 1938: BAK: R4901 Akte 3016 Blatt 2-6. Letter, Otmar von Verschuer to Reichsminister Für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung, 29 November 1938: BAK: R 4901 Akte 3016 Blatt 2-6. Letter, Dr. H. Schade to Reichsrninister Für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung, 17 December 1938: BAK: R 4901 Akte 3016 Blatt 2-6. Letter, rector of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität to the Reichsrninister Für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung, 16 December 1938: BAK: R 4901 Akte 3016 Blatt 2-6. Letter, Otmar von Verschuer to the rector of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, 8 December 1938: BAK: R 4901 Akte 3016 Blatt 2-6. Report, Reichsrninister Für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung, 25 July 1939, pp. 184-187: BAK: R 4901 Akte 3016 Blatt 2-6.

  33. Posner and Ware, p. 16. “Universitäts-Institut Für Erbbiologie und Rassenhygiene Frankfurt a.M. Gartenstr.140 (Deutschland),” memorandum circa January 1939: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4. “Geburtstagsliste,” circa 1940: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer, Nr. 4.

  34. Posner and Ware, pp. 14-15,328 f. 19,328 f. 20.