Quantum

by Manjit Kumar

  Bohr, Niels (1963b), ‘The Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1958: Reminiscences of the Founder of Nuclear Science and of Some Developments Based on his Work’, in Bohr (1963a)

  Bohr, Niels (1963c), ‘The Solvay Meetings and the Development of quantum Physics’, in Bohr (1963a)

  Bohr, Niels (1963d), On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules: Papers of 1913 reprinted from the Philosophical Magazine with an Introduction by L. Rosenfeld (Copenhagen: Munksgaard Ltd; New York: W.A. Benjamin)

  Bohr, Niels (1987), The Philosophical Writings of Niels Bohr: Volume 1 – Atomic Theory and the Description of Nature (Woodbridge, CT: Ox Bow Press)

  Boorse, Henry A. and Lloyd Motz (eds) (1966), The World of the Atom, 2 vols (New York: Basic Books)

  Born, Max (1948), ‘Max Planck’, Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, 6, 161–88 (London: Royal Society)

  Born, Max (1949), ‘Einstein’s Statistical Theories’, in Schilpp (1969)

  Born, Max (1954), ‘The statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics’, Nobel lecture delivered on 11 December. Reprinted in Nobel Lectures (1964), 256–267

  Born, Max (1970), Physics in My Generation (London: Longman)

  Born, Max (1978), My Life: Recollections of a Nobel Laureate (London: Taylor and Francis)

  Born, Max (2005), The Born–Einstein Letters 1916–1955: Friendship, Politics and Physics in Uncertain Times (New York: Macmillan)

  Brandstätter, Christian (ed.) (2005), Vienna 1900 and the Heroes of Modernism (London: Thames and Hudson)

  Brian, Denis (1996), Einstein: A Life (New York: John Wiley)

  Broglie, Louis de (1929), ‘The wave nature of the electron’, Nobel lecture delivered on 12 December. Reprinted in Nobel Lectures (1965), 244–256

  Broglie, Louis de (1962), New Perspectives in Physics (New York: Basic Books)

  Brooks, Michael (2007), ‘Reality Check’, New Scientist, 23 June, 30–33

  Buchanan, Mark (2007), ‘quantum Untanglement’, New Scientist, 3 November, 36–39

  Burrow, J.W. (2000), The Crisis of Reason: European Thought, 1848–1914 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press)

  Cahan, David (1985), ‘The Institutional Revolution in German Physics, 1865–1914’, Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, 15, 1–65

  Cahan, David (1989), An Institute for an Empire: The Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt 1871–1918 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

  Cahan, David (2000), ‘The Young Einstein’s Physics Education: H.F. Weber, Hermann von Helmholtz and the Zurich Polytechnic Physics Institute’, in Howard and Stachel (2000)

  Calaprice, Alice (ed.) (2005), The New Quotable Einstein (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press)

  Cassidy, David C. (1992), Uncertainty: The Life and Science of Werner Heisenberg (New York: W.H. Freeman and Company)

  Cercignani, Carlo (1998), Ludwig Boltzmann: The Man Who Trusted Atoms (Oxford: Oxford University Press)

  Clark, Christopher (2006), Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947 (London: Allen Lane)

  Clark, Roland W. (1973), Einstein: The Life and Times (London: Hodder and Stoughton)

  Clauser, John F. (2002), ‘The Early History of Bell’s Theorem’, in Bertlmann and Zeilinger (2002)

  Cline, Barbara Lovett (1987), Men Who Made a New Physics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press)

  Compton, Arthur H. (1924), ‘The Scattering of X-Rays’, Journal of the Franklin Institute, 198, 57–72

  Compton, Arthur H. (1961), ‘The Scattering of X-Rays as Particles’, reprinted in Phillips (1985)

  Cornwell, John (2003), Hitler’s Scientists: Science, War and the Devil’s Pact (London: Viking)

  Cropper, William H. (2001), Great Physicists: The Life and Times of Leading Physicists from Galileo to Hawking (Oxford: Oxford University Press)

  Cropper, William H. (1970), The quantum Physicists (New York: Oxford University Press)

  Cushing, James T. (1994), quantum Mechanics: Historical Contingency and the Copenhagen Hegemony (Chicago: University of Chicago Press)

  Cushing, James T. (1998), Philosophical Concepts in Physics: The Historical Relation Between Philosophy and Scientific Theories (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

  Cushing, James T. and Ernan McMullin (eds) (1989), Philosophical Consequences of quantum Theory: Reflections on Bell’s Theorem (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press)

  Davies, Paul C.W. and Julian Brown (1986), The Ghost in the Atom (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

  De Hass-Lorentz, G.L. (ed.) (1957), H.A. Lorentz: Impressions of his Life and Work (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company)

  Dirac, P.A.M. (1927), ‘The physical interpretation of quantum dynamics’, Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 113, 621–641

  Dirac, P.A.M. (1933), ‘Theory of electrons and positrons’, Nobel lecture delivered on 12 December. Reprinted in Nobel Lectures (1965), 320–325

  Dirac, P.A.M (1977), ‘Recollections of an exciting era’, in Weiner (1977)

  Dresden, M. (1987), H.A. Kramers (New York: Springer)

  Einstein, Albert (1905a), ‘On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light’, reprinted in Stachel (1998)

  Einstein, Albert (1905b), ‘On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies’, reprinted in Einstein (1952)

  Einstein, Albert (1934), Essays in Science (New York: Philosophical Library)

  Einstein, Albert, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen (1935), ‘Can quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?’, Physical Review, 47, 777–780. Reprinted in Wheeler and Zurek (1983), pp. 138–41.

  Einstein, Albert (1949a), ‘Autobiographical Notes’, in Schilpp (1969)

  Einstein, Albert (1949b), ‘Reply to Criticism’, in Schilpp (1969)

  Einstein, Albert (1950), Out of My Later Years (New York: Philosophical Library)

  Einstein, Albert (1952), The Principle of Relativity: A Collection of original papers on the special and general theory of relativity (New York: Dover Publications)

  Einstein, Albert (1954), Ideas and Opinions (New York: Crown)

  Einstein, Albert (1993), Letters to Solovine, with an introduction by Maurice Solovine (New York: Citadel Press)

  Elitzur, A., S. Dolev, and N. Kolenda (eds) (2005), Quo Vadis quantum Mechanics? (Berlin: Springer)

  Elon, Amos (2002), The Pity of it All: A Portrait of Jews in Germany 1743–1933 (London: Allen Lane)

  Elsasser, Walter (1978), Memoirs of a Physicist (New York: Science History Publications)

  Emsley, John (2001), Nature’s Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements (Oxford: Oxford University Press)

  Enz, Charles P. (2002), No Time to be Brief: A scientific biography of Wolfgang Pauli (Oxford: Oxford University Press)

  Evans, James and Alan S. Thorndike (eds) (2007), quantum Mechanics at the Crossroads (Berlin: Springer-Verlag)

  Evans, Richard J. (2003), The Coming of the Third Reich (London: Allen Lane)

  Eve, Arthur S. (1939), Rutherford: Being the Life and Letters of the Rt. Hon. Lord Rutherford, O.M. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

  Everdell, William R. (1997), The First Moderns (Chicago: University of Chicago Press)

  Everett, Susanne (1979), Lost Berlin (New York: Gallery Books)

  Feynman, Richard P. (1965), The Character of Physical Law (London: BBC Publications)

  Fine, Arthur (1986), The Shaky Game: Einstein, Realism and the quantum Theory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press)

  Forman, Paul (1971), ‘Weimar Culture, Causality, and quantum Theory, 1918–1927: Adaptation by German Physicists and Mathematicians to a Hostile Intellectual Environment’, Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, 3, 1–115

  Forman, Paul (1973), ‘Scientific internationalism and the Weimar physicists: The ideology and its manipulation in Germany after World War I’, Isis, 64, 151–178

  Forman, Paul, John L. Heilbron, and Spencer Weart (1975), ‘Physics circa 1900: Personnel, Funding, and
Productivity of the Academic Establishments’, Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, 5, 1–185

  Fölsing, Albrecht (1997), Albert Einstein: A Biography (London: Viking)

  Frank, Philipp (1947), Einstein: His Life and Times (New York: DaCapo Press)

  Franklin, Allan (1997), ‘Are There Really Electrons? Experiment and Reality’, Physics Today, October, 26–33

  French, A. P. (ed.) (1979), Einstein: A Centenary Volume (London: Heinemann)

  French, A. P. and P.J. Kennedy (eds) (1985), Niels Bohr: A Centenary (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press)

  Friedländer, Saul (1997), Nazi Germany and The Jews: Volume 1 – The Years of Persecution 1933–39 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson)

  Frisch, Otto (1980), What Little I Remember (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

  Fromkin, David (2004), Europe’s Last Summer: Why the World Went to War in 1914 (London: William Heinemann)

  Fulbrook, Mary (2004), A Concise History of Germany, 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

  Gamov, George (1966), Thirty Years That Shocked Physics (New York: Dover Publications)

  Gay, Ruth (1992), The Jews of Germany: A Historical Portrait (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press)

  Gehrenbeck, Richard K. (1978), ‘Electron Diffraction: Fifty Years Ago’, reprinted in Weart and Phillips (1985)

  Gell-Mann, Murray (1979), ‘What are the Building Blocks of Matter?’, in Huff and Prewett (1979)

  Gell-Mann, Murray (1981), ‘Questions for the Future’, in Mulvey (1981)

  Gell-Mann, Murray (1994), The Quark and the Jaguar (London: Little Brown)

  Geiger, Hans and Ernest Marsden (1913), ‘The Laws of Deflection of _-Particles through Large Angles’, Philosophical Magazine, Series 6, 25, 604–623

  German Bundestag (1989), Questions on German History: Ideas, forces, decisions from 1800 to the present, 3rd edition, updated (Bonn: German Bundestag Publications Section)

  Gilbert, Martin (1994), The First World War (New York: Henry Holt and Co.)

  Gilbert, Martin (2006), Kristallnacht: Prelude to Destruction (London: HarperCollins)

  Gillispie, Charles C. (ed.-in-chief) (1970–1980), Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 16 vols (New York: Scribner’s)

  Gillott, John and Manjit Kumar (1995), Science and the Retreat from Reason (London: Merlin Press)

  Goodchild, Peter (1980), J. Robert Oppenheimer: Shatterer of Worlds (London: BBC)

  Goodman, Peter (ed.) (1981), Fifty Years of Electron Diffraction (Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel)

  Goudsmit, Samuel A. (1976), ‘It might as well be spin’, Physics Today, June, reprinted in Weart and Phillips (1985)

  Greenspan, Nancy Thorndike (2005), The End of The Certain World: The Life and Science of Max Born (Chichester: John Wiley)

  Greenstein, George and Arthur G. Zajonc (2006), The quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of quantum Mechanics, 2nd edition (Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers)

  Gribbin, John (1998), Q is for quantum: Particle Physics from A to Z (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson)

  Gröblacher, Simon et al. (2007) ‘An experimental test of non-local realism’, Nature, 446, 871–875

  Grunberger, Richard (1974), A Social History of the Third Reich (London: Penguin Books)

  Haar, Dirk ter (1967), The Old quantum Theory (Oxford: Pergamon)

  Harman, Peter M. (1982), Energy, Force and Matter: The Conceptual Development of Nineteenth Century Physics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

  Harman, Peter M. and Simon Mitton (eds) (2002), Cambridge Scientific Minds (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

  Heilbron, John L. (1977), ‘Lectures on the History of Atomic Physics 1900–1922’, in Weiner (1977)

  Heilbron, John L. (2000), The Dilemmas of An Upright Man: Max Planck and the Fortunes of German Science (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press)

  Heilbron, John L. (2007), ‘Max Planck’s compromises on the way to and from the Absolute’, in Evans and Thorndike (2007)

  Heilbron, John L. and Thomas S. Kuhn (1969), ‘The Genesis of the Bohr Atom’, Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, 1, 211–90

  Heisenberg, Werner (1925), ‘On a quantum-Theoretical Reinterpretation of Kinematics and Mechanical Relations’, reprinted and translated in Van der Waerden (1967)

  Heisenberg, Werner (1927), ‘The Physical Content of quantum Kinematics and Mechanics’, reprinted and translated in Wheeler and Zurek (1983)

  Heisenberg, Werner (1933), ‘The development of quantum mechanics’, Nobel lecture delivered on 11 December. Reprinted in Nobel Lectures (1965), 290–301

  Heisenberg, Werner (1949), The Physical Principles of quantum Theory (New York: Dover Publications)

  Heisenberg, Werner (1967), ‘The quantum Theory and its Interpretation’, in Rozental (1967)

  Heisenberg, Werner (1971), Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations (London: George Allen and Unwin)

  Heisenberg, Werner (1983), Encounters with Einstein: And Other Essays on People, Places, and Particles (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press)

  Heisenberg, Werner (1989), Physics and Philosophy (London: Penguin Books)

  Heitler, Walter (1961), ‘Erwin Schrödinger’, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 7, 221–228

  Henig, Ruth (1998), The Weimar Republic 1919–1933 (London: Routledge)

  Hentschel, Anna M. and Gerd Grasshoff (2005), Albert Einstein: ‘Those Happy Bernese Years’ (Bern: Staempfli Publishers)

  Hentschel, Klaus (ed.) (1996), Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources (Basel: Birkhäuser)

  Hermann, Armin (1971), The Genesis of quantum Theory (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press)

  Hiebert, Erwin N. (1990), ‘The Transformation of Physics’, in Teich and Porter (1990)

  Highfield, Roger and Paul Carter (1993), The Private Lives of Albert Einstein (London: Faber and Faber)

  Holton, Gerald (2005), Victory and Vexation in Science: Einstein, Bohr, Heisenberg and Others (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press)

  Honner, John (1987), The Description of Nature: Niels Bohr and the Philosophy of quantum Physics (Oxford: Clarendon Press)

  Howard, Don and John Stachel (eds)(2000), Einstein: The Formative Years 1879–1909 (Boston, MA: Birkhäuser)

  Howorth, Muriel (1958), The Life of Frederick Soddy (London: New World)

  Huff, Douglas and Omer Prewett (eds) (1979), The Nature of the Physical Universe (New York: John Wiley)

  Isaacson, Walter (2007), Einstein: His Life and Universe (London: Simon and Schuster)

  Isham, Chris J. (1995), Lectures on quantum Theory (London: Imperial College Press)

  Jammer, Max (1966), The Conceptual Development of quantum Mechanics (New York: McGraw-Hill)

  Jammer, Max (1974), The Philosophy of quantum Mechanics: The Interpretations of quantum Mechanics in Historical Perspective (New York: Wiley-Interscience)

  Jammer, Max (1985), ‘The EPR problem and its historical development’, in Lahti and Mittelstaedt (1985)

  Jordan, Pascual (1927), ‘Philosophical Foundations of quantum Theory’, Nature, 119, 566

  Jungk, Robert (1960), Brighter Than A Thousand Suns: A Personal History of The Atomic Scientists (London: Penguin)

  Jungnickel, Christa and Russell McCormmach (1986), Intellectual Mastery of Nature: Theoretical physics from Ohm to Einstein, 2 vols (Chicago: University of Chicago Press)

  Kangro, Hans (1970), ‘Max Planck’, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 7–17 (New York: Scribner)

  Kangro, Hans (1976), Early History of Planck’s Radiation Law (London: Taylor and Francis)

  Kargon, Robert and Peter Achinstein (eds) (1987), Kelvin’s Baltimore Lectures and Modern Theoretical Physics: Historical and Philosophical Perspectives (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press)

  Kay, William A. (1963), ‘Recollections of Rutherford: Being the Personal Reminiscences of Lord Rutherford’s Laboratory Assistant Here Published for the First Time’, The Natural Philosopher, 1, 12
7–155

  Keller, Alex (1983), The Infancy of Atomic Physics: Hercules in his Cradle (Oxford: Clarendon Press)

  Kelvin, Lord (1901), ‘Nineteenth Clouds Over the Dynamical Theory of Heat and Light’, Philosophical Magazine, 2, 1–40

  Klein, Martin J. (1962), ‘Max Planck and the Beginnings of quantum Theory’, Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 1, 459–479

  Klein, Martin J. (1965), ‘Einstein, Specific Heats, and the Early quantum Theory’, Science, 148, 173–180

  Klein, Martin J. (1966), ‘Thermodynamics and Quanta in Planck’s Work’, Physics Today, November

  Klein, Martin J. (1967), ‘Thermodynamics in Einstein’s Thought’, Science, 157, 509–516

  Klein, Martin J. (1970), ‘The First Phase of the Einstein-Bohr Dialogue’, Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, 2, 1–39

  Klein, Martin J. (1985), Paul Ehrenfest: the making of a theoretical physicist, Vol. 1 (Amsterdam: North-Holland)

  Knight, David (1986), The Age of Science (Oxford: Blackwell)

  Kragh, Helge (1990), Dirac: A Scientific Biography (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

  Kragh, Helge (1999), quantum Generations: A History of Physics in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press)

  Kragh, Helge (2002), ‘Paul Dirac: A quantum Genius’, in Harman and Mitton (2002)

  Kuhn, Thomas S. (1987), Blackbody Theory and the quantum Discontinuity, 1894–1912, with new afterword (Chicago: University of Chicago Press)

  Kursunoglu, Behram N. and Eugene P. Wigner (eds) (1987), Reminiscences about a Great Physicist: Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

  Lahti, P. and P. Mittelstaedt (eds) (1985), Symposium on the Foundations of Modern Physics (Singapore: World Scientific)

  Laidler, Keith J. (2002), Energy and the Unexpected (Oxford: Oxford University Press)

  Large, David Clay (2001), Berlin: A Modern History (London: Allen Lane)