by A. A. Long
Eusebius, 24, 38, 42 n32
Euthydemus, 292, 300
Evenus, 292
explanation (see also cause; logos), 15,
in Hesiodic theogony, 46–7, 344
in Hippocratics, 280–4
naturalistic, 48, 53, 60, 206–7, 209
Favorinus, 329 n8
fire (see also elements)
in Anaximander, 47–8, 55–6
in Anaximenes, 57–8
in Heraclitus, 98–101, 232–3
forerunners of philosophy, 9
fragments, 1, 23–6, 274
Frede, M., 274, 284
Furley, D. J., 180 n37
Galen, 24, 31
Glaucon, 198, 313–16,
likened to Antiphon, 324–5
gnômai, see apothegms
god(s), see divinity; theogony; theology
Gorgias, 12, 28, 290–300, 304–9
on aitia, 275
on disagreements between philosophers, 27, 31
on eikos, 296, 299–300
first sophist, 294
Funeral Oration, 298
Helen, 293, 298–300, 304–5
on language and poetics, 295, 299, 341
life and writings, xxi, 292
on nature, 304–5, 309
not a sceptic, 305–6
On not being, 300, 305–8, 310 n17
Palamedes, 298–9
on persuasion and rhetoric, 293, 295, 298–300, 306–7
Plato on, 290–1, 298
prepared to talk on any subject, 12
refutation of Eleatics, 306
rhetorical style, 298–9
teaching without knowledge, 307–8
Grote, G., 291
Guthrie, W. K. C., 65 n28, 85 nn7 and 11, 86 n19, 110 n9
Gyges, ring of, 315–16, 324
Hadot, P., 21 n31
happiness, and justice, 312–15
harmonia, 80
in Empedocles, 76, 160, 217
as “latent structure” in Heraclitus, 91, 95–6
harmony of spheres, 74
heart, 81, 252
heavenly bodies, 47–8, 55–6, 59–60, 83, 123, 351
Hecataeus, 9, 90, 213, 234
Hegel, G. W. F.
on early cosmology, 60
on Heraclitus, 108
influence on history of early Greek philosophy, 8, 19 n11
on sophists, 291
Heidegger, M., 1, 122, 360
Heraclitus, 2, 88–112,
“all things are one,” 11, 13, 232, 348
Aristotle on, 97, 99, 101, 108
concept of potentiality, 97–8
contrasted with Diogenes, 254
contrasted with Xenophanes, 212–14
cosmology and fire, 98–101, 232–3
criticism of authorities, 9–11, 71, 91, 106, 213, 233, 337–9
deliberate ambiguity, 358–9
on ethics, 102–4
“exchange” in his cosmology, 99–100, 232
flux, 27, 94, 99, 246 n12
harmoniê (“latent structure”), 91, 95, 101
“I looked for myself,” 104, 234
influenced by Milesians, 59, 89
intellectual context of, 112 n36
on knowledge, 89–93, 102, 104–5, 107–8, 232–6, 257
on language, 90–2
legacy of, 18, 109, 360
on life and death, 357–8
life and writings, xxii, 88, 349–50, 359
literary style, 4, 88, 357–9
logos, 13, 91–3, 104–5, 232, 235–6, 260, 358, 362 n41
novelty of his account, 10–11, 13–14
obscurity and paradox, 88, 94, 105, 235, 350, 357–8
on oracles, 91, 93
Plato on, 27, 98–9, 101, 108
rationality, 89–93, 96
on rivers, 94
on sensation, 234, 261–2
on sleeping and waking, 92–3, 102
on soul, 90, 101–105, 234, 253–4
sources for, 33–4, 36–9, 43 n46
strife and justice, 106–7
on wisdom, 107–8
theology, 98–9, 101, 103, 108, 208, 212–14
unity in opposites, 93–98, 101, 105–7, 232, 235
Herodotus,
on cause and responsibility, 276–8
on destiny, 272, 276
on Gyges’ ring, 315–16
on isonomia, 321
on moral relativism, 301
Hesiod (see also Chaos; Eros; night and day; poetry),
as educator, 4, 336
as forerunner, 8–9
compared with Anaximander, 47–9
criticized, 9–11, 90, 210, 213, 233, 337–9
on justice, 319, 323
poetic goals, 342–6
Theogony, 10, 13, 46–7, 205, 208, 344–5
Works and Days, 344–6
Hippasus, 78
Hippias,
anthology of poets’ and philosophers’ views, 26–7, 52, 332
appeal to nature, 304
life and writings, xxii–xxiii
science, 292
scope of interests, 12, 292
on society, 330 n20
Hippocratics, 3, 318
Airs, waters, and places, 281–2
on causes, 279–86
did not treat “signs” as causes, 279–80
new conception of cause in
On Ancient medicine, 65 n37, 283–6
On breaths, 282–3
On diet, 253
On the nature of man, 282
On the sacred disease, 280–1
Hippolytus, 24, 33, 35–6, 40 n4
Homer (see also poetry),
allegorical interpretation of, 340
as educator, 4, 113, 336
and cosmology, 45
criticized, 106, 210, 337–8
on death, 70, 101
on destiny, 272
ethics, 337–8, 340
on knowledge, 225–6, 259–60
poetic goals, 342–6
on psychê, 251
hot (and cold), 47, 50, 55, 79–80, 100, 163, 284, 304
human beings,
as object of inquiry, 11, 314–16
human nature,
sophists on, 314–16, 319–20, 324–7
Thucydides on, 322–3, 327
Hume, D., 272
hylozoïsm, 53–4
Iamblichus, 33, 67
immortality, see soul
India, 70
infinite (see apeiron; divisibility; Zeno of Elea)
in Anaxagoras, 163
number of atoms, 182
of space, 117
of void, 184
Ionians, see Milesians
Isocrates, 27, 331 n32
on Pythagoras, 71
isonomia, see equality before the law
Italian philosophers, 33, 43 n35
Jaeger, W., 271
justice, 16, 311–31
cosmic, 56–7, 106–7, 118, 224 n9, 273
“holds between equals,” 323
and nature, 314–16
Protagoras on, 305, 319–21
sophistic conceptions in Republic I-II, 311–16
Thucydides on, 322
Judaism, 112 n36
Kahn, C., 204 n20
Kerferd, G. B., 19 n9
knowledge, see epistemology
kosmos
Heraclitus on, 233
Kranz, W., 6, 24, 40 n6
language (see also Gorgias; Prodicus; Protagoras)
importance in Heraclitus, 90–1
theories of, 12, 15
law (see also justice; Antiphon; Protagoras)
and anomia (“lawlessness”) in Thucydides, 322–3
as compromise, 314
at Athens, 293–4, 311
codification of, 16
and culpability, 274–7
Draco’s code, 287 n8
“equality before,” 321
in Heraclitus, 92, 100, 106–7
an
d justice in Plato’s Protagoras, 319–21
and morality in Democritus, 198–9
Lebedev, A., 39 n3
Lesher, J., 260
Leucippus (see also atomists), 179 n24, 185–9, 195–6, 199, 221
as shadowy figure, 181
life and writings, xxiii
on reason and necessity, 185–6
sources for, 34, 35, 39
light, see Parmenides
like to like, principle of, 188, 201
limit, limiters, 79–82
literacy, rise of, 16, 344
literary theory, see poetics
Lloyd, G. E. R., 19 n5, 21 n34, 271, 286 n1
logic, 15, 215, 241
logos (“account”; see also Heraclitus; Parmenides)
meanings, 13, 247 n21
Love and Strife, see Empedocles
Lucretius, xxi
Lycophron, 292
Lysis, 78, 84
magnitude, see Zeno of Elea
Makin, S., 39 n1
“Man is the measure of all things,” see Protagoras
Marx, Karl, dissertation of, 18
mathematics, (see also Zeno of Elea), xix, xxiii, 2, 12, 55, 58, 78, 81, 84, 291–2, 310 n21
matter (see also principle(s)),
Aristotle’s theory of, 50–1
distinguished from moving principle, 54, 164–5, 172
not yet onceptualized, 53–4
measure,
in Heraclitean cosmology, 91, 100
medicine, see Hippocratics
Melissus, 2, 113, 125–33, 179 n24, 183
attributes of what exists:
bodiless, 129–30
changeless, 128–9, 173–4
homogeneous, 127
indivisible, 129
infinite in extent, 126
omnitemporal, 126
unitary, 127
compared with Parmenides, 125–31
denial of void, 129
life and writings, xxiii on the One and God, 133 n24
rejection of the senses, 130
sources for, 28, 38
style of argument and presumed audience, 125
metaphysics, 15, 122, 215
metempsychosis, see soul, transmigration of
meteorology, 59–60, 209, 230–1
Metrodorus of Lampsacus, 340
Middle Platonists, 34, 36
Milesian cosmology (see also Anaximander; Anaximenes; Thales), 212, 226, 228
general assessment, 60–3
influence
on later meteorology, 59
on Xenophanes, 59–60
on Heraclitus, 59
not strict “material monism,” 177
Miletus, 4, 11, 12
Mill, J. S., 198, 288 n19
mind (nous), see Anaxagoras; epistemology; sensation; soul
mixture, 76, 159–62, 163–7, 171–3
monism,
ancient debate over pluralism and, 89, 98, 105–6
of Anaximenes, 57, 177
of Heraclitus, 89, 95
of Melissus, 127
of Parmenides, 120–1, 165–6, 168, 170
of Zeno, 134–6
moon, 48, 55–6, 74, 123, 240, 340
motion (see also arguments against),
Anaxagoras on, 162–3
principle of, 53–4, 164–5, 172, 211
musical theories, 12, 74, 78, 81,84
mythological accounts (see also anthropomorphism),
Aristotle on, 332
criticism of, 16, 231, 291
in Hesiod, 46–7
used in early Greek philosophy, 9
nature (physis),
as intelligible structure, 228
compared to painter by Empedocles, 160
everlasting, 50
Heraclitus on, 91
inquiry into, 7, 10-11, 244–5, 285
and justice, 311, 314–15
Philolaus on, 79
in the sophists, 308, 327
versus convention, 15, 198–9, 292, 301, 304, 314, 318, 324, 328, 328 n2
Nausiphanes, 181
necessity (see also cause), 272
in atomism, 185–9
natural order as, 272
in Parmenides, 116, 124
Neoplatonists, 37–8, 66–7, 336
Neopyrrhonists, 32–4, 37
Neopythagoreanism, 67–9
Nicomachus of Gerasa, 67
Nietzsche, E, 305, 360
night (and day), 83, 95, 100–1, 213, 237
in Hesiod, 46–7, 338
Parmenides on the House of, 113, 124
nomos, see convention; law
nous, see mind; epistemology number,
in Anaximander, 56
in Empedocles, 76
in Philolaus and Pythagoreans, 68, 74, 76, 78, 81
objectivity, 12, 16
observation and scientific method, 61–2
Ocean (Okeanos), 45, 50, 52
One, see monism
opposites,
in Anaximander, 55–7
in Heraclitus, 92–8
in Xenophanes, 60
oracles,
in Heraclitus, 88, 91, 93
Orpheus, 5
interpreted allegorically in the Derveni papyrus, 341
Orphics, 71, 252
Osborne, C., 44 n48
Ostwald, M., 327
Ouranos, 46
Owen, G. E. L., 122
Parmenides (see also Eleatics), 2, 15, 113–32, 236–41, 259–62
Aristotle on, 124
cosmology, 117–18, 122–3, 130–1, 168–70, 208, 214
goddess’ revelation, 9, 113–14, 208, 214–16
intellectual relation to
Empedocles and Anaxagoras, 165–8, 170–2, 174–6
Homer and Hesiod, 354
Melissus, 125–31
Xenophanes, 35, 230
Zeno, 134–5, 143, 155–6,
life and writings, xxiv, 230, 350
Plato on, 27
Plutarch on, 348
poetic form, 4, 353–5
the proem, 113–14, 236–7, 354
on sense perception, 261–2
sources for, 28, 35–9
Way of Opinion/Seeming, 123–5, 168–70,215,258, 349
astronomy, 123
dualism, 123–4, 166
epistemological status, 123–5, 239–41
light and night, 123–4, 237, 239–40
physiology of thinking, 242, 255–6
Way of Truth, 114–23, 214–16
argumentative structure, 115–17, 122, 239
attributes of “what is,” 118–21, 170, 238
criticism of mortal thinking, 114, 117, 120, 123–4, 168–9
denial of motion, 119, 165
does not call Being divine, 214
judging by logos, 239
monism, 120–1, 165–6, 168, 170
on space and sphericity, 117–18, 121–2
thinking and being, 120, 125
the verb “to be,” 114–15
the ways of inquiry, 114–17, 165, 238, 354
Pericles, xvii, 275, 298, 321–2
Peripatetics, 1, 33, 260, 271
Pherecydes, 9
Philo of Alexandria, 34, 37
Philodemus, 40 n4, 42 n30, 44 n51
Philolaus, 78–84
astronomy, 83
better documented than Pythagoras, 69
cosmogony, 82–3
epistemology, 80
harmonia, 81
life and writings, xxv
limiters and unlimiteds, 79–82, 227
on numbers, 81–2
responding to predecessors, 80, 83
on soul and mind, 252, 257
sources for, 37
philosophy
in On ancient medicine, 285
Pythagoras’ alleged coining of the term, 3, 65 n34, 289 n23
philosophy, Early Greek (see also Hegel)
as account of “all things,” 10–13
contrasted with<
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poetry, 332–3; with later philosophy, 1–3, 60–3, 335–6, 359–60
cultural context, 16–17, 342, 352
fluidity, 2–4, 12–13
as innovative tradition, 17–18, 60
not yet a separate discourse, 3
poetic writing of, 335, 351–60
poetics, 332–62
relation to mythology, 9, 49
salient features, 13–16, 346–50
and science, 15–16, 60–3
scope, 1–21
shaped by Homer and Hesiod, 334–5
sources, 22–44
and wisdom, 9, 12
transformative goal, 13
Physikai doxai (“Physical tenets”), see Theophrastus,
physikoi, physiologoi (see also nature, inquiry into), 7, 23
distinguished from mythologoi and theologoi by Aristotle, 332, 360
physis (see also nature)
meaning origin/growth, 11
Pindar, 70–1, 359
Placita (“Tenets”), 23, 26, 31–2, 35–7
Plato
on Anaxagoras, 273
as source for early Greek philosophy, 27–8, 32, 36
critique of poetry, 336–7, 339, 359
critique of sophists, 6, 15, 290–1, 294–5, 321–2, 327–8
on Heraclitus, 27, 99,
implicit allusions to Antiphon, 327–8
Parmenides, 38, 134–7, 155–6
Protagoras, 318–19
on Protagoras and relativism, 301–4
on Protagoras and society, 316–22
on Pythagoras, 66
relation to early Greek philosophy, 6–7, 15, 22, 192, 197–9, 209–10, 221–3, 227, 244, 253, 259, 261,
relation to Hippocratics, 283, 285
relation to Pythagoras and Pythagoreans, 68, 74–5, 84–5
Republic, on justice, 311–16
on rhetoric, 294, 321
on Socrates, 6–7, 15, 290–1, 293
Theaetetus, 318, 320–2
Timaeus, 68, 84, 250, 273
on transmigration of souls, 71
use of collections by Gorgias and Hippias, 26–7
on Zeno, 134–7, 155–6
Platonism, Middle, 33–4, 36–7
pleasure (and pain)
Antiphon on, 325
Democritus on, 197–8
Plotinus, 37
plurality, see arguments against
Plutarch (and ps.-Plutarch), 23–5, 30–1, 33–6
poetics, 332–63
allegorical interpretation, 339–41
of Democritus, 339
explicit, 333–4, 339–42
immanent, 335
implict, 334–5, 342–50
and interpretation, 4
poetry,
as chosen medium for philosophy, 4
as medium of divine authority, 353–5
comprehensiveness, 344
contrasted with prose, 41 n16
distinguished from philosophy, 50, 52
essential content, 343–4
microscopic vs. macroscopic form, 345–6
and pessimism, 225–6
temporal narrative, 345
truthfulness, 342–3
