by Danny Orbach
ban on leaving Germany, 153–54
“civilized” anti-Semitism, 103–4
concentration camp incarceration beginnings, 76–77
concentration/extermination camps and, 147–48, 152, 153, 194, 251
economy and, 76
education and, 76
“final solution” plan and, 111
following shooting in German embassy, Paris, 75–77
forced evacuations, 75, 104
Goerdeler’s remedy for, 104–6
in government/purges, 8
growing anti-Semitism, 11
as Holocaust, xii–xiii, 117, 121–26, 253–54, 256–57, 273, 291–92
information to Britain and, 41–42
Jewish refugees and, 47, 75
Jews from other countries and, 195, 322 n7
massacre in Ukraine, 194–95
massacres after Germany’s Soviet invasion, 51, 123–25, 126, 131, 148, 173, 328 n11
motives of conspirators and, 269, 271, 273, 274
Operation U-7/Nazis and, 159, 274
pogroms in Magdeburg region (1938), 76
police officers turned conspirators, 51, 253–54, 274–75
Polish Jews ordered to leave Germany, 75
public places and, 76
See also Kristallnacht; specific concentration camps; specific individuals
Jewish rescues
Canaris and, 146–51
Dohnanyi and, 148, 151, 152–58, 270, 274, 279, 286, 334 n18
Operation U-7, 151, 152, 153–58, 274, 279
smuggling/Operation Aquilar, 148–51
Jews
Hitler would-be assassins and, 73
state and, 104–6
Jews for Sale? (Bauer), 291–92
Jodl, General, 215, 260–61
Jung, Franz, 8
K
Kahn, Rudolf, 149
Kaiser, Hermann
after assassination/coup attempts (1944), 244, 251
arrest/near-arrest and, 179, 189–90
background/recruitment into resistance, 88, 112, 117–18
Beck relationship, 116, 117–18
diary, xvi, 116–17, 118, 132, 135–36, 183, 184, 244, 272, 286–87
motives for resistance and, 272–73
racism/anti-Semitism, 272
as resistance “broker”/superconnector, xvi, 116–17, 129–30, 142, 183, 189–90, 192, 206, 208, 286, 287
security risks and, 206
Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 237, 243, 244, 248–49
Kapp Putsch (1920), 5, 164
Kapp, Wolfgang, 5
Keitel, Wilhelm
description, 27–28
Fromm and, 202, 208
Hitler’s assassination/coup attempt and, 215, 219, 228, 232
position/actions, 27, 28, 32, 141, 174, 212, 213, 214
trials of conspirators and, 246
Kershaw, Ian, 248
Kieffer, Fritz, 105
Kiessel, Georg, 244
Kivimäki, Toivo M., 191
Klamroth, Bernhard, 239
Klausing, Friedrich von, 217–18, 223, 240, 243, 249–50
Kleinberg, Aviad, xiv
Kleist, Bernd von, 119
Kleist, Ewald-Heinrich von
during and after assassination/coup attempts (1944), 223, 245, 262, 265
father/father’s advice and, 203
as would-be assassin/suicide bomber, 29, 203–4
Kleist-Schmenzin, Ewald von
background, 21, 29
Britain trip/information and, 43, 55
execution of, 264
motives for resistance and, 273–74
resistance and, 29, 43, 203, 305 n35
son as would-be assassin and, 29, 203
Kluge, Günther “Hans” von
after assassination/coup attempts (1944), 243, 258, 259–60
Bock and, 128, 131
descriptions/views, 131–32, 136, 331 n17
Hitler’s financial gift and, 133–34
last letter to Hitler and, 260–61
nickname, 131–32
resistance ambivalence and, 131, 133, 134, 136–37, 140, 284, 288, 331 n17
as turncoat/coup attempt (1944) and, 233–34, 243, 260
Knochen, Helmut, 222, 229
Knoke, David, 25
Koenig, Marie-Pierre, 230
Kordt, Erich
description, 28
position, 28
resistance and, 28, 47, 57, 58, 60, 90, 92
Kordt, Theo
position, 28
resistance and, 28, 47
Korten, General, 213, 214, 215
Kortzfleisch, Joachim, 219–20, 226
Kreisau Circle
assassination question and, 181–82, 185
“final solution” information and, 111
ideas for new regime, 103
Jews’ future and, 110
meetings/security and, 109
members, 107, 108–9, 188, 207, 208, 210, 217–18, 249, 250–51, 265, 279
network description, 108
origins, 106, 108
plans for Germany’s future, 109–11, 113
Silesian summer camps and, 107
Stauffenberg and, 188–89
Kristallnacht
consequences for Jewish people, 76–77, 78
description, 76
effects on resistance, 77–78, 104, 108, 171, 271
as point of no return (for Nazis), 77
Kuhn, Joachim
after assassination/coup attempts (1944), 242, 261, 265–66
Stauffenberg and, 175–76, 180, 188
L
Labor Front creation, 8
Lahousen, Erwin, 145, 156, 159
Laqueur, Walter, 21, 22
League of Nations, 105, 167
Leber, Julius
arrest/interrogation, 207
background, 83
hanging of, 258
position in new government, 198
resistance and, 83, 111, 185, 193, 207
Leeb, Ritter von, 89, 122, 123
Lerchenfeld, Nina von, 169
See also Stauffenberg, Nina von
Leuschner, Wilhelm
background/description, 82–83
hanging of, 258
position in new government, 198
resistance and, 82–83, 94
Liebermann, Chaim, 147
Liedig, Franz Maria, 49, 50, 93
Linstow, Colonel, 222, 234
Lubavitcher Rebbe, 146–47, 149
Lubbe, Marinus van der, 1, 3
M
Manstein, Erich von, 124, 131, 277
Mawdsley, Evan, 282
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 42–43, 107–8
Meinecke, Friedrich, 117
Mendelssohn statue, 23, 24
Mertz von Quirnheim, Albrecht
body exhumed/burned, 244
firing squad, 237
resistance/coup and, 219, 222, 223, 225, 230, 236
Meyer, Winfried, 148
Meyer-Krahmer, Marianna, 40
Mierendorff, Carlo, 200–201
Model, Walter, 140, 260
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 114, 123
Moltke, Helmuth James von, Count
Allies and, 111, 201
arrest, 159
assassination question and, 181, 185–86
background/descriptions, 106–7
family/ancestors, 106
Freya (wife) and children, 108, 109
as “Hans” to Dorothy Thompson, 96, 106
Jews and, 107–8, 111
motives for resistance and, 279
resistance/views and, 106, 107–8, 111, 173
trial/death, 250–51, 279
views on Nazis/Hitler, 107–8
See also Kreisau Circle
Moltke, Helmuth von, 106
Momm, Harald, 230
Mommsen, Hans, xii
monarchist coup d’état (1920), 5
Morell, Professor, 137
motives of conspirato
rs
empathy and, 280
Hitler’s military strategy and, 269
morality and patriotism, xiv–xv, 271–73
morality/meaning and, 267, 269–70, 278–79
myths on, 267–69
Nazi struggle against the church and, 272–73, 274
overview, xiv–xv, 267–80
persecution of Jews and, 269, 271, 273, 274
religious faith and, 279
saving Germany from military defeat and, 268–69
saving selves and, 267–68
Müller, Christian, 164
Müller, Heinrich, 155, 156, 244, 263
Müller, Josef
after assassination/coup attempts (1944), 264–65
as negotiator with Allies, 81–82, 83, 90, 158
resistance and, 81–82, 83, 90, 158
Müller, Klaus-Jürgen, 182, 270–71
Müller, Wolfgang
after assassination/coup attempts (1944), 245
resistance and, 197, 226, 227, 235, 240
Munich agreement, 58–59, 64, 78, 79, 80
Mussolini, 58, 212, 216–17
N
National Socialist Party. See Nazi Party
Nationalist People’s Party, 6
Navarre, Henri, 229–30
Nazi Germany
Einsatzgruppen, 51, 123, 124, 125, 148, 173, 174, 202, 253–54, 277
German guilt and, xi–xii, 51, 122, 145, 176, 200
German reputation/shame and, 77, 78, 88, 176, 199, 200, 258
“living space” (Lebensraum), 33–34, 79, 103
Nazis’ perceptions of threats, 248
persecution of the church, 20, 23, 29, 35, 64, 88, 108, 117, 151, 272–73, 274
Treaty of Versailles’s significance, 32, 33, 97, 164, 168
See also Jewish persecution; specific acts; specific individuals
Nazi Germany propaganda
celebrations/festivities, 10–11
Olympic Games (1936), 40
Nazi Party win/aftermath
army and, 9–10
emergency decrees (February 1933), 4
gaining control/opposition destruction, 1–13
government ministry department demands and, 3
government purges, 8
January 1933 situation, 1
one-party state and, 6–7
regionalism and, 7
torture/killings of Germans, 11–12
working class and, 10–11
See also Hitler, Adolf; specific individuals
Nebe, Arthur
after assassination/coup attempts (1944), 253–54
background, 51, 253–54, 274–75, 310 n37
Elser interrogation and, 72–73
resistance and, 51, 208, 274–75, 348 n68
network-analysis theory. See resistance movements/network-analysis theory
Neurath, Constantine von, 28
Night of Broken Glass. See Kristallnacht
Night of the Long Knives, 10, 20, 117, 217
Nuremberg Laws, 22, 104, 108
Nuremberg Trials, 60, 260–61
O
Oberg, Carl, 229, 235
Oertzen, Hans-Ulrich von
after assassination/coup attempts (1944), 245
resistance/coup and, 197, 219, 223
Ogilvie-Forbes, Sir George, 87
Olbricht, Friedrich
body exhumed/burned, 244
coup end/farewell letter and, 236–37
descriptions/background, 128, 135–36, 293
firing squad, 237
Fromm and, 135–36, 196, 202, 208, 219
motives for resistance and, 271
resistance/coup and, 128, 129, 130, 133, 137, 188, 190, 191, 196–97, 202, 208, 216, 218–19, 222–23, 225, 227, 234
suspicions on, 208
Valkyrie II orders and, 196–97, 202
Olympic Games (1936), 40
Oster, Hans
Abwehr position beginnings, 20
background, 19–20
Beck recruitment and, 29–31, 34, 36
as closet anti-Nazi, 19
collaboration with enemies of Nazis, 93–94, 111
descriptions/views, 19, 292, 293
Fritsch and, 19
Halder and, 37, 38
importance to resistance, 130, 142
imprisonment/death, 261, 262, 264
Jews/rescue operations and, 20, 154, 157, 271, 274, 286
motives for resistance and, 271, 274
Nazi raids/house arrest and, 142, 158–59, 179, 191, 263
positions, 19, 20
resistance (1940 on), 93–94, 113, 130, 133, 182, 183
resistance work (1937–1938), 20, 21, 22, 26–27, 29–30, 31, 39, 43, 47, 49–50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56–57, 61
resistance work (1939), 80, 81–82, 83, 84, 89, 90
strategy change, 115
See also resistance movements/Berlin network
Oven, Margarethe von
after assassination/coup attempts (1944), 261, 265
resistance/coup plans and, 118, 190, 193–94, 207, 209
Tresckow and, 118, 193, 209, 261
P
Parssinen, Terry, 57
Paulus, Friedrich, 132–33, 134, 175, 177
Pfiffrather (SS officer), 226, 227–28
Poland
British concerns/Nazi aggression, 79–80, 84–85
Nazi invasion/atrocities, 84, 88–89, 91, 111, 112, 117, 118, 144–45, 171–72, 277
nonaggression pact between Soviet Union/Nazi Germany and, 83–84
Popitz, Johannes
background, 77
imprisonment, 261
Kristallnacht and, 77–78
resistance and, 78, 190
trial/hanging of, 258
Wednesday Society and, 78
R
Rath, Ernst vom, 75–76
Rather, Ronald, 275
Reichenau, Walther von, 34, 36, 69, 89, 124, 174, 277
Reichstag building fire
description/responsibility for, 1–2, 3
Hitler’s use of, 1–3
Reichwein, Adolf
background/views, 83, 107
Communist underground/resistance meeting and, 207, 288
hanging of, 258
Kreisau Circle and, 107
resistance and, 83, 107
Remer, Otto, 197, 219, 230–31, 235, 236, 237, 288, 352–53 n49
Rennefeld, Ilse/Otto, 154–55, 157
resistance following Nazi Party win
Blomberg scandal and, 15
description, 3–4
Fritsch charges and, 18
informers/Gestapo and, 12–13
model needed, 13
See also specific groups/organizations; specific individuals
resistance movements
arresting Hitler/problems, 182, 183, 184
assassination decision/reasoning, xv, 181–87
connected cliques, 116, 179, 183–84, 191, 192, 281, 285–87
courage and, 280
critical historians on, xii, xiii–xiv
historians/debate on, xi–xv
number of brokers/connectors and, 189–90
phases summary, 281
security summary, 190–92
traditionalist German historians on, xi–xii, xiii
wheel conspiracy, 191–92, 287–89
See also motives of conspirators; resistance movements/network-analysis theory; specific individuals/networks
resistance movements/assassination and coup plot (Stauffenberg, July 20, 1944)
areas of coup temporary success, 228
assassination attempt description, 209–29
