We Are Charleston
Page 24
29. Associated Press, “Police Remove Three Negroes from Lunch Counter in Shelby,” Greensboro Record, February 19, 1960.
30. Associated Press, “14 Negroes Arrested in Charleston Sit-in,” Greensboro Record, February 12, 1961.
31. Associated Press, “46 Lawyers Ask Wallace to Obey Law” Evening Star (Washington DC), June 10, 1963.
32. Associated Press, “Negroes Added to Sales Forces,” Times-Picayune (New Orleans, LA), May 22, 1962.
33. Harvey Jones, interview by Herb Frazier, October 8, 2015.
34. Ibid.
35. Associated Press, “Speedy Civil Rights Solution Predicted by Vice President,” Evening Star (Washington, DC), August 16, 1963.
36. Charles Dibble, “Negroes Attempt to Use Burges Pool, Hampton Park,” News and Courier, July 13, 1963.
37. “Police Arrest Six for Trespassing,” News and Courier, July 14, 1963.
38. Undated flyer from the Charleston civil rights movement, Emanuel AME Church archive.
39. James Blake, presentation on November 5–6, 1982, South Carolina Voices of the Civil Rights Movement (document of video transcript), Avery Research Center for African American History and Culture archive, College of Charleston, transcribed by Herb Frazier.
40. “5 Local Policemen Hurt in Near Riot,” Charleston Evening Post, July, 17, 1963.
41. Associated Press, “Troops Sent to Charleston,” Virginian-Pilot (Norfolk, VA), July 18, 1963.
42. United Press International, “800 Negroes Hold Rally in Charleston,” Marietta (GA) Journal, July 18, 1963.
43. Associated Press, “Troops Sent to Charleston.”
44. Jones, interview.
45. NAACP Report to the Community, undated, Emanuel AME Church archive.
46. Herb Frazier, “Minister, Parks Tied by Legacy,” Post and Courier, October, 26, 2005.
47. William Black, interview by Herb Frazier, October 13, 2015.
48. Three black students, Robert G. Anderson, Henrie Dobbins Monteith, and James L. Solomon Jr., had been admitted to the University of South Carolina in September 1963: a first for USC.
49. Steve Estes, Charleston in Black and White: Race and Power in the South after the Civil Rights Movement (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina, 2015), 22–23.
50. Ibid., 23–24.
51. Reynard N. Blake Jr., “The Development of Black Leadership and Black Political Participation in Charleston, South Carolina from 1960–1990: Implications for Community Development” (master’s thesis, Michigan State University, 1996), in numerous discussions with Herb Frazier.
52. Mary Moultrie, presentation on November 5–6, 1982, South Carolina Voices of the Civil Rights Movement (document of video transcript), Avery Research Center for African American History and Culture archive, College of Charleston, transcribed by Herb Frazier.
53. Herb Frazier, “Workers Fought for Respect,” Post and Courier, April 17, 1994.
54. Ibid.
Chapter Eleven: People in Service to the Church
1. Andrew Billingsley, Mighty Like a River: The Black Church and Social Reform (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 135.
2. Ibid., 136.
3. Eric Frazier, “Mama Hilda, Her Interest Made the Difference for Youngsters,” Post and Courier, December 18, 1994.
4. Leon Alston, interview by Herb Frazier, November 20, 2015.
5. Ruby Martin, interview by Herb Frazier, November 30, 2015.
6. Anthony Thompson, interview by Marjory Wentworth, November 23, 2015.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Evelyn Sinkler, interview by Marjory Wentworth, September 30, 2015.
12. Ibid.
13. Carrie Kreiswirth, “New E:60 Exclusive Delivers Powerful Message of Love and Forgiveness in Wake of Charleston Shootings,” ESPN Front Row (blog), August 2015, http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2015/08/new-e60-exclusive-delivers-powerful-message-of-love-and-forgiveness-in-wake-of-charleston-shootings/.
14. Lucy McCalmont, “Baseball Game May Have Saved Chris Singleton from Charleston Shooting,” HuffPost Sports, August 4, 2015, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/chris-singleton-charleston-espn_55c1183de4b0e716be076edb.
15. Interview with Linda Meggett Brown by Herb Frazier, January 16, 2016.
16. At this writing, Gracyn is 23; Kaylin, 18; Hali, 13; and Czana, 11.
17. Brown, interview.
18. Brenda Nelson, interview by Herb Frazier, December 13, 2015.
19. Alex Sanz and Russ Bynum, “The Latest on Charleston Shootings: Victims Identified,” Associated Press, June 18, 2015, http://kwqc.com/2015/06/18/the-latest-on-charleston-shooting-suspect-in-church-meeting/.
20. Ashland Magwood Temoney, interview by Herb Frazier, December 10, 2015.
21. William Dudley Gregorie, interview by Herb Frazier, November 21, 2015.
22. Ibid.
23. Adam Parker, “Susie Jackson Remembered as Family and Church Matriarch,” Post and Courier, June 27, 2015, http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20150627/PC16/150629358.
24. Sinkler, interview.
25. Abigail Darlington, “Their Love Will Live On,” Post and Courier, June 26, 2015.
26. Ibid.
27. Sinkler, interview.
28. Bo Peterson, “Poet, Hero Tywanza Sanders Laid to Rest,” Post and Courier, June 28, 2015, http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20150627/PC16/150629386.
29. Ibid.
30. Charlene Spearen, interview by Marjory Wentworth, November 30, 2015.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Tony Bartelme, “In Remembrance, Daniel L. Simmons Sr.” (supplement), Post and Courier, June 21, 2015, http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20150621/PC16/150629897/1177/daniel-l-simmons-sr.
35. Al Miller, interview by Herb Frazier, October 9, 2015.
36. Ibid.
37. Malcolm Graham, in a text message to Marjory Wentworth, December 4, 2015.
38. Malcolm Graham, “My Sister Was Killed in the Charleston Shooting, Removing the Confederate Flag Isn’t Nearly Enough,” Washington Post, August 12, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/08/12/my-sister-was-killed-in-the-charleston-church-shooting-removing-the-confederate-flag-isnt-nearly-enough/.
39. Schuyler Kropf, “In Remembrance, Cynthia Graham Hurd” (supplement), The Post and Courier, June 21, 2015.
40. Malcolm Graham, interview by Marjory Wentworth, October 9, 2015.
41. Ibid.
42. Kim Odom’s remarks during Cynthia Graham Hurd’s funeral, Mother Emanuel AME Church, June 27, 2015, a copy of her remarks given to authors with permission to use.
43. Marvin Stewart, interview by Herb Frazier, November, 17, 2015.
44. Ibid.
45. Jason Horowitz, “Clementa Pinckey’s Last Day,” Matter, June 21, 2015, https://medium.com/matter/clementa-pinckney-s-last-day-6744ba6b23d8#.9rbxwehq9.
46. From the printed eulogistic service program for the Honorable Reverend Clementa Carlos Pinckney, Friday, June 25, 2015, at the College of Charleston’s TD Arena, and transcribed by the authors.
47. Alston, interview.
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid.
50. Gregorie, interview.
51. Anonymous Charleston psychiatrist, interview by Herb Frazier, December 10, 2015.
52. Jennifer Benjamin Pinckney’s letter to her husband, printed in the program for his eulogistic service, Friday, June 25, 2015, at the College of Charleston’s TD Arena, and transcribed by Herb Frazier.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
55. Jesse James DeConto, “Charleston shooting survivor Jennifer Pinckney: ‘I want to carry on (Clementa’s) work,’ ” Religion News Service, February 10, 2016, http://www.religionnews.com/2016/02/10/charleston-shooting-survivor-jennifer-pinckney-want-carry-clementas-work/.
56. Jennifer Benjamin Pinckney’s letter to her husband.
Chapter Twelve: What Is Forgi
veness?
1. Andrew Knapp, interview by Herb Frazier, September 17, 2015.
2. Ibid.
3. David Von Drehle, Jay Newton-Small, and Maya Rhodam, “Murder, Race and Mercy,” Time, November 23, 2015.
4. Carrie Kreiswirth, “New E:60 Exclusive Delivers Powerful Message of Love and Forgiveness in Wake of Charleston Shootings,” ESPN Front Row (blog), August 2015, http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2015/08/new-e60-exclusive-delivers-powerful-message-of-love-and-forgiveness-in-wake-of-charleston-shootings/.
5. Malcolm Graham, interview by Marjory Wentworth, October 9, 2015.
6. “Rev. Sharon Risher: I Don’t Forgive Him Yet,” CNN (video), September 10, 2015, http://www.cnn.com/videos/tv/2015/09/10/exp-the-loneliest-club-rev-risher-survivor-of-charleston-church-shooting.cnn.
7. Ashland Magwood Temoney, interview by Herb Frazier, December 6, 2015.
8. Anthea Butler, “Shooters of color are called ‘terrorists’ and ‘thugs.’ Why are white shooters called ‘mentally ill’?,” June 19, 2015, MaComb Daily, http://www.macombdaily.com/article/MD/20150619/NEWS/150619573.
9. Jennifer Berry Hawes, “Emanuel AME Survivors Feel Forgotten as Life Moves Forward,” Post and Courier, September 8, 2015, http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20150908/PC16/150909382.
10. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., “Love and Forgiveness,” American Baptist Convention, Atlantic City, New Jersey, May 5, 1964, http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/document/love-and-forgiveness.
11. Paul Bowers, “Charleston Shooting Victim Rev. Pinckney’s Haunting Prayer at Anti-Racism Event: ‘Only Love Can Conquer Hate,’ ” Charleston City Paper, June 18, 2015, http://www.charlestoncitypaper.com/TheBattery/archives/2015/06/18/rev-pinckneys-prayer-at-emanuel-ame-only-love-can-conquer-hate.
12. “Senator Clementa Pinckney,” YouTube video, 5:52, from a speech to the South Carolina State Senate, posted by Michael Adams, June 18, 2015, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z0fDAKq9FDc.
13. Benjamin Glover was a guest speaker at the Palmetto Voters Association, Progressive Club, Emancipation Day program, January 3, 1959, Johns Island, South Carolina. An audiotape recording of the program was provided to Herb Frazier by Gail Glover Faust and Oveta Glover.
14. Joseph Darby, interview by the authors, November 19, 2015.
15. Jeremy Rutledge, “What Is Forgiveness?,” Circular Congregational Church, Charleston, SC, November 8, 2015, transcript of sermon provided to Marjory Wentworth by Jeremy Rutledge.
16. Adam Parker, “Theologian James Cone to Visit Charleston Area,” Post and Courier, November 11, 2015, http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20151107/PC1204/151109508/1177/theologian-james-cone-to-visit-charleston-area.
17. Darby, interview.
18. Parker, “Theologian James Cone to Visit Charleston Area.”
19. James Cone, The Cross and the Lynching Tree (New York: Orbis, 2011), 21–22.
20. Ibid., 158.
21. Ibid., 161–62.
22. Ibid., 12.
23. Ibid., xiv–xv.
24. Darby, interview.
25. Graham, interview.
26. Ibid.
27. Roxane Gay, “Why I Can’t Forgive Dylann Roof,” Opinion Pages, New York Times, June 23, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/24/opinion/why-i-cant-forgive-dylann-roof.html.
28. Ibid.
29. Drehle, Newton-Small, and Rhodam, “Murder, Race and Mercy.”
30. Jennifer Berry Hawes, “Sense of Loss, Grief Relived by Families,” Post and Courier, November 21, 2015.
31. Jennifer Berry Hawes, Gavin Jackson, and Christina Elmore, “Charleston Relives Trauma of Gun Violence as S.C. Debate Heats Up,” Post and Courier, December 4, 2015.
32. Anthony Thompson, interview by Marjory Wentworth, November 23, 2015.
33. Ibid.
34. David W. MacDougall, “I Forgive You,” Post and Courier, July 4, 2015.
35. Thompson, interview.
36. David MacDougall, “Could You Forgive a Man Accused of Killing Someone You Loved?” Post and Courier, July 3, 2015, http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20150703/PC1204/150709816/could-you-forgive-a-man-accused-of-killing-someone-you-loved.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. Thompson, interview.
40. “Remarks by the President in Eulogy for the Honorable Reverend Clementa Pinckney,” transcription, White House, Office of the Press Secretary, June 26, 2015, https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/06/26/remarks-president-eulogy-honorable-reverend-clementa-pinckney.
41. Drehle, Newton-Small, and Rhodam, “Murder, Race and Mercy.”
42. “Remarks by the President,” transcription.
Chapter Thirteen: The Unfinished Story
1. “Remarks by the President in Eulogy for the Honorable Reverend Clementa Pinckney,” transcription, White House, Office of the Press Secretary, June 26, 2015, https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/06/26/remarks-president-eulogy-honorable-reverend-clementa-pinckney.
2. Ibid.
3. James Cone, The Cross and the Lynching Tree (New York: Orbis, 2011), 158.
4. “Remarks by the President,” transcription.
5. Karina Bolster, “Mother Emanuel Embraces Process for Nobel Peace Prize Nomination,” Live 5 News, Frankly Media, September 16, 2015, http://www.live5news.com/story/30050125/mother-emanuel-embraces-process-for-nobel-peace-prize-nomination.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. “Remarks by the President,” transcription.
9. Marlon Kimpson, interview by Marjory Wentworth, December 17, 2015.
10. Jeremy Rutledge, interview by Marjory Wentworth, December 10, 2015.
11. Nelson Rivers, interview by Marjory Wentworth, December 12, 2015.
12. Rutledge, interview.
13. Kimpson, interview.
14. Melissa Boughton, “NAACP Leader: Join Journey for Justice,” Post and Courier, August 6, 2015.
15. Lauren Sausser, “Clyburn: Lawmakers Should Remember Sen. Clementa Pinckney by Expanding Medicaid,” Post and Courier, July 4, 2015, http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20150704/pc16/150709844/1177/clyburn-lawmakers-should-remember-sen-clementa-pinckney-by-expanding-medicaid.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Malcolm Graham, “My Sister was Killed in the Charleston Shooting, Removing the Confederate Flag Isn’t Nearly Enough,” Washington Post, August 12, 2015, http://www.charlotteobserver.com/opinion/op-ed/article30848886.html.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Joseph Darby, interview by the authors, November 19, 2015.
22. “Sen. Marlon Kimpson Pre-Files Comprehensive Gun Reform Package and $15 per hour Minimum Wage Legislation,” press release, the website of Senator Marlon Kimpson, accessed January 27, 2016, http://marlonkimpson.com/pre-files/.
23. Abigail Darlington, “Coldplay’s New Album Samples Obama Singing ‘Amazing Grace’ in Charleston,” Post and Courier, November 23, 2015, http://www.charlestonscene.com/article/20151123/CS/151129732/1007/coldplay-x2019-s-new-album-samples-obama-singing-x201c-amazing-grace-x201d-in-charleston/.
24. Jennifer Schuessler, “A Journey to Enclaves of Slavery in the North,” New York Times, C21, August 14, 2015; also see earlier version of this article at http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/14/arts/confronting-slavery-at-long-islands-oldest-estates.html.
25. Darby, interview.
26. Evelyn Sinkler, interview by Marjory Wentworth, October 12, 2015.
27. Richard Fausset, “Open Doors and Lingering Pain at Charleston Church Where 9 Were Killed,” New York Times, October 19, 2015, http://mobile.nytimes.com/2015/10/19/us/after-shootings-varying-shades-of-recovery-at-charleston-church.html?_r=0.
28. Cress Darwin, interview by Marjory Wentworth, October 15, 2015.
29. Wilbur Johnson, interview by Herb Frazier, December 5, 2015.
30. Jennifer Berry Hawes and Andrew Knapp, “Emanuel AME Victims’ Families, Survivors Wait as Loose Ends Hang,” Post and Courier, September 21, 2015, http://
www.postandcourier.com/article/20150921/PC16/150929951.
31. Leon Alston, interview by Herb Frazier, November 20, 2015.
32. William Dudley Gregorie, interview by Herb Frazier, November 21, 2015.
33. Robert Behre, “Emanuel’s Massive, Makeshift Memorial Raises Preservation Questions,” Post and Courier, August 29, 2015, http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20150829/PC16/150829327/1177/emanuel-x2019-s-massive-makeshift-memorial-raises-preservation-questions.
34. Ibid.
35. Andrew Knapp, “Visiting Emanuel AME, Leaving Expressions of Sympathy Seen as Rite of Passage in Charleston Tourism,” Post and Courier, August 8, 2015, http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20150808/PC16/150809552/1177/visiting-emanuel-ame-leaving-expressions-of-sympathy-seen-as-rite-of-passage-in-charleston-tourism.
36. Liz Alston, interview by Marjory Wentworth, December 12, 2015.
37. Ibid.
38. “Betty Deas Clark Named New Pastor and First Female Pastor of Mother Emanuel AME Church; Seeks to Bring Hope, Unity Following Church Massacre,” Black Christian News Network One, January 24, 2016, http://blackchristiannews.com/2016/01/betty-deas-clark-named-new-pastor-and-first-female-pastor-of-emanuel-ame-church-seeks-to-bring-hope-unity-following-church-massacre/.
39. Leonardo Blair, “Charleston AME Church Names Woman as New Pastor for First Time After Fatal Church Shooting,” Christian Post, January 26, 2016, http://www.christianpost.com/news/charleston-ame-church-names-woman-as-new-pastor-for-first-time-after-fatal-church-shooting-155960/.
40. Notes on the January 31, 2016, service at Emanuel and Dr. Clark’s sermon that day were taken by Dr. Bernard Powers Jr.
41. “Remarks by the President,” transcription.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Herb Frazier has edited and reported for five daily newspapers in the South, including his hometown paper, the Post and Courier. In 1990, the South Carolina Press Association named him Journalist of the Year. He has taught news writing as a visiting lecturer at Rhodes University in South Africa. He is a former Michigan Journalism Fellow at the University of Michigan. He is the marketing and public relations manager at Magnolia Plantation and Gardens near Charleston, South Carolina. Frazier is the author of Behind God’s Back: Gullah Memories. His upcoming book is Crossing the Sea on a Sacred Song, the story of the Mende funeral song.