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The Plots Against Hitler

Page 51

by Danny Orbach


  Czimanska, Madame/family, 145–46

  D

  Dachau concentration camp, 12, 73, 74, 76, 264, 312 n1

  Daladier, Édouard, 58, 60, 61

  Deutsch, Harold C., xvi, 23

  Dipper, Christoph, xii–xiii, 105

  division of labor in network-analysis theory, 25

  Dohnanyi, Hans von

  Abwehr position beginnings, 80–81, 152

  attempted trial delay/death sentence, 264

  background, 80, 151, 152–53, 158

  Christine (wife) and, 151, 152, 153, 264

  descriptions, 151, 292

  imprisonment/torture, 246, 261

  Moltke and, 108

  motives for resistance and, 270, 274

  Nazi crimes documentation and, 49, 80–81, 152, 197

  Nazi raids/arrest, 142, 158–59

  rescuing Jews/other persecuted people and, 148, 151, 152–58, 270, 274, 279, 286, 334 n18

  resistance and, 49, 79–80, 144, 151, 152

  Dohnanyi, Klaus von, 279

  Dönhoff, Marion von, xii

  Dönitz, Admiral, 217

  Duff-Cooper, Alfred, 55, 57, 59

  Dulles, Allen Welsh, 201, 345 n38

  E

  Ebermayer, Erich, 8

  Eichmann, Adolf

  Canaris and, 150–51, 155, 156

  ending outside intervention, 153

  Jews and, 148–49, 150–51, 152, 153, 155, 156

  Eichmann trial, 123–24

  Einsatzgruppen, 51, 123, 124, 125, 148, 173, 174, 202, 253–54, 277

  Eisenhower, General, 177–78

  elections (November 1933), 9

  Elser, Georg

  arrest/interrogations, 72–73

  assassination plot/planning, 62–63, 64–72, 76, 92–93

  background/family, 62, 63–64

  bomb/description, 66–68

  bomb explosion/results, 71–72

  death, 74

  decision to act, 64–65

  descriptions, 62, 65, 279

  Great Depression and, 63–64

  Great War and, 63

  Hitler’s security and, 65–66, 74, 115

  imprisonment, 62, 73–74, 312 n1

  limits of working alone, 62–63, 65, 74, 285

  Manfred (son), 64

  Maria/Karl (sister/brother-in-law) and, 70

  music and, 62, 63, 73, 74

  skills, 62, 63, 67–68, 73, 74

  Enabling Act, 5–6

  Esebeck, General, 228

  F

  Falkenhausen, Alexander von, 208, 264

  Fellgiebel, Erich

  after assassination/coup attempts (1944), 243, 245

  position, 212

  resistance/assassination attempt and, 212, 214, 215–16

  Finckh, Eberhard, 218, 220–21

  Fischer, Albrecht, 149

  Fischer, Eugen, 26

  Fisher, Sir Warren, 42

  FitzGibbon, Constantine, 27–28, 234

  Fliess, Julius

  deportation/rescue and, 152, 153, 154, 157

  family (Hildegard/Dorothee), 152, 154, 157

  Flossenbürg concentration camp, 262

  France

  assassination/coup plot (1944) and, 218, 220–21, 222, 228–30, 234–35, 240, 288, 353 n60

  fall of (World War II), 97

  Free France, 229, 230

  Germany/Czechoslovakia and, 39, 46, 55

  Poland/Nazi aggression and, 79–80, 85

  Vichy France, 97

  Franco, Francisco, 144

  Franco-Prussian War, 106

  Free Society for Scholarly Entertainment (Wednesday Society), 26, 76

  Freisler, Roland

  background/style, 246–50

  trials of conspirators and, 246–50, 251, 255, 261–62, 279

  Frick, Wilhelm, 6

  Friedenthal, Charlotte, 154, 157

  Fritsch, Werner von

  Blomberg scandal and, 16

  charge against, 16–18, 30, 118

  death, 94, 95

  Hitler and, 17, 30

  position/views, 10, 15

  supporters/resistance movements and, 17–18, 27, 28, 30–31, 118

  Fromm, Friedrich

  after assassination/coup attempts (1944), 243, 258

  descriptions, 129, 330 n8

  during assassination/coup attempts, 219, 222–23, 225, 236–37

  Olbricht and, 135–36, 196, 202, 208, 219

  resistance ambivalence and, 129–30, 202

  suspicions of Olbricht, 208

  G

  Gaevernitz, Gero von, 265

  Gehre, Ludwig, 133, 138, 139, 191

  George, Stefan

  death/funeral, 169–70

  descriptions, 164

  literary circle of, 164–65, 175

  Stauffenbergs and, 164–65, 169–70, 175, 194

  Georgi, Friedrich, 196

  Gerlach, Christian, xii, xiii

  Gersdorff, Rudolf von

  after assassination/coup attempts (1944), 260, 265

  assassination plot (plane bomb), 134–35, 136, 137, 140

  assassination plot (suicide bomb attempt), 140–42, 204, 333 n43

  assassination question and, 183

  Germany’s invasion of Soviet Union and, 121–22, 124, 125, 126, 269

  motives for resistance and, 270, 271, 275–76

  resistance and, 119, 121–22

  Gerstenmaier, Eugen, Pastor, 217–18

  Gestapo

  conspiracy knowledge and, 25, 53, 142, 190

  description, 12

  raiding Abwehr offices, Berlin/arrests, 142

  resistance/Communists and, 12–13

  Gisevius, Hans Bernd

  after assassination/coup attempts (1944), 252–54, 262–63, 358 n37

  background/description, 21

  Halder and, 37–38, 307 n2

  military headquarters office and, 52

  motives for resistance and, 274

  resistance and, 3–4, 20–22, 27, 43, 45, 51, 52, 56, 61, 84, 131, 156–57, 201, 202, 218, 225, 227–28, 232, 235, 274–75

  Stauffenberg and, 193, 232

  Western Allies and, 201

  writings/views, 3–4

  See also resistance movements/Berlin network

  Gladwell, Malcolm, 26

  Glaesemer, Colonel, 230

  Gleichschaltung, 4, 7, 8, 9

  Goebbels, Josef

  assassination/coup attempts and, 140, 226, 228, 230–31, 239, 288, 352–53 n49

  Czechoslovakia and, 46

  Elser and, 64–65

  Hitler/Hitler’s orders and, 2, 134, 217

  persecution of Jews, 75–76, 78, 80

  Goerdeler, Carl Friedrich

  after assassination/coup attempts (1944), 254–55, 358 n36

  Anneliese (wife), 256, 264–65

  arrest/trial, 255, 258

  arrest warrant/going into hiding (July 1944), 208–9, 348 n68

  assassination question and, 181–82, 184–85, 186

  Britain trips/warnings on Hitler, 39–42, 308 n10

  descriptions/background, 22, 118, 292, 293

  duties after coup, 198–99

  Enlightenment vs. anti-Enlightenment and, 101–2

  family of, 264–65

  fears of surveillance, 142

  hanging of, 258

  imprisonment, 261

  Jews and, 22–24, 41–42, 77, 78, 104–6, 256–58, 271, 308 n10

  joining Oster/Gisevius, 24

  last thoughts/writings, 255–58

  as Leipzig mayor/resignation, 22–24

  Mendelssohn statue and, 23, 24

  motives for resistance and, 268, 270, 271, 272

  plans for Germany’s future, 101–3, 104–6, 109, 110

  position in new government, 198

  resistance/coup and, 22–23, 24, 26–27, 29, 34, 49, 52, 80, 82, 84, 90, 91, 94–95, 118, 129, 136, 142, 205, 206, 221, 287

  security risks and, 206

  Stauffenberg and, 193


  tours of Middle Eastern countries and, 105–6

  Western Allies and, 201

  See also resistance movements/Berlin network

  Göring, Hermann

  assassination attempts and, 140, 213

  Blomberg scandal and, 15–16

  Czechoslovakia and, 46

  Elser and, 64–65

  Enabling Act passage and, 6

  Fritsch and, 16, 30

  Goerdeler and, 39

  persecution of Jews, 76, 77–78

  position/Hitler and, 2, 15–16, 64–65, 72, 134, 141

  Wolf’s Lair and, 211

  Great War

  changes in Europe and, 163

  Germany following, 163–64, 166–68

  Stauffenberg family and, 162–64, 172

  Treaty of Versailles, 32, 33, 97, 164, 168

  Greek myth, shirt of Nessus, 242

  Groscurth, Helmut, 81, 89–90, 91

  Grün, Eva and Blomberg, 15–16

  Grynszpan, Herschel, 75

  Guderian, General, 246, 250

  guilt and Germany, xi–xii, 51, 122, 145, 176, 200

  H

  Haacke, Deputy Mayor (Leipzig), 23, 24

  Hácha, Emil, 79

  Haeften, Hans-Bernd von, 210–11

  Haeften, Werner von

  assassination plot/attempt and, 181, 211, 213, 214–15, 218, 223, 236, 237

  assassination question and, 181, 186, 187, 211

  body exhumed/burned, 244

  firing squad and, 237

  Haffner, Sebastian

  on anti-Jewish actions, 11

  background, 2

  on Communists/Reichstag fire, 2–3

  on Communists’ resistance, 4

  on Nazi propaganda/festivities, 10–11

  Hagen, Albrecht von, 247, 249–50

  Hahn, Colonel, 216

  Halder, Franz

  after assassination/coup attempts (1944), 264–65

  as anti-Nazi/anti-Hitler, 27, 30, 36, 37, 38

  appointment as chief of the General Staff, 36, 37

  Beck and, 27, 30, 35, 36, 92, 284, 307 n15, 320 n21

  coup reasons and, 45

  coup/timing, 36, 38–39, 307 n15

  descriptions, 37–38, 284, 315 n5

  Gisevius and, 37–38, 307 n2

  importance to resistance, 44, 81, 283–84

  meeting with Beck (1940), 92

  positions, 27, 36

  resistance ambivalence and, 79, 81, 83, 84, 88, 89, 90, 285

  resistance and, 27, 30, 36, 37–39, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 52, 58, 60, 90, 91, 97, 100, 183, 307 n15

  Soviet Union invasion/atrocities and, 124

  tribunal at Nuremberg, 60

  war prevention and, 37, 38–39

  Halem, Nikolaus von, 241

  Halifax, Viscount, 55, 57, 59, 79, 85

  Hamacher, Harry, 148–49

  Hammerstein, Kurt von

  after assassination/coup attempts (1944), 243

  assassination plan and, 87–88

  background/descriptions, 9, 86–87, 89

  Hardenberg, Carl-Hans von

  background, 131

  recruitment into resistance, 131

  resistance/coup plans and, 206

  Hase, Paul von

  after assassination/coup attempts (1944), 247, 249–50

  assassination/coup attempt (1944) and, 218, 219, 226, 228, 230, 231

  background/actions, 292

  resistance and, 46, 52, 197, 218, 219

  Hassell, Ulrich von

  after assassination/coup attempts (1944), 252–53

  assassination question and, 182

  diary entries, 91, 97–98, 268

  family of, 264–65

  fears of surveillance, 142

  Fritsch and, 30

  motives for resistance and, 268, 270, 272

  persecution of Jews and, 78

  plans for Germany’s future, 100–101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 110

  position/description, 28

  position in new government, 198

  resistance and, 26, 28–29, 30, 78, 84, 89, 91, 130, 142

  Wednesday Society and, 26

  Hayessen, Major, 218, 230, 232, 245

  Heidegger, Martin, 8

  Heinz, Friedrich Wilhelm

  background, 53

  resistance and, 49–50, 51, 52, 53, 57, 126

  shock troop and, 49–50, 51, 52, 57, 61, 90

  Held, Heinrich, 7

  Helldorff, Wolf von, Count

  background/descriptions, 51, 274, 344 n30

  resistance/coup and, 51, 52, 193, 197, 218, 219–20, 225–26, 236, 344 n30

  Henk, Emil, 200

  Henlein, Konrad, 32

  “heroes” meanings, 291–93

  Hess, Rudolf, 69

  Heusinger, General, 213, 214

  Heydrich, Reinhard, 16, 76, 148

  Himmler, Heinrich

  assassination and, 140, 207–8, 213, 337–38 n37

  conspiracy knowledge/resistance destruction and, 53, 159, 190, 244, 251, 254, 258, 277

  Fritsch and, 16, 17

  Jews and, 150

  position/Hitler and, 14, 16, 73, 92, 141, 173–74

  Hindenburg, President, 22, 168

  Hitler, Adolf

  army position changes and, 27–28

  becoming Führer, 10

  Blomberg scandal and, 16, 17

  coming to power, 168

  Czechoslovakia and, 46, 47–48, 53–54, 56

  descriptions, 8–9, 41, 43, 47, 49, 53, 54, 55, 121, 127–28, 135, 137–38, 182

  eating description, 137–38

  elections (November 1933) and, 9

  German offensive in west, order/reactions, 89–90

  Germans following, 266

  government ministries reshuffling, 28

  hanging films and, 250

  intervening in military operations, 127–28, 133

  security and, 92, 112, 115, 137, 138, 140, 141, 142

  soldiers’ loyalty oaths to, 10, 176, 181, 199–200, 226, 234

  See also Nazi Party; resistance; specific events

  Hitzfeld, Otto, 226, 227

  Hoepner, Erich

  after assassination/coup attempts (1944), 236, 237, 244, 245, 247, 249–50

  background, 46, 202

  farewell letter, 237

  Hitler and, 202–3, 219

  Jews and, 202

  resistance/coup and, 46, 52, 182, 202, 219, 223, 225, 232, 236, 283, 288

  Hofacker, Caesar von

  after assassination/coup attempts (1944), 258

  resistance/resistance “broker,” 192, 198, 201–2, 220, 221–22, 233, 258, 287

  Rommel and, 201–2, 258

  Hoffmann, Peter

  background, xii

  on Communists, 4–5, 12–13

  on Stauffenberg/activities, 164–65, 172, 177, 194

  Höhne, Heinz, 145

  homosexuality

  charges against Fritsch and, 16–18, 30, 118

  in Nazi Germany, 16

  Schmidt and, 16–17

  Horaczek, Johannes, 146, 147

  Hoth, Hermann, 277, 363 n30

  Hugenberg, Alfred, 6

  Hull, Cordell, 146

  I

  interrogation strategy, 245

  J

  Jacob, Major, 226–27

  Jaeger, Fritz, 228, 239, 240

  Jessen, Jens, 78, 99, 182

  Jewish persecution

  anti-Jewish boycott (1933), 11, 22–23, 169

  anti-Semitic legislation, 22, 23, 104, 108

 

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