The Birds at my Table
Page 43
peanuts, 58; breeding research using, 148, 164–65; chicks choking on, 82, 120, 126; nutrients, 152; poisonous, 188–91
Peck, Hannah, 134, 135
Peregrine Falcon, 40
Perkins, Helen, 252, 258–60
Peru, 38, 67
pesticides, 191–93, 227, 269
Peterson, Roger Tory, 55–56
pet foods, 138, 164–65, 189
petrels, 203
pheasants, 179–80
phosphorus, 195, 198, 199
Pied Butcherbird, 167
Pied Curawong, 167
pigeons, 18, 27, 60, 129, 185; exotic, 133; feral, 8, 61, 133, 180, 184
Pink Pigeon, 225
Pink Pine trees, 217
platform feeders, 57
Plummer, Kate, 79, 112–15, 153
Pōhutukawa trees, 208
Poland, 66, 69–70
pollen, 9
pollution, 227
Polynesians, in New Zealand, 201–4
populations, bird: changes in, 87, 97, 126–28, 229, 232–33, 270–73; geographic distribution, 102–3
Portugal, 66, 67
poultry, 175, 189, 190
Powell family (Gigrin Farm), 236–37
Powlesland, Ralph, 218–20
predation, 13, 22, 27, 190, 239
predators: eradication of, 50; mammalian, 204–6, 208–9, 214, 215; meat as feeder food and, 237. See also birds of prey
preservation of birds. See conservation
Project FeederWatch (Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology), 98–104, 109–12, 116, 172–74
protein, 194–95, 200; breeding and, 274; reproduction and, 217, 219, 222; studies of, 151–52, 165–66
Punch magazine, 55
Purple Finch, 112, 173, 183
purposes of feeding, 93–94. See also motivations for feeding
Pustovoit, V. S., 58–59
rabbits, 235
raccoons, 27
radio frequency identification (RFID), 105
rails, 205, 212
Rainbow Lorikeet, 8–11, 186, 199–200
raptors, 233–38
Rat Island (Stolzenberg), 216
rats, 27, 203–6, 210, 219, 220
Raven (Common), 39, 41, 236
Reading, 23, 26, 131–32, 237
Red-backed Shrike, 69
Red-bellied Woodpecker, 102
Red-breasted Nuthatch, 100
Red-crowned Crane, 225
Red-crowned Kākāriki (parakeet), 208, 214
Red Kite, 132, 198, 233–38
redpolls, 60, 131, 186
Redwing, 228
Relative Attractiveness of Different Foods at Wild Bird Feeders (Geis), 61
religion, representation of birds in, 39–42
reproduction. See breeding; courtship; mating; nestlings
Resolution Island, 216
Reynolds, Jim, 31–34, 83, 86, 134, 149, 165, 249, 253
Rhodes, Monika, 71
Rimu trees, 217
Risely, Kate, 79–81, 112–13, 131
Robb, Gillian, 26, 148, 168
robins, 32, 42, 135, 138–40
Rock Dove (feral pigeon), 180. See also pigeons
Rollinson, Dan, 20
Romania, 66
Rose-crowned Fruit-Dove, 244
Rose-ringed (Ring-necked) Parakeets, 133–34
Royal National Park, 54
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), 54, 120, 181; conservation projects, 230, 234, 236; The Lodge, 77–79; position on year-round feeding, 75–78, 86–87; Wildlife Enquires Unit, 180
Russia, 59
Sacred Ibis, 40
Saddleback, 208
safflower, 35
sage grouse, 215
Saggese, Katja, 162
salmonellosis, 181, 182, 186–87, 190
Samoan Islands, 38
Sapsucker Woods Pond, 99, 107
Scheid, Hermann, 52
Schoech, Stephan, 164–65
Schreiber, Lela, 249, 254
scientific studies, 13–14; nineteenth-century, 49–50. See also citizen science; feeder effect; supplementary feeding studies
Scotts Miracle-Gro company, 191–93
scraps, 26, 43–46, 48–49, 54, 268
Scrub Jays, 163–66
The Seasonal Use of Gardens by Birds with Special Reference to Supplementary Feeding (Thompson), 81
Seebach estate, 49–50
seed mixes: nutritional standards, 196–97; packaging, 34, 56; poisoned, 191–93; quality of, 34, 61. See also bird food industry
seeds: bird preferences, 61–62, 127, 273; choices of, 60–62; energy content, 194; history of, 57–60; proliferation of, 62–63
Seini, Monica, 252
Serf (saint), 41–42
sex ratios, 223–24
Seychelles Magpie-Robin, 225
Seymour, Jim, 164
Sharp-shinned Hawk, 27, 132
Sheffield, 25
Ship (Black) Rat, 204, 205
Shrewsbury, 31
shrikes, 50
Sierra Club, 54
Silvereye (White-eye, Waxeye), 130, 136, 162, 202
singing, 161–63
Siskin, 32, 85, 182, 186, 278; Pine, 60, 131
skinks, 141
Slovenia, 183
Smith, Susan, 156–57
Snow Geese, 190
Snowy Owl, 38
social interactions among birds, 160–63, 274
songbirds: fat in diet of, 152–54; migration, 108; protection of, 50; singing by, 161–63
Song Thrushes, 201
sorghum, 58
South Africa, 67
South America, 67
Southern Cassowary, 243–44
South Island, 216
Soviet Union, 58–59
Spadgers, 228
Spain, 66, 67, 133, 179–80, 234–35
Spangled Drongos, 8
Spanish Imperial Eagle, 225
(Spanish) Griffon Vulture, 240
Sparrowhawk, 27, 50, 132
sparrows, 18, 32, 50, 133; conservation of, 227–33; decline in, 228–29; diseases, 181, 186; in fashion industry, 44; sunflower seeds and, 60
species: diversity of, 5–12, 18, 129–30, 272–73, 277–78; list of, 283–87; population sizes (see populations, changes in)
spending, on bird food, 26–27, 35
spontaneous feeding, 241, 268; defined, 37, 64; global scale of, 37–38; history of, 43–44, 47–48
Spotted Dove, 130, 274
Spotted Great Rosefinch, 38
Springwatch (BBC), 33
Spurr, Eric, 22–23
Starling (European), 17, 129, 130, 133, 202
starvation, 121, 226, 271
Sterba, James P., 28, 196
Stewart Island, 216, 217
Stitchbird. See Hihi
stoat, 205–6, 210, 215, 216
Stolzenberg, William, 216
Storcide II pesticide, 191–92
storms, 46–49, 55–56, 125, 265
Sudan, 38
suet, 26, 58, 152
sugar mixes, 273
Sulphur-crested Cockatoo, 8, 60
sunflower seeds, 35, 57–60, 84, 130–31, 152, 155, 194, 232, 273
supplementary feeding studies, 98, 137–70; behavior and social interactions, 160–63; breeding, 144–51; centrality of food supply, 142–44; experimental designs, 109, 118; food composition, 151–55; reviews of, 168–69; survival, 155–59; urban environments, 137–42, 230–33
Survey of English Housing, 25
survival: climate change and, 115; food supply and, 138–39, 142–43; as motivation for feeding, 249, 250, 255; overwinter, 152, 156–59, 169; supplementary feeding and, 94, 97, 106, 122, 155–59, 169; winter feeding and, 117–19, 152, 155–59, 169, 268
Swamp Sparrow, 173
Sweden, 66, 155–56, 159, 183
Switzerland, 66
Swoop Wild Bird Food, 56
Takahē (North Island), 212–13, 239
temperatures, 103–4; mig
ration and, 108, 115
Temple, Stanley, 118, 121–23, 157–59
Tenebrio molitar, 230
territoriality, 7–8, 11, 138–39, 160–62
Texas, 190
thistle. See nyger seed (nyjer or “thisle”)
Thomas, Leoni, 19–20
Thompson, Patrick, 80–82, 86, 94
Thoreau, Henry David, 42–43
thrushes, 228
Tīeke (North Island Saddleback), 208
Tiritiri Matangi Island, 206–13, 239 tits (titmice), 32, 82, 83, 85, 228, 278; avoidance of aggressive species, 132, 134–36; behavior, 161; feeding of chicks, 124–25; research on breeding, 144–51; seeds for, 59; singing, 161–63; survival rates, 155–56; winter feeding, 119. See also Blue Tit; Great Tit
Toomer, Derek, 80
Tooth-billed Bowerbird, 242
toxins, in bird food, 188–91
Tree Sparrows, 17, 107
trichomoniasis, 180–85, 275
Tryjanowski, Piotr, 69–70
tubular bird feeders, 57
Tufted Titmouse, 102, 171
Tui, 130, 202, 209, 210, 214
Ukraine, 59
United Kingdom (UK): bird feeding in, 15–16, 23–26, 66, 127, 261; birdseed industry, 31–35; conservation projects, 227–38; diseases, 180–86; Great Blizzard of 1891, 47–48; history of bird feeding in, 36–39; motivations for feeding, 94, 248–51, 253–57; spending on bird food, 26; winter feeding, 75–76; year-round feeding, 72, 75–89
UK Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, 25
United Nations, 35
United States (US): bird feeding in, 66, 96–97; history of bird feeding in, 36–39; motivations for feeding, 94, 248–49; natural-history publications, 53; spending on bird food, 26; year-round feeding in, 73–75
US Census Bureau, 24
US Department of Agriculture, 53
US Fish and Wildlife Service, 24, 61
US Food and Drug Administration, 189
Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, 181
urban ecology, 16–17, 127
urban ecosystems, 272–73
urban environments: biodiversity, 5–12, 272, 278; characteristics of wildlife in, 11–12; compared to research environments, 119; food supply, 138–40, 145
urbanization, 239, 272
Varied Tit, 161
Victoria’s Riflebird, 242
Vine House Farm, 35
vitamin E, 152–54
Vögel füttern, aber richtig (“Feed Birds, but Correctly,” Berthold and Mohr), 72, 90–93
von Berlepsch, Baron Hans Freiherr, 49–53, 57, 89, 91
Wagga Wagga, 17–18, 228
Wagner Brothers Feed Corp., 56
Walden (Thoreau), 43
Wall Street Journal, 28
Washington, 106
Watson, Matt, 199
Wattled Honeyeater, 38
weasel, 205
weeds, 92
Weka, 212
welfare, feeding as act of, 97, 117–19. See also motivations for feeding; survival
Westland, 35
West Peruvian Dove, 38
wheat, 58
Whinchat, 69
White-eye. See Silvereye
Whittles, Chris, 33–34, 37, 62, 78–80, 83–88, 93, 131, 188
Wilcoxen, Travis, 123, 128
Wild Bird Centers of America, 35, 37
Wild Birds Unlimited, 35, 62
wildlife, interactions with. See human-wildlife interactions
Wildlife Enquires Unit (RSPB), 180
wildlife gardening: Australia, 5–10; history of, 45; United Kingdom, 25, 32–33, 87–88
“wildlife values” construct, 254
WildWatch (ABC), 20
Williams, T. C., 48
Willow Tit, 159, 185
Wilson, W. H., 160
Wilston, Frank, 171–75
winter feeding: breeding and, 148–49; change to year-round feeding, 73–93 (see also year-round feeding); effects of, 117–19, 268; in European countries, 66, 68–73; history of, 46–49, 51; media campaigns for, 55–56; scale of, 16, 68; survival and, 117–19, 152, 155–59, 169, 268
winter storms, 46–49, 55–56, 125
women, advocating for bird feeding, 44
Wood Ducks, 99
woodpeckers, 44
Woodpigeons, 83, 179–81, 184, 235
Woolfenden, Glen, 164
Working with the Grain of Nature (UK), 25
worms, 10–11, 63, 124, 138, 141, 198
Wrigh, Mable Osgood, 44
year-round feeding: advice on, 85; availability of products and, 33; breeding and, 149; effects of, 119–20; history of, 54, 68; movement toward, 73–93, 269–70; in North America, 72–75; personalities and, 94–95; resistance to, 72
Yellowstone National Park, 54