The Chinese Must Go
Page 43
to Chinese Consul at San Francisco, October 20, 1885, part 2, item 9, in ZS,
80–81.
34. U.S. v. Daniel Cronin et al., case file no. 4702 (King County, 1885),
WSA / TDC.
35. Zheng Zaoru to Imperial Court, February 16, 1886, part 3, item 6, ZS, 111–112.
36. Chang Yen Hoon to Thomas Bayard, Washington, March 3, 1888, doc. 254,
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, Part I, ed.
Jules Davids (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1979), 389–390;
Zhang Yinhaun (Cheng Yen Hoon), Sanzhou riji [Diary of the Three
Continents] 1896, entry for March 3, 1888.
37. Chang Yen Hoon to the Chinese Legation, May 4, 1886, Notes from the
Chinese Legation in the United States to the Department of State, 1863–1906
(microfilm), vol. 2, no. 98, RG39 M98, Pacific Regional Branch of the
National Archives, San Bruno, CA. For similar petitions for protection
from San Francisco, see Zhang Zhidong to Imperial Court, June 16, 1886,
part 3, item 14, ZS, 115–119.
38. Chang Yen Hoon to the Chinese Legation, February 7, 1887, Notes from the
Chinese Legation in the United States to the Department of State, 1863–1906
(microfilm), vol. 2, no. 98, RG39 M98, Pacific Regional Branch of the
National Archives, San Bruno, CA.
39. Henry Yu, “The Intermittent Rhythms of the Cantonese Pacific,” in
Connecting Seas and Connected Ocean Rims: Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific
Oceans and China Seas Migrations from the 1830s to the 1930s, ed. Donna
Gabaccia and Dirk Hoerder (Leiden: Brill, 2011), 393–414; Gunther Peck,
Reinventing Free Labor: Padrones and Immigrant Workers in the North
American West, 1880–1930 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000),
50–57; Stevens, “Brokers between Worlds,” 145–146; Hudson N. Janisch,
“The Chinese, the Courts, and the Constitution: A Study of the Legal
Issues Raised by Chinese Immigration to the United States, 1850–1902”
(doctoral diss., University of Chicago Law School, 1971), 529, 353.
40. Kee Low, interview by C. H. Burnett, August 4, 1924, box 27, no. 179, SRR.
41. Ibid.; Jules Alexander Karlin, “The Anti- Chinese Outbreaks in Seattle,
1885–1886,” Pacific Northwest Quarterly 39, no. 2 (April 1948): 103–130;
296
NOTES TO PAGES 109–113
Wynne, Reaction to the Chinese in the Pacific Northwest, 260; SDC,
February 8, 1886; Thomas Burke to Hon. H. F. Beecher, Collector,
February 15, 1886, box 22, file 17, TB; Wan Lee, “Writ of Habeas Corpus, ”
case file no. 4819 (King County Court, 1886), WSA / TDC. Wan Lee
himself eventually deci ded to leave the territory. Thomas Burke to H. F.
Beecher, February 15, 1886, box 22, file 17, TB.
42. Kee Low, interview by C. H. Burnett; Arthur S. Beardsley, “ Lawyers and
Anti- Chinese Riots,” in The Bench and Bar of Washington, The First Fifty
Years, 1849–1900 (unpublished manuscript), box 1, file 37, Arthur S.
Beardsley Collection, Washington State Historical Society, Olympia,
WA; Karlin, “The Anti- Chinese Outbreaks in Seattle,” 119–121; Wynne,
Reaction to the Chinese in the Pacific Northwest, 262.
43. Kee Low, interview by C. H. Burnett.
44. Ibid. “John” or “John Chinaman” was a common moniker for Chinese
mi grants.
45. Wynne, Reaction to the Chinese in the Pacific Northwest.
46. Chin Cheung, interview by C. H. Burnett, August 21, 1924, box 27,
no. 187, SRR. For moments of worker re sis tance to expulsion, see Jeffrey
Alan Dettmann, “Anti- Chinese Vio lence in the American Northwest:
From Community Politics to International Diplomacy” (Ph.D. diss.,
University of Texas, 2002), 56–57, 128–129, 169.
47. Kee Low, interview by C. H. Burnett. See also J. S. Look, interview by
C. H. Burnett, August 13, 1924, box 27, no. 182, SRR.
48. MDA, February 2, 1886.
49. Cheng Tsao Ju to Mr. Bayard, February 15, 1886, doc. 33, in Jules Davis,
ed., American Diplomatic and Public Papers: The United States and China,
Series 2, The United States, China, and Imperial Rivalries, 1861– 1893
(Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1979), 12:174.
50. Zhang Yinhuan (Chang Yin- haun) to Imperial Court, August 14, 1886,
part 2, item 21, ZS, 94–96; Zhang Yinhuan to American Foreign
Ministry, August 14, 1886, item 22, ZS, 96–98; “Regulations of Chinese
Labor,” 1886, part 2, item 23, ZS, 98–99; Zhang Yinhuan to Imperial
Court, memorial, May 18, 1888, part 3, item 22, ZS, 123–124.
.
4 THE PEOPLE
1. Lynwood Carranco, “Chinese Expulsion from Humboldt County,” Pacific
Historical Review 30, no. 4 (November 1961): 329–340; Jean Pfaelzer, Driven
NOTES TO PAGES 114–116
297
Out: The Forgotten War against Chinese Americans (New York: Random
House, 2007), 121–166; James Beith, “Diary,” February 8, 1885, vol. 7
(Banc film 3088), Bancroft Library, Berkeley, CA.
2. As quoted by SDRU, February 13, 1885; James Beith, “Diary,” vol. 7 (Banc
film 3088) February 8, 1885.
3. James Beith, “Diary,” vol. 7 (Banc film 3088), February 8, 1885,
September 11, 1886.
4. Jonathon Glassman, War of Words, War of Stones: Racial Thought and
Vio lence in Colonial Zanzibar (Bloomington: Indiana University
Press, 2011), 20, 233–240; Paul R. Brass, ed., Riots and Pogroms (London:
MacMillan, 1996), 42–44; Lisa Arellano, Vigilantes and Lynch Mobs:
Narratives of Community and Nation (Philadelphia: Temple University
Press, 2012).
5. Eiko Maruko Siniawer, Ruffians, Yakuza, Nationalists: The Violent Politics
of Modern Japan, 1860–1960 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008),
5–6; Charles Tilly, The Politics of Collective Vio lence (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2003), 204; Sudhir Kakar, The Colors of
Vio lence: Cultural Identities, Religion, and Conflict (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1996), 46; Veena Das, Mirrors of Vio lence: Communities,
Riots and Survivors in South Asia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990)
21–22; Charles Tilly, The Contentious French: Four Centuries of Popu lar
Strug gle (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,
1986), 360; James C. Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant
Re sis tance (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987).
6. Glassman, War of Words, War of Stones, 233; Neil Smith, “Contours of a
Spatialized Politics: Homeless Vehicles and the Production of Geographic
Scale,” Social Text 33 (1992): 54–81; Neil Brenner, “Beyond State-
Centrism? Space, Territoriality, and Geo graph ical Scale in Globalization
Studies,” Theory and Society 28, no. 1 (1999): 39–78; Willem van Schendel,
“Geographies of Knowing, Geographies of Ignorance: Jumping Scale in
Southeast Asia,” Environmental and Planning D: Society and Space 20, no. 6
(2002): 647–668.
7. On ethnic cleansing, see Andrew Bell- Flalkoff, Ethnic Cleansing (New
York: St. Martin’s, 1996), 1–3; Michael Mann, The Dark Side of Democracy:
Explaining Ethnic Cleansing (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2005), 11. On the nature of expulsion, see Matthe
w F. Fitzpatrick, Purging
the Empire: Mass Expulsions in Germany, 1871–1914 (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2015), 3–5.
298
NOTES TO PAGES 116–118
8. Jeff Goodwin, “A Theory of Categorical Terrorism,” Social Forces 84, no. 4
(2006): 2029; Grant Wardlaw, Po liti cal Terrorism: Theory, Tactics, and
Counter- Measures (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 9–16.
9.
TDL, September 3, 1885.
10. TDL, September 5, 1885; Harper’s Weekly, October 17, 1885; NYT,
September 26, 1885.
11. Margaret Kolb Holden, “The Rise and Fall of Oregon Pop u lism: Legal
Theory, Po liti cal Culture and Public Policy, 1868–1895” (Ph.D. diss.,
University of Virginia, 1993), 378.
12. Kim Voss, The Making of American Exceptionalism: The Knights of Labor
and Class Formation in the Nineteenth Century (Ithaca, NY: Cornell
University Press, 1993), 3; Tamara Venit Shelton, A Squatter’s Republic:
Land and the Politics of Mono poly in California, 1850–1900 (Berkeley:
University of California Press, 2013); Charles Postel, The Populist Vision
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 133; Hans Birger Thorelli, The
Federal Antitrust Policy: Origination of an American Tradition (Stockholm:
P. A. Norstedt och söner, 1954), 147–148; Leon Fink, Workingmen’s
Democracy: The Knights of Labor and American Politics (Urbana: University
of Illinois Press, 1983); Robert E. Weir, Beyond Labor’s Veil: The Culture of
the Knights of Labor (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press,
1996); Robert E. Weir, “Blind in One Eye Only: Western and Eastern
Knights of Labor View the Chinese Question,” Labor History 41, no. 4
(2000): 421–436; Richard White, Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the
Making of Modern Amer i ca (New York: W. W. Norton, 2011), 293–305;
Alexander Saxton, The Indispensable Enemy: Labor and the Anti- Chinese
Movement in California, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press,
1995), 40; Robert Eugene Mack, “The Seattle and Tacoma Anti- Chinese
Riots of 1885 and 1886” (bachelor’s thesis, Harvard University, 1972), 10.
For an example of Knights of Labor participation in the anti- Chinese
movement, see SDC, September 21 and 22, 1885. Carlos Schwantes argues
that, while officially organ izing for the Knights of Labor, Cronin was also
recruiting members for the International Workers Association (IWA),
a secret and radical workingmen’s group based in San Francisco; see
Carlos A. Schwantes, “From Anti- Chinese Agitation to Reform
Politics: The Legacy of the Knights of Labor in Washington and the
Pacific Northwest,” Pacific Northwest Quarterly 88, no. 4 (1997): 174–184.
13. SDC, December 1, 1885; SPI, January 17, 1886; Robert Edward Wynne,
Reaction to the Chinese in the Pacific Northwest and British Columbia,
NOTES TO PAGES 119–123
299
1850–1910 (New York: Arno, 1978), 243; Schwantes, “From Anti- Chinese
Agitation to Reform Politics,” 175.
14. A. E. Handford, “Affidavit in the matter of Coal Creek,” in Watson Squire
to Thomas Bayard (and enclosed documents), July 17, 1886, USDS / ML;
Carlos A. Schwantes, The Pacific Northwest: An Interpretive History
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989), 251–257.
15. George W. France, Strug gles for Life and Home in the North- West: By a
Pioneer Homebuilder, Life 1866–1889 (New York, 1890), 529.
16. SDC, December 1, 1885.
17. SDC, November 20, 1885; October 2, 1885; see also SDC, September 25, 26, 1885; Amy Dru Stanley, From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage,
and the Market in the Age of Slave Emancipation (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1998), ix–xi, 1–3. SDC, October 2, September 25, 26, 1885;
Moon- Ho Jung, Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor and Sugar in the Age of
Emancipation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 6–9.
18. SDC, September 21, October 10, 27, 1885.
19. James Wickersham to Herbert Hunt, April 21, 1916, folder 6, Wickersham
Collection, Washington State Historical Society, Tacoma.
20. SDC, September 25, 1885; TDL, October 3, 1885; TDL, August 26, 1885; SDC, November 16, 1885.
21. SDC, October 26, September 26, 1885.
22. TDL, September 22, 1885; SDC, November 3, September 22, 1885.
23. SDC, October 19, November 2, 1885. It is not surprising that members of
the press participated in the parade instead of simply observing it. Prolabor
newspapers in the territory (including the Seattle Daily Call, the Tacoma
Daily Ledger, and the Tacoma Daily News) were the major mouthpieces of
the working class and anti- Chinese movement.
24. SDC, October 10, 1885; Edward W. Taylor, “Affidavit in the Matter of the
Expulsion of the Chinese from Tacoma,” in Watson Squire to Thomas
Bayard (and enclosed documents), July 17, 1886, USDS / ML.
25. “To the Citizens of Tacoma,” October 8, 1885, in Edward N. Fuller
Ephemera Collection, Washington State Historical Society, Tacoma; SDC,
October 17, 1885; Taylor, “Affidavit.”
26. SDC, October 21, October 17, 1885.
27. TDL, November 3, 1885; Taylor, “Affidavit.”
28. Jacob Weisbach, “Affidavit in the Matter of the Expulsion at Tacoma,” in
Watson Squire to Thomas Bayard (and enclosed documents), July 17, 1886,
USDS / ML. See also George Ackinson, “Affidavit in the Matter of the
300
NOTES TO PAGES 124–127
Expulsion at Tacoma,” in Watson Squire to Thomas Bayard (and enclosed
documents), July 17, 1886, USDS / ML; Lewis Byrd, “Affidavit in the Matter
of the Expulsion at Tacoma,” in Watson Squire to Thomas Bayard (and
enclosed documents), July 17, 1886, USDS / ML.
29. James Wickersham to Herbert Hunt, April 21, 1916. Wickersham appears
to have misremembered the penitentiary. In 1885, the Walla Walla
penitentiary was only in the planning stages and McNeil Island served as
the territory’s prison.
30. B. R. Everetts, “Affidavit in the Matter of the Expulsion at Tacoma,” in
Watson Squire to Thomas Bayard (and enclosed documents), July 17, 1886,
USDS / ML.
31. TDL, November 4, 1885; Tacoma Daily News, January 18, 1886. See also
SDC, November 4, 1885.
32. Linda Gordon, The Great Arizona Orphan Abduction (Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 2001), 254–276; Arellano, Vigilantes and Lynch
Mobs, 23; Richard Maxwell Brown, Strain of Vio lence: Historical Studies of
American Vio lence and Vigilantism (New York: Oxford University Press,
1975), 93; Christopher Waldrep, The Many Faces of Judge Lynch: Extralegal
Vio lence and Punishment in Amer i ca (New York: Palgrave MacMillan,
2002); Michael J. Pfeifer, Rough Justice: Lynching and American Society
1874–1947 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004).
33. Tacoma Daily News, January 18, 1886.
34. LAT, November 8, 14, 1885. See also The Daily Gazette (Kalamazoo, MI)
September 6, 1885; 17 Cong. Rec., 1814 (1886); SDC, November 23, 1885;
Riverside Press and Horticulturist, December 15, 1885.
35. Schwantes, “From Anti- Chinese Agitation to Reform Politics,” 179–182.
Done,” TR, January 1, 1886. “John Chinaman” or simply “John” was often
used colloquially to refer to the Chinese.
37. SDRU, October 29, 1883; DAC, July 31, 1885. See also LAT, December 6, 1885; “How the Restriction Act Is Evaded,” LAT, October 20, 1885; “How
Chinamen Get Around the Restriction Act,” DAC, November 13, 1886;
LAH, November 24, 1883.
38. Pfaelzer, Driven Out, 253; SDC, September 26, 1885. For other examples of anti- Chinese writers and speakers using the Restriction Act as justification
for organ izing, see Portland Oregonian, October 7, 1885; Portland Daily
News, October 5, 1885; Salt Lake Tribune, February 12, 1886; San Francisco
NOTES TO PAGES 127–129
301
Examiner, March 5, 1886; A. A. Sargent, “Wyoming Anti- Chinese Riot,”
Overland Monthly and Out West Magazine 6 (November 1885): 128–129;
TDL, September 5, 1885. For an excellent discussion of newspaper coverage
of the vio lence, see Jeffrey Dettmann, “Chinese American Vio lence in the
American Northwest: From Community Politics to International
Diplomacy” (Ph.D. diss., University of Texas at Austin, 2002), 56–57,
128–129, 169.
39. As quoted in 17 Cong. Rec., 1814 (1886); See also SDRU, May 10, 1886; TR,
February 20, 1886; “Report of the Special Committee on the Condition of
the Chinese Quarters” in The Chinese in San Francisco, ed. Willard B.
Farwell (San Francisco: Board of Supervisors, 1885), 208.
40. Beith, “Diary,” vol. 7, September 12, 1886. See also SDC, October 7, 1885;
TR, February 20, 1886; SDRU, February 10, March 11, 1886.
41. Terence V. Powderly, Thirty Years of Labor: 1859–1889 (Columbus, OH:
Excelsior, 1889), 442.
42. Erika Lee, At Amer i ca’s Gate: Chinese Immigration during the Exclusion
Era, 1882–1943 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005),
13, 147.
43. SDRU, January 30, 1886; TR, February 20, 1886. In Truckee, California, a movement that began with boycott ended with arson and the death of
three Chinese men in the fire. Wallace R. Hagaman with Steve F. Cottrell,
The Chinese Must Go!: The Anti- Chinese Boycott, Truckee, California
(Nevada City: Cowboy Press, 2004), 47–50; Daily Transcript, June 18, 1886.