War Against the Weak

by Edwin Black

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  Lakin, K. Charlie. “Demographic Studies of Residential Facilities for the Mentally Retarded.” Developmental Disabilities Project on Residential Services and Community Adjustment Project Report No. 3. University of Minnesota Department of Psychoeducational Studies, circa 1979.

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  Lemmens, Trudo. “Selective Justice, Genetic Discrimination, and Insurance: Should We Single Out Genes in Our Laws?” McGill Law Journal 45 347 (2000).

  Lombardo, Paul A. “Medicine, Eugenics, and the Supreme Court: From Coercive Sterilization to Reproductive Freedom.” The Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy Volume 13 (1996).

  Lombardo, Paul A. “Three Generations, No Imbeciles: New Light on Buck v. Bell.” New York University Law Review, Vol. 60 no. I.

  MacDowell, E. Carlton. “Charles Benedict Davenport, 1866-1944: A Study of Conflicting Influences.” BIOS vol. XVII no. 1.

  MacNicol, John. “The Voluntary Sterilization Campaign in Britain, 1918-39.” The Journal of the History of Sexuality, Vol. 2 No. 3 (1992).

  Müller-HiII, Benno. “The Blood from Auschwitz and the Silence of the Scholars.” History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Vol. 21 (1999).

  Neugebauer, Wolfgang and Georg Stacher. “Nazi Child ‘Euthanasia’ in Vienna and the Scientific Exploitation of Its Victims before and after 1945.” Digestive Diseases 17 (1999).

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  BIBLIOGRAPHY

  Literally hundreds of books were cousulted, from period eugenic literature to scholarly works on a range of topics. It would be impossible to list them all. However, a few hundred of the salient volumes are listed below. Listing books here by no means suggests they are reliable; many of these books were consulted because of their period insights rather than their accuracy. This list, then, includes both the most credible and the least credible.

  Adams, Mark B. The Wellborn Science. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.

  Aly, Gatz, Peter Chroust, and Christian Pross. Cleansing the Fatherland: Nazi Medicine and Racial Hygiene. Trans. Belinda Cooper. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.

  Anderson, Margo J. The American Census. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988.

  Astor, Gerald. The “Lost” Nazi: The Life and Times of Dr. Joseph Mengele. New York: Donald I. Fine, Inc., 1985.

  Baker, Liva. The Justice From Beacon Hill: The Life and Times of Oliver Wendell Holmes. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1991.

  Bannister, Robert C. Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1979.

  Barr, Martin W. Mental Defectives: Their History, Treatment and Training. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston’s Son & Co., 1904; New York: Arno Press, 1973.

  Baur, Erwin, Eugen Fischer and Fritz Lenz. Human Heredity. 3rd Ed. Trans. Eden & Cedar Paul. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1931.

  Baur, Erwin, Eugen Fischer, and Fritz Lenz. Grundriss der menschlichen Erblichkeitslehre und Rassenhygiene. Munich: J. F. Lehmanns Verlag, 1921.

  Baur, Erwin, Eugen Fischer, and Fritz Lenz. Grundriss der menschlichen Erblichkeitslehre und Rassenhygiene, 2nd ed. Munich: J. F. Lehmanns Verlag, 1923.

  Benson, Keith R., Jane Maienschein, and Ronald Rainger, editors. Expansion of American Biology. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1991.

  Biesold, Horst. Crying Hands: Eugenics and Deaf People in Nazi Germany. Trans. William Sayers. Washington DC: Gallaudet University Press, 1988.

  Black, Edwin. IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance Between Nazi Germany and America’s Most Powerful Corporation. New York: Crown Publishers, 2001.

  Black, Edwin. The Transfer Agreement: The Dramatic Story of the Pact Between the Third Reich and Jewish Palestine. Washington: Dialog Press, 1999; New York: Carol & Graf, 2001.

  Blacker, C. P. “Eugenics In Prospect and Retrospect,” In The Galton Lecture, 1945. Hamish Hamilton Medical Books, n.d.

  Blacker, C. P. Eugenics: Galton and After. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1952; Westport, CT: Hyperion Press, Inc., 1987.

  Bock, Gisela, Zwangssterilisation im Nationalsozialismus: Studien zur Rassenpolitik und Frauenpolitik. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1986.

  Bohstedt, John. Riots and Community Politics in England and Wales 1790-1810. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983.

  Bowen, Catherine Drinker. Yankee From Olympus: Justice Holmes and His Family. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1945.

  Breiting, Richard. Secret Conversations with Hitler. Edit. Edouard Calic. Trans. Richard Barry. New York: The John Day Company, 1968.

  Brigham, Carl C. A Study of American Intelligence. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1923.

  Brown, Stuart E. Jr., Lorraine F. Myers and Eileen M. Chappel. Pocahontas’ Descendants. Baltimore, MD: The Pocahontas Foundation, 1985.

  Browning, Christopher R. The Path to Genocide: Essays on Launching the Final Solution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

  Bruehl, Charles P. Birth Control and Eugenics: In the Light of Fundamental Ethical Principles. New York: Joseph P. Wagner, Inc., 1928.

  Burleigh, Michael. Death and Deliverance: ‘Euthanasia’ in Germany 1900-1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

  Burton, David H. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1980.

  Burton, David H., editor. Progressive Masks: Letters of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., and Franklin Ford. Newark, DE. University of Delaware Press, 1982.

  Cameron, Norman and R.H. Stevens, trans. Hitler’s Table Talk: 1941-1944: His Private Conversations. New York City: Enigma Books, 2000.

  Caplan, Arthur L., ed. When Medicine Went Mad. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1992.

  Carlson, Elof Axel. The Unfit: A History of a Bad Idea. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2001.

  Chambers, Robert W. The King in Yellow. F. Tennyson Neely, 1895.

  Chapman, Blanche Adams. Wills and Administration of Elizabeth City County, Virginia 1688-1800. N.p., 1980.

  Charles, Joan. Elizabeth City County, Virginia Will 1800-1859. Bowie, MD: Heritage Books, Inc., n.d.

  Chesler, Ellen. Women of Valor. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.

  Chesterton, G. K. Eugenics and Other Evils. Ed. comp. Michael W. Perry. Seattle, WA: Inkling Press, 2000.

  Cravens, Hamilton. The Triumph of Evolution: The Heredity-Environment Controversy, 1900-1941. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988.

  Darwin, Charles. The Origin of the Species. 6th ed. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1881.

  Darwin, Charles. The Variation of Animals and Plants under
Domestication. London: John Murray, 1868; New York: D . Appleton & Co., 1883.

  Davenport, Charles B. and Morris Steggerda. Race Crossing in Jamaica. Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1929.

  Davenport, Charles B. Heredity In Relation To Eugenics. New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1911; New York: Arno Press Inc., 1972.

  Dawidowicz, Lucy. The War Against The Jews, 1933-1945. New York: Bantam Books, 1975.

  Deichmann, Ute. Biologists Under Hitler. Trans. Thomas Dunlap. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996.

  Dowbiggin, Ian. A Merciful End: The Euthanasia Movement in Modern America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

  Dugdale, Richard L. The Jukes. New York: Putnam, 1910.

  Durance, Jill and William Shamblin, ed. Appalachian Ways. Washington D.C.: The Appalachian Regional Commission, 1976.

  Estabrook, Arthur H. and Charles B. Davenport. The Nam Family: A Stndy in Cacogenics. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Press, 1912.

  Estabrook, Arthur H. and Ivan E. McDougle. Mongrel Virginians: The Win Tribe. Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Company, 1926.

  Eugenics Education Society, Problems in Eugenics, Vols. I and II: Report of Proceedings of the First International Eugenics Congress. Kingsway, UK: Eugenics Education Society, 1913.

  Evers, Alf. Woodstock: History of an American Town. Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press, 1987.

  Fairchild, Henry Pran. The Melting-Pot Mistake. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1926.

  Fancher, Raymond E. The Intelligence Men: Makers of the IQ Controversy. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1985.

  Fest, Joachim C. The Face of the Third Reich: Portraits of the Nazi Leadership. New York: Pantheon Books, 1970.

  Flexner, Abraham. Medical Education in Europe: A Report to the Carnegie Foundation. N.p. 1912.

  Flexner, Abraham. Prostitution in Europe. New York: The Century Company, 1914.

  Fosdick, Raymond. Story of the Rockefeller Foundation. New York: Harper, 1952.

  Friedlander, Henry. The Origins of Nazi Genocide. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of Carolina Press, 1995.

  Gallagher, Nancy L. Breeding Better Vermonters. Hanover, NH: University of New England Press, 1999.

  Galton, Francis. Finger Prints. New York: Da Capo Press, 1965.

  Galton, Francis. Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry Into Its Laws And Consequences. 2nd ed. London: Macmillan & Co., 1892; London: Watts & Co., 1950.

  Galton, Francis. Inquiries Into Human Faculty And Its Development. London: JM Dent & Co., 1883.

  Galton, Francis. Memories of My Life. London: Methuen & Co., 1908.

  Galton, Francis. Natural Inheritance. London: Macmillan & Co., 1889.

  Gilbert, Martin. The Holocaust. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1985.

  Goddard, Henry H. Feeble-mindedness: Its Causes and Consequences. New York: Arno Press, 1973.

  Goddard, Henry H. The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness. Vineland, NJ: 1913.

  Gordon, Harold J.,]r. Hitler and the Beer Hall Putsch. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1972.

  Gosney, E.S. and Paul Popenoe, Sterilization for Human Betterment. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1929.

  Gould, Stephen Jay. The Mismeasure of Man. Rev. ed. New York: Norton, 1996.

  Grant, Madison. Der Untergang der grossen Rasse: Die Rasse als Grundlage der Geschichte Europas. Berlin: J. F. Lehmanns Verlag, 1925.

  Grant, Madison. The Passing of the Great Race. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1936.

  Greenwood, James. The Seven Curses of London. London: S. Rivers and Co., 1869.

  Grosskurth, Phyllis. Havelock Ellis, A Biography. London: Allen Lane, 1980.

  Broberg, Gunnar and Nils Roll-Hansen, ed. Eugenics and the Welfare State. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 1996.

  Gutman, Yisrael and Michael Berenbaum, ed. Anatomy o[ the Auschwitz Death Camp. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1994.

  Hackett, David A., ed. and trans. The Buchenwald Report. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995.

  Haller, Mark H. Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1963.

  Hazlitt, Henry. The Conquest of Poverty. New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1973.

  Higham, John. Strangers in the Land. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1955.

  Hilberg, Raul. The Destruction of the European Jews. New York: Harper Colophon Books, 1961.

  Hitler, Adolf. Mein Kampf. Trans. Ralph Manheim. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1943.

  Hoess, Rudolf. Commandant of Auschwitz. New York: Popular Library, 1959.

  Hohne, Heins. The Order of the Deaths Head: The Story of Hitlers SS. New York: Coward-McCann, 1970.

  Holmes, Oliver Wendell Jr. The Common Law. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1881; 1923.

  Holmes, Oliver Wendell Jr. Collected Legal Papers. New York. Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1921.

  Howe, Mark DeWolfe, ed. Holmes-Laski Letters. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1953.

  Howe, Mark DeWolfe, ed. Holmes-Laski Letters Abridged. Clinton, MA: Atheneum, 1963.

  Howe, Mark DeWolfe, ed. Holmes-Pollock Letters: The Correspondence o[ Mr. Justice Holmes and Sir Frederick Pollock 1874-1932. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1942.

  Howe, Mark DeWolfe. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes: The Shaping Years 1841-1870. Cambridge, MA; The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1957.

  International Congress of Eugenics. A Decade of Progress in Eugenics: Scientific Papers of the Third International Congress of Eugenics. Baltimore: The Williams and Wilkins Company, 1934.

  International Congress of Eugenics. Eugenics, Genetics and the Family: Volume 1: Scientific Papers of the Second International Congress. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co., 1923.

  International Military Tribunal. Nuremberg Military Tribunal, Blue Book.

  International Military Tribunal. Nuremberg Military Tribunal, Green Book.

  Jennings, H.S. The Biological Basis of Human Nature. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1930.

  Jonas, Gerald. The Circuit Riders. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1989.

  Jordan, David Starr. War and the Breed: The Relation of War to the Downfall of Nations. Boston: The Beacon Press, 1915.

  Kater, Michael H. Doctors Under Hitler. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1989.

  Katz, Esther. The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger: Volume 1:The Woman Rebel, 1900-1928. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2003.

  Kennedy, David M. Birth Control in America: The Career of Margaret Sanger. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1970.

  Kershaw, Ian. Hitler: 1889 — 1936: Hubris. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998.

  Kevles, Daniel J. In The Name of Eugenics. Cambridge, MA; Harvard University Press, 1985.

  Klein, Maury. The Life and Legend of E.H. Harriman. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2000.

  Kogon, Eugen. The Theory and Practice of Hell. New York: Berkley Books, 1980.

  Krauß, Hans. Die Grundgedanken der Erbkunde und Rassenhygiene in Frage und Antwort. Miinchen: Verlag der Ärztlichen Rundschau O. Gmelin, 1935.

  Krieger, Heinrich. Das Rassenrecht in den Vereinigten Staaten. Berlin: Junker und Dünnhaupt Verlag, 1936.

  Kruta, V. and V. Orel, “Johann Gregor Mendel.” In Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Scribner’s, 1970-1980.

  Kühl, Stefan. Die Internationale der Rassisten: Aufstieg und Niedergang der internationalen Bewegung für Eugenik und Rassenhygiene im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert. Frankfurt/Main: Campus, 1997.

  Kühl, Stefan. The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

  Lagnado, Lucette Matalon and Sheila Cohn Dekel. Children of the Flames. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1991.

  Lapon, Lenny. Mass Murderers in White Coats: Psychiatric Genocide in Nazi Germany and the United States. Springfiel
d, MA: Psychiatric Genocide Research Institute, 1986.

  Laughlin, Harry H. Eugenical Sterilization in the United States. Chicago: Psychopathic Laboratory of the Municipal Court of Chicago, 1922.

  Laughlin, Harry H. Eugenical Sterilization: 1926: Historical, Legal, and Statistical Review of Eugenical Sterilization in the United States. Lancaster, PA: Lancaster Press, 1926.

  Laughlin, Harry H. Immigration and Conquest: A Report of The Special Committee on Immigration and Naturalization of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York. New York: The Special Committee on Immigration and Naturalization of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York, 1939.

  Laughlin, Harry H. The Legal Status of Eugenical Sterilization. Washington, DC: Eugenic Record Office of the Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1930.

  Laughlin, Harry H. The Second International Exhibition of Eugenics. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co., 1923.

  Laughlin, Harry H. Statistical Directory of State Institutions for the Defective, Dependent, and Delinquent Classes. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1919.

  Lemarut, Nicholas. The Big Test: The Secret History of the American Meritocracy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999.

  Lemkin, Raphaël. Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Analysis, Proposals for Redress. Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1944.

  Leonard, E. M. The Early History of English Poor Relief. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1900; London: Frank Cass & Co., 1965.

  Lifton, Robert Jay. The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide. New York: Basic Books, 1986.

  Lipstadt, Deborah E. Beyond Belief. New York: The Free Press, 1986.

  Lookstein, Haskel. Were We Our Brother’s Keepers? The Public Response of American Jews to the Holocaust, 1938-1944. NewYork Vintage Books, 1985.

  Macrakis, Kristie. Surviving the Swastika: Scientific Research in Nazi Germany. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

  Malthus, Thomas R. An Essay on the Principle of Population. Comp. Donald Winch. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

  Marks, Paula Mitchell. In a Barren Land: American Indian Dispossession and Survival. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1998.