by A. A. Long
politics,
Antiphon on, 324–8
Democritus on, 198–9
and justice, 31 1–14
Protagoras on, 318–22
Pythagorean involvement in, 73
polymathy, xxiii, 9, 71, 213
Popper, K., I, 14, 124
on early philosophy as “scientific,” 61–2
Porphyry, 33, 35, 67, 70
Posidonius, 31
“Presocratics,” as term, 5–7, 15, 24, 332, 360 n1
principle(s) (see also elements; atomism; theology)
of Anaximander, 56–7, 205–6
of Anaximenes, 57–8
of Diogenes of Apollonia, 206
of Philolaus, 80–1
in relation to
matter, 50–1, 53–4; to causality, 273
of Thales, 50–1
of Xenophanes, 60
probability, see eikos
Proclus, 38, 67, 122
Prodicus
on language, 12, 292
life and writings, xxv Prometheus, 318
prophasis (“excuse, justification”), 275–6, 278, 287 n11
signifying “reason,” 280, 282
prose,
as medium for philosophy, xvii, 350–1, 360
influenced by poetic form, xxii, 351
Protagoras, 290–3, 295–8, 300–9
Aristotle on, 302
contrasted with Antiphon, 317, 324
on democracy, 321
discussion with Pericles, 275
on eikos, 308–9
on gods, 306–7
interpreted as Heraclitean, 303
on justice and law, 305, 316–23
life and writings, xxvi, 292
“Man is the measure of all things,” 12, 292, 308, 317, 320
mathematics, 310 n21
myth in Plato’s Protagoras, 318–19
on nature, 305, 319
opposing arguments, 295–6, 298, 317
Plato on, 293, 301–4, 318–22, 328
on poetry and language, 12, 295, 341
relation
to Democritus, 8, 33, 189, 193, 195, 199;
to Hesiod, 319, 323
to Zeno, 310 n21
relativism, 292, 300–2, 307, 321–2
scepticism, 18, 306–7
sources for, 33, 40 n7
teaching “good judgement,” 292, 298, 308, 320
teaching without knowledge, 307–9
on truth, 301–4, 308, 317
psychology, see soul
Pyrrho, 18
Pythagoras, 2, 66–75, 77,
alleged coinage of term philosophy, 3, 65 n34, 289 n23
as founder of sect, 72–5
as miracle worker, 72
as “shaman,” 67, 73
criticized by Heraclitus, 9–11, 71, 90, 213
eschatology and number symbolism, 74
hagiography, 67
life, xxvi in politics, 73
religious authority, 2, 70–1
sources for, 33–5, 67–9
on transmigration of souls, 70–1, 74, 211
Pythagoreans (see also Hippasus, Philolaus), 5, 18, 25, 28, 33–4, 36, 73–5, 155
akousmatikoi vs. mathêmatikoi, 78
influence on Plato, 84–5
pseudepigrapha, 69, 78
secrecy of, 73–4
way of living, 72–5
quality,
reduced to quantity by Anaximenes, 58
rarefaction, see condensation
rationalism (see also cause; epistemology; explanation; logos), 14, 215–16, 226
of Heraclitus, 13, 89–93
practical, spiritual, theological aspects, 14, 205–9
Raven, J., 179 n23
reality, see appearance vs.
reason (see also prophasis; logos)
in Democritus, 185–6
reductionism, 48
relativism (see also convention; sophists; Gorgias; Protagoras), 12, 16, 300–2, 305
Heraclitean, 95–6, 301
religion (see also anthropomorphism; mythology; theology), xxv
and conceptions of the soul, 252
criticism of, 2
in practices of Pythagoreans, 70–4
rhetoric (see also eikos, language; sophists; Gorgias; Protagoras;
earliest teachers, 294
in law courts and assemblies, 293
opposed speeches, xix
and poetic devices, 341
Ryle, G., 109
salvation, 13, 252
scepticism (see also appearance; Democritus; Gorgias; Protagoras; Xenophanes), 15, 81
in later philosophy, 18, 31
relation to relativism, 305–6
Schleiermacher, F., 108
science and early Greek philosophy, 2, 15–16, 60–3
Sedley, D., 269 n23
Seneca, 31–2
sensation, 250–70
assimilated to thought, 255, 259
distinguishing senses and mind, 255–62
physiology, 262–7
“topology” and “passages,” 264
separation, 47–8, 76, 160–1
seven sages (sophoi), 8
Sextus Empiricus, 23, 34, 37
on cause, 285
on Protagoras, 304, 317
on “scepticism” of Democritus, 191–3
Sicily, xx–xxi, xxvii, 70, 75, 294
Simplicius, 38–9, 41 n24
Snell, B., 251
social contract, 292
Socrates,
Aristophanes on, 6, 290, 293
compared and contrasted with sophists, 7, 15, 290, 293
concentration on ethics, 7, 20 n15
on inquiry, 244, 293–4
in Plato, 311-16
on soul, 253
and the term “Presocratics,” 5–7, 332
trial of, 318
Socratics, 33
sophists (see also eikos; Antiphon; Critias; Gorgias; Hippias; Prodicus; Protagoras, Thrasymachus)
Aristophanes on, 290
in general, 290–3
on human nature, 305
innovative, 12
integral to early Greek philosophy, 5, 291
on language and poetics, 291, 294
on law and justice, 291, 293
methods of argument, 294–8
as professional teachers, 290, 294
as rhetoricians, 283, 298–300
Plato on, 6, 15, 290–1, 294–5, 314–22, 327–8
and relativism, 300–4
on rhetoric, 291
on science, 290
wide scope of expertise, 12, 291
Sophocles,
on responsibility, 275, 284
Soranus, 23
Sotion, 32
soul (psychê), 250–4
in Anaximenes, 11, 59, 252
Aristotle and Plato on, 250–1, 255
and body, 251–3
as microcosm, 11
composition, 252
in Democritus, 252–3
in Heraclitus, 101–5, 253–4
in Homer, 25 1–2
immortality, 9, 103, 213, 220, 252, 356
in lyric poetry, 251
in medicine, 253
signifies “life,” 251–2
status as central organ, 253–4
Thales on, 52–3, 252
transmigration, 70–4, 252
space (see also void)
early assumptions about, 117–18
in Melissus, 126–7
in Zeno’s paradoxes, 139–40, 151–55
Sparta, xvii
Spengler, O., 18
sphere (see also harmony of spheres),
in Empedocles, 76, 160, 216–19, 267
in Parmenides, 80, 117, 121, 124
Stobaeus, 24, 37
Stoics, 17–18, 22, 31–3, 37, 272, 286
and Heraclitus, 108
Stoppard, T., 18
Strato, 64 n22
strife, see love; Heraclitus structure, see harm
onia substrate, 50–1, 57–8, 176–7 “successions” of philosophers (diadochai), 8, 32–3
Sufficient Reason, principle of, 55, 118, 182–3, 186, 188
sun (see also heavenly bodies),
Anaximander on, 48, 55, 351
Anaximenes on, 59, 351
Heraclitus on, 106, 233
Homer on, 45
in Parmenides, 237
Philolaus on, 83
Pythagoreans on, 74
superstition, 222–3
Tardieu, M., 38
Tertullian, 23
Thales,
“all things full of gods,” 52–3, 205
no book, 349
on earth, 50–2
life, xxvii
and near-east, 16,
as pioneer of natural philosophy, 8–9, 50, 226, 332
on soul, 52–3, 252
sources for, 33, 40 n5, 347
on water as basic principle, 50–2, 347
Theagenes, 340
Theodoret, 24
theogony (see also Hesiod), 46
theology (see also anthropomorphism; divinity; religion; theogony, Zeus; Critias; Democritus; Empedocles; Heraclitus; Melissus; Parmenides; Xenophanes), 205–224
blessedness, 217
defined, 205
divine inspiration, 4, 214–16
divinity of principles, 53, 60, 205–7, 220–1, 347
earth and heavenly bodies as gods, 45
pantheism, 60, 212–14
pious discourse, 208, 218, 220
Theophrastus (see also doxography)
on Anaximenes, 57–8, 176–7
as source, 1, 5, 7, 23–6, 30–2, 35–6, 333
De sensibus (“On the senses”), 30, 36, 40 n4, 252, 254, 256–9, 262–6
on Heraclitus, 88, 254
on Thales, 52
Physikai doxai 23, 29–30, 35
thinking (see also Heraclitus; Parmenides; Empedocles; Anaxagoras; Democritus)
as “reflective” or “intuitive,” 259–61
assimilated to sensation, 251, 255–7, 260
distinguished from sensation, 257–9
equated with being, 120, 125
physiology, 262–7
Thrasyllus, 34, 38
Thrasymachus, 198, 292, 312–13, 328 n2
Thucydides,
on culpability and causality, 277–9
on democracy, 321
on eikos, 278, 296–7
on individual vs society, 322–3, 327
influenced by sophists, 293, 317
on prophasis, 278, 282
time,
in Anaximander, 56–7
in Melissus, 126
in Parmenides, 118, 120
in Zeno’s paradoxes, 140, 149–55
Timon, 32
truth (see also appearance and reality; eikos; Xenophanes; Parmenides; Protagoras; Democritus; Antiphon), 16, 215, 227, 245, 259
Aristotle on, 17,
and justice, 311, 315, 318
in poetry and philosophy, 337, 341–3, 346–7, 353
and relativism, 301–4
universalism, see “all things”
unlimited, see apeiron
Usener, H., 23
Varro, 23
Vetusta placita (“Oldest tenets”), 23–6, 31, 35
vision,
Democritus on, 263–4
Vlastos, G., 200–1
void, 117, 183–4,
vortex, 160
Wardy, R., 180 n38
water (see also elements)
in Anaximander, 48, 55
in Anaximenes, 57–8
in Thales, 50–1
in Xenophanes, 60, 209
Williams, B., 271
wisdom (sophia) (see also seven sages; philosophy),
competitive aspect, 10
divine source, 353–4
in Heraclitus, 107–8, 233
professionalization, 12
Protagoras on, 320–1
in Xenophanes, 211
Wittgenstein, L., 360
Xenophanes,
adumbrates Aristotle’s unmoved mover, 211
on all things, 10, 211, 229, 348
choice of poetic form, 4, 209, 351–3
conception of wisdom, 211
critique of anthropomorphism, 59–60, 209, 212
critique of Homer and Hesiod, 210, 337, 339, 353
empiricism, 60, 89–90, 100, 209, 230
ethics, 209–11, 337–8, 353
and Heraclitus, 9–11, 90, 212–14, 234
indebted to Milesians, 59–60, 212
life and writings, xxvii–xxviii, 352
mockery of Pythagoras, 70, 211
not “the founder of Eleatic philosophy,” 214, 230
scepticism, 18, 33, 229
sources for, 35
theology, 59–60, 208–12, 228–9, 258
on truth, knowledge and belief, 212, 214, 226, 228–31, 347, 352
Xenophon, 27
Zeller, E., 8, 19 n11, 26
Zeno of Citium, 17
Zeno of Elea, 2, 134–58
Aristotle on, 140–2, 145, 151–3
defender of Eleatic monism, 134–6
on infinite divisibility, 138–9, 145,
infinite regress, 139
legacy of, 182
life and writings, xxviii, 134–5
on magnitude, 137–9
and mathematics, 138, 140–1, 146–7, 152–5
meaning of apeiron, 139–41
paradoxes of motion, 139–55, 173, 175–6
Achilles, 142, 149–51
Dichotomy, 142–9
Flying Arrow, 151–5
Stadium, 157 n17
paradoxes of plurality, 135–9, 141
Plato on, 134–7, 141, 155–6
problem of completing an infinite series, 146–51
problem of motion at an instant, 152–5
relation to Protagoras, 310 n21
sources for, 28, 38, 134–5
use of reductio arguments, 136–7
Zeus, 45, 233, 319, 324, 345
zoogony, 48, 160–1
Zoroastrianism, 112 n36
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