by Edwin Black
35. Posner and Ware, pp. 16-17. Müller-Hill, Murderous Science, p. 226 f. 144.
36. Weindling, pp. 557-558. Gilbert, pp. 154, 176.
37. MiilIer-Hill, pp. 17,48-49,53-54.
38. Weindling, pp. 557-558.
39. Proctor, pp. 43-44. Otmar von Verschuer, Leitfaden der Rassenhygiene (Leipzig, 1941), p. 127 as cited by Proctor, p. 211. Müller-Hill, Murderous Science, p. 226 f. 144. “Geburtstagsliste.”
40. Müller-Hill, Murderous Science, p. 226 f. 144.
41. “Wanted, Photographs of Twins,” Journal of Heredity (Oct. 1918), p. 262. Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., s.v. “multiple birth.”
42. Francis Galton, “The History of Twins, as a Criterion of the Relative Powers of Nature and Nurture,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute (1875), pp. 391, 392-393.
43. “‘Probably Mendelian’ and ‘Clearly Hereditary’ traits,” lantern slide circa 1921: Truman Lantern Slides, Brown Box 835. Charles B. Davenport, Heredity In Relation To Eugenics (New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1911; reprint, New York: Arno Press Inc., 1972), p. 180. Erwin Baur, Eugen Fischer and Fritz Lenz, Human Heredity, 3rd Ed., trans. Eden & Cedar Paul (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1931), pp. 554-555.
44. “Index,” Eugenical News Vol. I (1916), p. 93. “Notes on Genetics,” Eugenical News Vol. I (1916), p. 67. “Sex of Twins,” Eugenical News Vol. II (1917), p. 5. “Special Data Wanted,” Eugenical News Vol. II (1917), p. 54.
45. “Wanted, Photographs of Twins,” p. 262. “Six Hundred Twins Already Discovered,” Journal of Heredity (May 1919), p. 210.
46. Eugenics Record Office, “Schedule No. 10: Schedule for the Study of Twins,” circa 1918: APS Series I: PDR and Correspondence. “A Strain Producing Multiple Births,” Journal of Heredity (Nov. 1919), p. 382. “Notes and News,” Eugenical News, Vol. VI (1921), p. 32.
47. “The Pendleton Twins,” Eugenical News Vol. III (1918), p. 77. “Twins in Russia,” Eugenical News Vol. IV (1919), p. 52.
48. “II-2-a Racial differences in twin frequency,” undated lecture notes: APS B:D27 Davenport-Twins #4. “Twins in the Census,” Eugenical News Vol. IV (1920), p. 16. Charles B. Davenport and Morris Steggerda, Race Crossing in Jamaica (Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1929), pp. 445-452.
49. “Diagnosing Twin Pregnancy With Stethoscope,” Eugenical News Vol. VII (1922), p. 48. “Similar Tumors in Twins,” Eugenical News Vol. VII (1922), p. 71.
50. “How to Tell Identical Twins,” Eugenical News Vol. XI (1926), p. 41. H. J. Müller, “The Determination of Twin Identity,” Journal of Heredity Vol. XVII No. 6 (June 1926), p. 195. Paul Popenoe, “Twins Reared Apart,” Journal of Heredity Vol. XIII No. 3 (March 1922), p. 142. See “A New Study of Twins (A Review),” Journal of Heredity Vol. XV No. 4 (April 1924), p. 165. See “Causes of Twinning,” Journal of Heredity Vol. XIV No. 8 (November 1923), p. 370. See “Eugenic Studies in Scandinavia,” Eugenical News Vol. VIII (1923), p. 52. See “Fact and Fiction,” Eugenical News Vol. VIII (1923), p. 71. See “A Father of Twins,” Eugenical News Vol. IX (1924), p. 3. See “Parallel Behavior,” Eugenical News Vol. X (1925), p. 46.
51. Paul Popenoe and Roswell Hill Johnson, Applied Eugenics rev. ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1935), p. 6. Baur, Fischer, and Lenz, pp. 554-555, 557, 590-591.
52. R.A. Fisher, “New Data on the Genesis of Twins,” in Eugenics, Genetics and the Family: Volume I: Scientific Papers of the Second International Congress of Eugenics (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co., 1923), p. 195. “Booth 2-Physical Anthropometry,” Eugenical News Vol. XVII (I932), p. 142.
53. Alfred Gordon, “The Problems of Heredity and Eugenics,” Eugenical News Vol. XX (1935), pp. 50,52-53. “Identical Twins,” Eugenical News Vol. XIX (1934), p. 134.
54. Letter, John William Draper to Charles B. Davenport, 30 December 1924: APS B:D27: Davenport — John William Draper #3. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to John William Draper, 9 January 1925: APS B:D27: Davenport — John William Draper #3.
55. “Notes and News,” Eugenical News Vol. XII (1927), p. 164. “Twins With Tuberculosis (Rev. of Diehl and Verschuer, Zwillingstuberkulose),” Journal of Heredity Vol. XXVIII No. 3 (March 1937), pp. 91-96. “On the Inheritance of Darwin’s Tubercle,” Eugenical News Vol. XX (1935), pp. 3-4. See “Eugenics in Germany,” Eugenical News Vol. XIX (1934), p. 42.
56. “Berlin: From Our Regular Correspondent,” Journal of the American Medical Association Vol. 106 No. 4 (23 January 1936), p. 308.
57. Weindling, p. 555. “The Hereditary Aspect of Pathology,” Eugenical News Vol. XXI (1936), pp. 21-22. “Verschuer’s Institute,” Eugenical News Vol. XXI (l936), pp. 59-60.
58. Paul Popenoe, “Twins and Criminals,” Journal of Heredity Vol. XXVII No. 10 (October 1936), pp. 388-390.
59. “Universitäts-Institut Für Erbbiologie und Rassenhygiene Frankfurt a.M. Gartenstr. 140 (Deutschland).”
60. “Bericht iiber die im Jahre 1938 bisher durchgeführten und für die nächste Zeit geplanten Forschungen,” 30 September 1938: BAK: R 73 Akte 15342.
61. Ziel und Weg Vol. 14, No.9 (1939), p. 449.
62. Tage U.H. Ellinger, “On the Breeding of Aryans,” Journal of Heredity Vol. XXXIII No.4 (April 1942), p. 141.
63. Ellinger, pp. 141-142.
64. Ziel und Weg Vol. 14, No. 9 (1939), p. 449. “Wehrmachtsauftragsnummer: S 4891-5378,” undated report: BAK: R 73 Akte 15342, Blatt 64.
65. Müller-Hill, Murderous Science, p. 76. “Bericht iiber die Fortführung der erbpsychologischen Forschung,” 14 March 1944: BAK: R 73 Akte 15342, Blatt 66.
66. “Wehrmachtsauftragsnummer: S 4891-5378.” Posner and Ware, p. 18.
67. Lagnado and Dekel, p. 47.
68. Lagnado and Dekel, p. 51.
69. Lagnado and Dekel, p. 45.
70. Lagnado and Dekel, p. 47.
71. Lagnado and Dekel, p. 55.
72. Lagnado and Dekel, p. 31.
73. Lagnado and Dekel, p. 36.
74. Posner and Ware, pp. 36,43. Lagnado and Dekel, p. 42. Nyiszli, p. 60.
75. Nyiszli, pp. 19,23,56-58.
76. Nyiszli, pp. 39-40.
77. Nyiszli, pp. 31-32, 58.
78. Posner and Ware, p. 27. Lifton, pp. 164-165, 342-343. Nyiszli, pp. 132-133.
79. Lifton, p. 342. Nyiszli, p. 57. Posner and Ware, pp. 48, 49. Testimony of Vera Alexander at the Jerusalem tribunal of Josef Mengele, February 1985 as cited by Helena Kubica, “The Crimes of Josef Mengele,” in Gutman and Berenbaum, p. 324. Lagnado and Dekel, pp. 58-59,64,67.
80. Lifton, p. 343. Posner and Ware, p. 45. Gisella Perl, I Was a Doctor in Auschwitz (New York: International Universities Press, 1948), pp. 110-111 as cited by Posner and Ware, pp. 46-47.
81. Nyiszli, p. 58. Lagnado and Dekel, pp. 66, 70-71. Posner and Ware, pp. 36-37,40. Testimony of unnamed survivor at the Jerusalem tribunal of Josef Mengele; February 1985 as cited by Posner and Ware, pp. 37-38.
82. Testimony of Vera Alexander as cited in Gutman and Berenbaum, p. 324.
83. Lifton, p. 351.
84. Nyiszli, pp. 59, 61, 132.
85. Lifton, p. 355. Lagnado and Dekel, p. 61. Gilbert, p. 687.
86. Lifton, p. 360. Nyiszli, pp. 56, 57, 102-103. Hermann Langbein, Menschen in Auschwitz (Vienna: Europaverlag, 1972) as cited by Lifton, p. 362. Lagnado and Dekel, p. 65.
87. Lagnado and Dekel, pp. 59-60.
88. Nyiszli, p. 61.
89. Nyiszli, p. 11. Gilbert, p. 756.
90. “Bericht iiber die Fortführung der erbpsychologischen Forschung.”
91. Nyiszli, p. 63.
92. Nyiszli, pp. 175-181.
93. Nyiszli, p. 65.
94. “Hereditary Eye Defects,” Eugenical News Vol. XVIII (1933), pp. 43-44. See “Twins: Like and Unlike,” Eugenical News Vol. XXII (1937), pp. 119-120. See 11. “Myopia in Identical Twins,” Eugenical News Vol. XXII (1937), p. 64.
95. “Supplement to Schedule for the Study of Twins,” attachment to letter, Harry F. Perkins to Harry H. Laughlin, 29 May 1936: Truman D-2-4:2.
9
6. Weindling, p. 560.
97. Testimony of Jancu Vexler before Judge Horst von Glasenapp, 13 March 1973 as cited by Kubica in Gutman and Berenbaum, p. 326. “Israel Visions of Hell: Pursuing the ‘Angel of Death,’” Time Magazine, 18 February 1985.
98. Lifton, p. 362.
99. Karin Magnussen, “Bericht iiber die Durchrihrung der Arbeiten zur Erforsonung der Erbbedingtheit der Entwicklung der Augenfarbe als Grundlage für Rassen-und Abstammungsuntersuchungen,” 15 March 1944: BAK: R 73 Akte 15342 Blatt 68.
100. Müller-Hill, Murderous Science, pp. 171-172.
101. “Vernehmung: Vorgeladen erscheint Frau Dr. Karin Magnussen, geb. 9.2.08 in Bremen, wohnhaft Bremen, Hagenanersrrasse 7,” 25 May 1949: Max Planck Archive Abt. I, Rep. 3, Nr.26.
102. Also see Major Leonard Darwin, “First Steps Towards Eugenic Reform,” Eugenics Review, Vol. 4 (ca. April 1912), pp 34-35 as selected in G. K. Chesterton, Eugenics and Other Evils, edited by and including additional articles selected by Michael W. Perry (Seattle, WA: Inkling Press, 2000), pp 144-145. Also see “Berlin: From Our Regular Correspondent,” Journal of the American Medical Association Vol. 104 No. 23 (8 June 1935), p. 2110.
103. Charles B. Davenport, “Research in Eugenics,” in Eugenics, Genetics and the Family, p. 25.
104. “Fifth International Congress of Genetics,” Eugenical News Vol. XII (1927), p. 152. “Radiogram to Gregg, 13 May 1932: RF 1.1 Ser 7171 Box 10 Folder 63.
105. Tracy B. Kittredge, “Progress Report: Grant to Notgemeinschaft for Anthropological Studies of the Population of Germany,” 10 June 1933: RF 1.1 717 20 187. Letter, Norma S. Thompson to Schmidt-Ott, 14 November 1929: RF 1.1 717 20 187.
106. “Genetics: Blood Groups of Twins,” Eugenical News Vol. XX (1935), p. 41.
107. Paul J. Weindling, “From Philanthropy to International Science Policy: Rockefeller Funding of Biomedical Sciences in Germany 1920-1940,” in Nicolaas A. Rupke, ed., Science, Politics and the Public Good: Essays in Honor of Margaret Gowing (New York: Macmillan Press, 1988), pp. 129, 133, 135. Letter, Raymond B. Fosdick to Selskar M. Gunn, 6 June 1939: RF l.l 717 16 150.
108. Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945, pp. 560-561.
109. Müller-Hill, Murderous Science, p. 76. “Wehrmachtsauftragsnummer: S 4891-5378.”
110. Unidentified survivor as cited by Posner and Ware, p. 37. Lagnado and Dekel, pp. 62, 66.
111. Lagnado and Dekel, p. 37. Müller-Hill, Murderous Science, p. 128.
112. Posner and Ware, p. 52.
113. Müller-Hill, Murderous Science, p. 169.
114. MiilIer-Hill, Murderous Science, pp. 169-1 70.
115. David A. Hackett, ed. and trans., The Buchenwald Report (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995), pp. 72, 369-370.
116. See Joachim C. Fest, The Face of the Third Reich: Portraits of the Nazi Leadership (New York: Pantheon Books, 1970), p. 379 f. 44. See Heinz Höhne, The Order of the Death’s Head: The Story of Hitler’s SS (New York: Coward-McCann, 1970), p. 157. See author’s communication with Harry W. Mazal, 10 February 2003.
117. H. Nachtsheim, “Bericht iiber die im Halbjahr 1943/44 im Auftrage des Reichsforschungsrates durchgeführten Untersuchungen zur vergleichenden und experimentellen Erbpathologie,” 15 March 1944: BAK: R 73, Akte 15342, Blatt 61-63.
118. Nachtsheim, “Bericht.”
119. “Wehrmachtsauftragsnummer: SS 4891-5377,” undated report: BAK: R 73, Akte 15342, Blatt 65.
120. Michael Shevell, “Racial Hygiene, Active Euthanasia, and Julius Hallervorden,” Neurology 42 (November 1992), pp. 2214, 2216. Michael Shevell, “Reply from the Author,” Neurology 43 (July 1993), p. 1453. Peter S. Harper, “Naming of Syndromes and Unethical Activities: The Case of Hallervorden and Spatz,” Lancet 348 (1996), p. 1224. Müller-Hill, Murderous Science, p. 244. Jürgen Peiffer, “Neuropathology in the Third Reich,” Brain Pathology 1 (1991), p. 127.
121. Shevell, pp. 2216-2217.
122. Letter, Thomas B. Appleget to Frederick Strauss, 14 April 1936: RF 1.1 7179 58. Weindling, “From Philanthropy to International Science Policy,” p. 133. Letter, Dr. Telschow to Dr. Hoffmann, 27 July 1938: Max Planck Archive I. Abt., Rep 1A, Nr. 1061/2. Kristie Macrakis, Surviving the Swastika: Scientific Research in Nazi Germany (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 85-86.
123. “Natural Sciences-Program and Policy: Past Program and Proposed Future Program,” pp. 79-80: RF RG 3.1 915 1 6. Diane B. Paul, “The Rockefeller Foundation and the Origins of Behavior Genetics,” in Keith R. Benson, Jane Maienschein and Ronald Rainger, eds., The Expansion of American Biology (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1991), p. 266.
124. “Natural Sciences,” p. 80.
125. Lagnado and Dekel, pp. 89,92.
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
1. Gerald L. Posner and John Ware, Mengele: The Complete Story (New York: Cooper Square Press, 2000), pp. 57-64, 91, 93, 94. Office of Special Investigations, “United Nations War Crimes List, Number 8” as cited by Posner and Ware, p. 63. “Universitäts-Institut für Erbbiologie und Rassenhygiene Frankfurt a.M. Gartenstr.l40 (Deutschland),” memorandum circa January 1939: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4.
2. Otmar von Verschuer, “Bevölkerungs- und Rassenfrage in Europa,” Europäischer Wissenschaftsdienst, 1 (1944), pp. 11-14 as cited by Benno Müller-Hill, “The Blood from Auschwitz and the Silence of the Scholars,” History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Vol. 21 (1999), p. 335. Müller-Hill, p. 348.
3. Max Planck Archiv: Nachlass Nachtsheim as cited by Müller-HiII, p. 348.
4. Generally see James P. O’Donnell, The Bunker: The History of the Reich Chancellery Group (New York: Bantam Books, 1978).
5. “Vertriebene Wissenschaft: Deutsche Gelehrte, die ins Ausland gingen,” Die Neue Zeitung, 15 April 1946. “Kunst und Kultur in Kürze,” Die Neue Zeitung, 3 May 1946. Müller-Hill, p. 350. Letter, Otmar von Verschuer to Paul Popenoe, 28 August, 1946: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer, Nr. 4.
6. “Personalien v. Verschuer.”: Max Planck Archiv: II Abt. Rep. 0001A as cited by Müller-Hill, pp. 350-351.
7. “Personalien v. Verschuer.” as cited by Müller-Hill pp. 350-351.
8. “Personalien v. Verschuer.” as cited by Müller-Hill p. 351.
9. “Personalien v. Verschuer.” as cited by Müller-Hill p. 351. Müller-Hill, p. 351.
10. Letter, Paul Popenoe to Otmar von Verschuer, 25 July 1946: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer, Nr. 4. Letter, Otmar von Verschuer to Paul Popenoe, (sic) 31 September 1946: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer, Nr. 4.
11. Verschuer to Popenoe, 28 August 1946.
12. Von Verschuer to Popenoe, (sic) 31 September 1946.
13. Letter, Paul Popenoe to Otmar von Verschuer, 7 November 1946: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer, Nr. 4. Letter, Fritz Lenz to Otmar von Verschuer, 14 September 1946: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer, Nr. 4.
14. Letter, Paul Popenoe to Otmar von Verschuer, 8 February 1947: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer, Nr. 4. Letter, Otmar von Verschuer to Paul Popenoe, 26 February 1947: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer, Nr. 4. Letter, Paul Popenoe to Otmar von Verschuer, 12 May 1947: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer, Nr. 4. See letter, Otmar von Verschuer to Paul Popenoe, 20 December 1946: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer, Nr. 4.
15. Letter, Paul Popenoe to Otmar von Verschuer, 29 October 1947: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer, Nr. 4. Letter, C.M. Goethe to Otmar von Verschuer, 16 April 1948: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer, Nr. 4. See letter, Otmar von Verschuer to Lee R. Dice, 18 September 1947: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer, Nr. 4. See letter, Otmar von Verschuer to Lee R. Dice, 12 January 1948: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer, Nr. 4. See letter, Lee R. Dice to Otmar von Verschuer, 27 February 1948: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer, Nr. 4. See letter, Otmar von Verschuer to
Lee R. Dice, 21 April 1948: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer, Nr. 4. See letter, Ottnar von Verschuer to the “Charles Fremont Dight Institute for the Study of Human Genetics,” 12 August 1948: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer, Nr. 4.
16. Müller-Hill, pp. 351-352. Letter, von Lewinski to Heubner, 23 December 1946 as cited by Müller-HiII, pp. 351-352. “Abschrift. Denkschrift betreffend Herrn Prof. Dr. med. Otmar Frhr. v. Verschuer,” as cited by Müller-Hill, pp. 352-353.
17. Müller-Hill, p. 355. American Society of Human Genetics, “ASHG Past Presidents, 1948-2004,” at www.faseb.org.
18. Müller-Hill, pp. 354-355. Generally see Otmar von Verschuer and E. Kober, Die Frage der erblichen Disposition zum Krebs (Mainz: Verlag der Akadernie der Wissenschaft und der Literatur, 1956).
19. Author’s interview with Dr. Kurt Hirschhorn, 12 February 2003.
20. “Personalien v. Verschuer.” as cited by Müller-Hill p. 351. Müller-Hill, pp. 351, 354, 355.
21. “Universitäts-Institut für Erbbiologie und Rassenhygiene Frankfurt a.M. Gartenstr. 140 (Deutschland),” memorandum circa January 1939: Universitätsarchiv Münster: Nachlass Verschuer Nr. 4. Nachlass von Verschuer as cited by Müller-Hill, p. 348. Karin Magnussen, “Bericht iiber die Durchrihrung der Arbeiten zur Erforsonung der Erbbedingtheit der Entwicklung der Augenfarbe als Grundlage für Rassen-und Abstammungsuntersuchungen,” 15 March 1944: BAK: R 73 Akte 15342 Blatt 68.
22. “Medical Experiments of the Holocaust and Nazi Medicine,” at www.remember.org. Peter Tyson, “The Experiments,” at www.pbs.org.
23. Leo Alexander as quoted by Barry Siegel, “Can Evil Beget Good? Nazi Data: A Dilemma for Science,” Los Angeles Times, 30 October 1988.
24. Nuremberg Military Tribunal, Green Book, Volume I, p. 421. Anti-Defamation League, “Library Won’t Be Named for Nazi Scientist, Air Force Assures ADL,” press release of 14 February 2003.
25. “Library Won’t Be Named for Nazi Scientist, Air Force Assures ADL.” “Objections lead OSU to remove picture of Nazi,” Daily Illini, 29 October 1993. Cable News Network, “U.S. News Briefs,” 24 September 1995.
