by Danny Orbach
betrayals, 233–34
confusion on assassination success, 214, 215–16, 218, 219, 220, 221–22, 223, 225–26, 227, 228, 230–31, 232, 233
confusion on coup, 216, 217–29, 230–35
countercoup and, 226
end in Berlin, 235–37
escape from Wolf’s Lair and, 214–15, 218
failure reasons (summary), 238–40, 282
in France and, 218, 220–21, 222, 228–30, 234–35, 240, 288, 353 n60
Hitler/views and, 215, 216–17, 230–31, 238
Hitler’s radio message, 237–38
measuring strengths/weaknesses overview, 287–89
messages from resistance leaders, 223–25, 227
Nazi firing squad and, 237
Nazi leaders infighting, 217
single bomb use and, 213, 282
Stauffenberg’s execution, 237
Stauffenberg’s injury, 236
See also specific individuals
resistance movements/assassination and coup plot (Stauffenberg, July 20, 1944) consequences
Allied forces and, 265
arrests, interrogation, torture, 243, 244–46, 251–52, 261, 263
bodies exhumed/burned, 244
family members of conspirators and, 251–52, 264–65
firing squad/executions, 237, 243, 258
hangings of conspirators, 250, 251, 254, 258, 264
interrogation strategy, 245
lawyers for conspirators and, 248, 255, 356–57 n19
Nazis’ arrests of potential subversives and, 252
Nazis finding Kaiser’s diary, 244
Nazis obtaining information/destroying movement, 241, 243, 244, 245, 251, 255, 263–64
suicides/attempted suicides, 242–44, 245, 258–60, 264
trials/humiliation of conspirators, 246–51, 255, 261–62
verdicts and, 249–50, 251, 254, 258, 262, 264
See also specific individuals
resistance movements/assassination plot (plane bomb/1943)
failure/retrieving bombs, 139–40
making bombs/delivering, 137, 138–39
planning, 134–37
resistance movements/assassination plots
assassination decision/reasoning, xv, 181–87
eastern front possibilities, 115–16
Hammerstein’s plan and, 87–88
luck/randomness and, 282
measuring strengths/weaknesses and, 282–83
1941 in Paris and, 111–13, 115, 116
origins, 14, 15
revolutionary autarky measurement and, 283
suicide bombing attempt (1943), 139–42
See also Elser, Georg; resistance movements/Berlin network
resistance movements/Berlin and eastern front network
alliance, 116
arrests, 142
assassination attempt/plane bomb, 133–40
assassination/coup sequence and, 132, 136
assassination possibilities, 115–16
brokers/connectors and, 116–17, 285–86, 325 n3
control and, 286–87
coup plans/roles (1942), 133–34
measuring strengths/weaknesses overview, 285–87
member squabbles, 135–36, 286–87
revolutionary autarky and, 285–86
security and, 286
See also specific individuals
resistance movements/Berlin network
arrests/seizure of documents (1943), 142, 158–59
Beck recruitment and, 29–31, 34, 36
Britain’s importance/negotiations and, 39–43, 47, 83, 92–93
connectors and, 283
control and, 283
coup “plans” (late 1941) and, 110
decision on necessity of assassination (1942), 113
dependence on outsiders (summary), 283–85
documenting Nazi crimes/planned use, 49, 80–81
end/reasons, 60–61
expansion/atrocities in Poland and, 88–89
formation, 20–31
German nationalism/territory and, 42–43, 83, 84, 101
Gestapo and, 25–26
growth during first two years of war, 98–99
Hitler’s war victories and, 97–98
hopes on Halder and, 37–39
individual functions, 26–27
labor leaders/workers and, 82–83
measuring strengths/weaknesses overview, 283–85
Moltke’s group/Kreisau Circle and, 108
Nazi persecution of Jews and, 20, 21, 29, 75, 104
Nazi raids/arrests (1942–1943), 142, 158–59
network-analysis theory and, 24–27
planning/proposals for Germany’s future, 100–106, 109, 110
problems in 1940, 96–97
radio stations/broadcasts and, 52–53
repeat attempt of 1938 revolt, 90–91
revolutionary autarky and, 283–85
security and, 283
situation in 1940, 93–94
social “islands” and, 25–26, 304 n20
social to conspiratorial network change, 26
SS kidnapping British agents and, 92–93
Tresckow visiting, 130
weaknesses summary, 44
See also Jewish persecution; specific individuals
resistance movements/Berlin network 1938 coup plans
critical tasks/military numbers, 52
Czechoslovakia issue and, 36, 38–39, 40–41
description, 49–53
Hitler’s fate and, 49, 50, 52
police and, 51, 52
regime after coup and, 48–49, 53
timing, 36, 37, 38
resistance movements/network-analysis theory
“clique,” 24–25
compartmentalization, 25
“connectors,” 27
division of labor and, 25
recruitment and, 25–26
revolutionary mutation/examples, 25, 26, 28, 34, 36, 78, 112, 117, 119–20, 175, 281
social “islands,” 25–26, 304 n20
“viral effect” (recruitment), 98–99
revolutionary autarky
defined, 283
See also specific resistance movements
revolutionary mutation/examples, 25, 26, 28, 34, 36, 78, 112, 117, 119–20, 175, 281
Reynaud, Paul, 97
Reynolds, Nicholas, 92, 182
Ribbentrop, Joachim von
associates, 51
Czechoslovakia and, 39
Hitler/Hitler’s orders and, 28, 114–15, 123, 217
position, 28
Ringshausen, Gerhard, 286
Roeder, Manfred, 158–59
Roettger (hangman), 250
Röhm Putsch, 217
See also Night of the Long Knives
Rommel, Erwin
after assassination/coup attempts (1944), 258–59
wounded, 208
Lucie-Maria (wife), 259
motives for resistance and, 268
resistance and, 201–2, 208, 268
World War II/Africa Corps, 177–78, 201
Roon, Ger van, 189
Rosenstock, Eugen, 107
Rothfels, Hans, xii
Rothmund, Heinrich, 156–57
Rundstedt, Gerd von, 122, 123, 246
S
SA (Storm Troopers)
description/pro-Hitler actions, 6
Hitler’s actions against, 9–10, 11
kidnappings/torture by, 11
Sachsenhausen concentration camp, 52, 62, 73, 76, 261, 264
Schacht, Hjalmar
after assassination/coup attempts (1944), 264
after coup (1938), 45
background, 39
resistance and, 39, 43, 45, 48, 60, 91
Schellenberg, Walter, 92
Scheurig, Bodo, 242
Schlabrendorff, Fabian von
after assassination/coup attempts (1944), 241, 243, 245, 261, 264, 265
background, 1
18
on Kleist, 273
resistance and assassination/coup plans and, 87, 118–19, 128, 133, 134, 137–40, 141, 276
as resistance “broker,” 118–19, 128, 130, 131–32, 133, 179, 183, 273, 287
torture/remaining silent, 261, 265
Tresckow and, 118–19, 121, 128, 132, 134, 241, 243
Schleicher, Kurt von, 10
Schmidhuber, Wilhelm, 147, 158
Schmidt, Otto, 16–17
Schmidt, Paul, 217
Schmundt (Hitler’s adjutant), 140–41, 215
Schneersohn, Joseph Yitzchak, Rabbi (Lubavitcher Rebbe), 146–47, 149
Schulenburg, Ehrengard von der, 193
Schulenburg, Friedrich-Werner von der
Germany’s invasion of Soviet Union and, 114–15
position, 114
Schulenburg, Fritz von der
after assassination/coup attempts (1944), 250
arrest/release, 142, 179
Charlotte (wife), 171
Jews and, 78
resistance and assassination/coup plans, 78, 88–89, 111, 185, 227
Schulze-Bernett, Walter, 149
Schuschnigg, Kurt von, 264–65
Schwarzel, Helene, 254–55
Schwerin von Schwanenfeld, Ulrich Wilhelm, Count
Poland atrocities/effects, 112
resistance and, 112, 217–18
trial/execution, 250, 251
as would-be assassin, 112
Seppl, Bayern (Bavarian Joe), 17
Shirer, William, 46–47, 53–54, 56
shirt of Nessus myth, 242
Skinner, Quentin, 269
Skorzeny, Otto, 231, 237, 243
Smid, Marikje, 151
Social Democratic Party
destruction by Hitler, 5, 6
general strike (1920) and, 5
January 1933 situation, 1
social “islands” of resistance movements, 25–26, 304 n20
Solmitz, Luise, 2, 3
Soviet Union
Germany/Czechoslovakia and, 39
nonaggression pact with Germany, 83–84, 115, 123
Soviet Union/Germany’s invasion
Commissar Order/license for atrocities, 121–22
description/atrocities and effects on resistance, 122–28, 131, 138–39, 148, 173–74, 328 n11
German failure/deaths, 127–28, 132–33, 134, 175, 200, 202
massacres of Jewish people/effects on resistance, 51, 123–25, 126, 131, 148, 173, 328 n11
plans/communications on, 114–15
prevention attempts, 121–22
Speidel, Hans
after assassination/coup attempts (1944), 265
resistance/coup and, 197–98, 221, 233
SS (Schutzstaffel)
Abwehr and, 158, 159
description, 10
power beginnings and, 10
terror on Germans, 11–12
SS Athenia sinking, 85
Stahlberg, Alexander, 119, 128, 131
Stalin, Joseph, 4–5, 123
Stampfer, Friedrich, 5
Stauffenberg, Alexander von, 161
Stauffenberg, Alfred von, Count, 161
Stauffenberg, Berthold von
after assassination/coup attempts (1944), 244–45
as anti-Hitler/anti-Nazi, 161, 194
assassination/coup attempt (1944) and, 217–18
childhood, 161, 162–63, 164, 165
Claus relationship and, 161, 162, 164, 168, 178–79, 194, 217–18
Stefan George and, 164–65, 169–70
Stauffenberg, Caroline von, Countess, 161, 163, 178
Stauffenberg, Claus von
body exhumed/burned, 244
changing views of Hitler, 164, 165–66, 168, 170, 171–72, 173, 174–76
death/firing squad, 237
descriptions, 159, 167, 169, 170, 172, 194, 206, 293, 343 n20
as father/husband, 169
George circle and, 169
hospitalization/visitors, 160, 178–80
injuries/disabilities, 160, 178, 238
Jews and, 168–69, 171, 173, 174–75
joining army/military career and, 166, 167, 170, 171–78, 206
recovering from injuries, 180, 188
resistance/revolutionary mutation and, 175–77
“Secret Germany” and, 164–65, 170, 175
See also resistance movements/assassination and coup plot (Stauffenberg, July 20, 1944)
Stauffenberg, Claus von/childhood
architecture and, 162
birth, 161
description/health issues, 162, 166
dreams/aspirations of, 161–62
Great War and, 162–64
literary circle (Stefan George), 164–65
music and, 161
“oath” against Hitler, 165–66
parents/brothers and, 161
poetry and, 161
Stauffenberg, Claus von, resistance and assassination/Valkyrie attempts
“Appeal to the German People, An,” 198–99
assassination as suicide bombing, 195, 203
assassination/coup decision (spring 1944), 204–5
assassination question and, 183, 185, 337–38 n37
Communist underground and, 207, 288
control and, 288–89
coup explanations to German people and, 198–200
death/firing squad, 237
finding assassin, 194
Hitler’s headquarters, East Prussia and, 198
hopes on Rommel and, 201–2
individuals/positions in new government, 198
key individuals, 197
measuring strengths/weaknesses overview, 287–89
motives for resistance and, 268–69, 271
Olbricht’s Valkyrie II orders and, 196–97, 202
operational difficulties (summary), 202–3
other resistance members/groups and, 188–89
planning assassination/coup, 195–206, 239
planning effects on resistance fighters, 206
plans for military tribunals after coup, 197
plans for possible civil war, 200–201
recruitment to resistance, 159, 179–80
as resistance leader, 180, 188, 190, 191–93, 287
resistance veterans/rivalries and, 192–93
revolutionary autarky and, 288
security risks/failures and, 206–7, 288, 347 n58
security/secrecy and, 190–92, 193–94, 196, 197, 344 n28
sniper plan, 204
Stauffenberg as would-be assassin/access to Hitler, 206, 207–8
Stauffenberg’s assassination attempts (July 11 and 15, 1944), 207–8
uniform demonstration event and, 195, 203–4
Valkyrie code name/meaning, 196
volunteers to type coup plans, 193–94
Western Allies relations and, 201
as “wheel conspiracy,” 191–92, 287–89
See also resistance movements/assassination and coup plot (Stauffenberg, July 20, 1944)
Stauffenberg, Nina von
arrest/imprisonment, 251–52, 266
children and, 251, 266
Constanze (daughter) and, 266
husband and, 169, 172, 178, 180, 205, 251
Stern, Frank, 238, 239
Stevens, Richard, 92–93, 264–65
Stieff, Helmuth
after assassination/coup attempts (1944), 247, 249–50
