The Spark of Life: Electricity in the Human Body
Page 35
in cell death 185–7
in heart action potential 156–7, 158–9
in muscle action potential 105
in nerve action potential 66
in olfaction 217
in phototransduction 197
in plants 186–91
in resting potential 43
in taste 214–15
ion selectivity 49–51
KATP channel 1–3, 52, 312n
mechanosensitive 190, 207, 208
opening and closing 51–3
structure 48–51
ryanodine recepotors 113–15
TRP 214, 220–21
see also calcium channel, potassium channel, sodium channel, ion channel diseases
ion channel diseases 112
achromatopsia 202–3
aquaporin channelopathies 182
Burgada syndrome 157–8
congenital insensitivity to pain 222
cystic fibrosis 177–9
epilepsy 253–5
erythermalgia 222
hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis 106–8
inherited hypotension 177
Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) 90–91
Liddle’s disease 177
long QT syndrome 140–41, 159–62
malignant hyperthermia 114–16
migraine 244–5
myasthenia gravis 98–9
myotonia congenita 108–12
neonatal diabetes 1–4
paramyotonia congenital 107
porcine stress syndrome 114–15
salt-losing syndrome 177
Southern corn leaf blight 170–71, 186–7
startle disease 251–2
ions 37
concentration gradients 39–40, 42, 43
iris 194, 194
Isaac Louis Pulvermacher & Co. 292
Jaffe, Rindy 174
James I, King 259
Jimmie 143, 144–5
John (Prince, son of King George V) 254
Julius, David 220
Jung, Carl 303
juvenile diabetes see type 1 diabetes
Kalmijn, Adrianus 131
Kandlbauer, Christian 308
KATP channel 1–3, 52, 312n
Katz, Bernard 64, 65
Keller, Helen 209
Kemmler, William 300, 301
Kesey, Kevin 296
ketogenic diet 254–5
Kevorkian, Jack 168
kidney 4, 163, 176–7, 181, 315n
kidney tubule 176–7, 181, 315n
killer T-cells 182
Kleist, Ewald Jürgen von 13
knifefish 119, 134–8
see also Gymnarchus
Kosterlitz, Hans 278
Kusch, Roger 168
Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) 90–91
Larkin, Philip 210
Larsson, Arne 152
lateral line 132
lathyrism 247–9
Lathyrus sativa (grass pea) 248
alpha-latrotoxin 90
laudanum 277
laughing gas 278–9
Leborgne, Monsieur 234–5
lens 193, 194, 315n
cataract 200–201
Leo XIII, Pope 258
Leonardo da Vinci 141
Leyden jar 13–14, 15, 17, 23, 25, 35, 117, 287–8
Liddle’s disease 177
lidocaine 223–4
lightning 8, 9, 14, 16, 35, 116, 313n
effects on body 21–2
experiments with 16–17, 23–4
generation 20–21
lightning conductor/rod 18–20, 31
Lillehei, C. Walton 151–2
limbic system 217
limbs, prosthetic 308–9
limonene 217
lipid 38–40, 39, 42, 43, 180–81, 185, 281
Lissmann, Hans 134
Loewi, Otto 82–6, 87
Loligo forbesii 61
see also squid
London Electrical Dispensary 289
long QT syndrome 159–62
Louis XV 15
love 257, 260–2
LSD 52, 263–4
Lucas, Keith 59–60
lung(s) 96, 141–2, 151, 279
cancer 90–91, 259–60
cystic fibrosis 177–8
fluid clearance at birth 175–6
Lyon, Emma 290
Macaulay, Catherine 289
Machin, Ken 134, 135, 137
MacKinnon, Rod 50, 313n
magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 238, 239, 309–10
maize 170–71, 184, 186–7
Malapterurus electricus (African catfish) 117–19
malignant hyperthermia 114–16
Marine Biological Laboratories Plymouth 61, 64, 65, 67, 68
Marmont, George 65
Martin, Benjamin 15–6
Mason, Alfred 93–4
Meat Loaf 155
mechanosensation 219
mechanosensitive ion channels 190, 207, 208
medical uses of electricity
cochlear implants 306–7
deep brain stimulation 305–6, 309, 310
diathermy 292–3
electrotherapy 286–92
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) 293–6
prosthetic limbs 308–9
Pulvermacher electric belt 292
see also defibrillator, pacemaker
Meissner 160
membrane potential 43, 61–3
depolarization 69
repolarization 66
see also action potential, resting potential
memory 264–70
aids 265–6, 311
brain regions involved 228, 265, 266–9
consciousness and 283
long-term 266, 267, 268
loss 22, 250, 270, 295, 311
motor skills 269
short-term 266, 267, 295
sleep, importance of 275–6
smell 215–16, 217
spatial 267–8
working 266,267
see also dendritic spines, hippocampus, Molaison
meninges 229
menthol 220–21
Michelangelo 9
Miesenböck, Gero 271–2
Mignot, Emmanuel 275
migraine 244–5
Mimosa pudica 191
miracle fruit 212–13
miracle of St Alfege’s 99
miraculin 213
mirror neurone 240
mitochondria 57, 185–7
Mitsugoro, Bando 71
Molaison, Henry Gustav (HM) 267
molecular biology 48–9
Monet, Claude 200, 201
monkshood 76
monosodium glutamate 214, 250–51
see also glutamate
monotremes 132–3
Moore, John 73
morphine 276–7, 278
Morrisson, Richard 212
Morton, William Thomas Green 279
Mosquito device 211
motor cortex 235, 238, 239, 240–41, 269
motor neurones 103, 103–4
see also motor nerve
motor nerve 55, 103, 103–4, 224, 248, 294, 302
Mouhot, Henri 218
multiple sclerosis 58
muscarinic receptors 165–6
muscle
action potential 104–5, 110, 111, 112, 113–14, 123
contraction 22, 23, 55, 81, 90–92, 106, 112–14, 115, 116, 121, 235, 309
innervation 103, 103–4
stiffness 107,108–9, 112, 305
structure 103–5
tubular network 104, 113, 114
twitch 23–5, 59, 97, 104–5, 110, 121, 253
weakness 90, 97, 98–9, 103, 106, 107, 108, 247
see also electroplaque, malignant hyperthermia, myotonia congenita, myotonic goat
muscle spindle 309
Musschenbroek, Pieter van 13–14
mustard 221
myasthenia gravis 98–9
myelin 56–8, 229
&
nbsp; myotonia congenita 108–9, 112
myotonic goat 102–3, 109–12, 109, 111, 252
Nabokov, Vladimir 243, 244
namazu 130
Narahashi, Toshio 73
narcolepsy 274–5
natural killer (NK) cells 182–3
Neher, Erwin 44–8
nerve cell 55, 100, 185, 233, 256
brain 226–7, 237, 254, 272, 273, 282, 296
brain organization 227–9, 239, 257
communication 51, 81–2, 100, 246–7, 251, 260, 269
controlling movement 55, 103–4, 103, 224, 248, 253, 294, 302, 305
death of 229, 245, 247, 248, 250, 270
energy consumption 40, 238
grey matter 229
impulse generation 62, 66, 68–9, 157, 159, 165
impulse transmission 56–7
optogenetics 271–2
place cells 267–8
sensory detection 55, 205, 217–18, 240, 278
structure 56, 56, 231–2, 232
see also neurone
nerve fibre 55, 56–7, 58–60, 61–2, 228, 229, 230
giant 62, 272
motor 104, 224
sensory 133, 207, 217, 222–3, 224, 302, 306, 307
see also axon, nerve terminal
nerve gas 74, 95–7
nerve impulse 37, 38, 54, 56, 258
conduction 37, 56, 57, 59–60, 61, 79
generation 59–60, 61, 63–4, 66–7, 68–9, 79
in sensory experience 60, 192, 193, 214, 219, 223, 225
stimulation of muscle contraction 110,
transmitter release 88–90, 91, 95, 100
see also action potential
nerve-muscle
junction 85, 86–7, 89, 95, 100, 246, 247
number of connections 233
transmission 52, 89, 97, 98
nerve terminal 56, 85, 89, 89–90, 91, 92, 97, 246, 308
Nervous Ætherial Balsam 291
neuromuscular junction 86, 87, 90, 104
see also synapse
neurone 88, 172, 233, 236, 238, 262, 271, 283, 305
death 250, 270
effects of anaesthetics 281
effects of transmitters 52, 254, 260, 278
hippocampal 250, 267–8
interconnections 99, 231–2, 246, 269
mirror 240
motor 103
olfactory 216–17
sensory detection 223, 240
see also nerve cell
neurotransmitter 85, 89, 194, 256, 257, 258, 262, 272
see also acetylcholine, dopamine, glycine, glutamate, serotonin
Newton, Isaac 224–5
Nicot, Jean 259
Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) 259
nicotine 259–60
nightshade, deadly 166
Nitella 189
nitroglycerin 164
nitrous oxide 278–9, 280
Noble, Andre 76
Noble, Denis 169
nodes of Ranvier 57
Nollé, Abbé (Abbot Nollet) 13, 15
non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep 273
noradenaline 83, 163,167
nucleus accumbens 257, 258, 261, 262
octopus, blue-ringed 71, 72
odorant receptors 216, 217
Ohm, Georg 34, 36
Ohm’s Law 36, 69, 298
olfaction 216–17
olfactory bulb 217
olfactory cilia 216
olfactory neurones 216, 217–18
olfactory receptors 216
opiates 278
opiate receptors 278
opium 223, 277, 278
opsin 195, 196
optic nerve 194, 195, 224, 240
optical illusions 241
optogenetics 271–2
orexin 275
Osiris 118
osmosis 180–81
otoacoustic emissions 209
Ovid 76
oximes 97
oxytocin 261, 262
pacemaker
artificial 149, 150, 151–3, 304, 309
heart cells 142, 143, 148, 153, 165
cardiac rhythm restoration 149–50, 153
see also sinus node
Packer, Kerry 154
pain 55, 95, 121, 163–4, 194, 211, 219–20, 221–2, 236, 302
brain role 222–3
chronic 223
endorphins 278
erythermalgia 222
hereditary lack of 222
relief 223–4, 277–8, 279–80, 286
pair bonding 261
Papaver somniferum (opium poppy) 277
paramyotonia congenita 107, 108
pareira vine 93
Parkinson’s disease 257, 305–6
patch-clamp method 45–7, 45
peppermint oil 220
perforins 182–3
Peterson, Fred 300–301
Phaethon 10
pheromones 101
photodetection 195–7
photopigment 194, 195–6, 199, 202
photosynthesis 188–9
phrenology 233
Physostigma venenosum (Calabar bean) 97–8
physostigmine 97–9
pit organs 221
pitohui 76
place cells 267–8, 276
place map 267–8
plants 76, 113, 173, 181, 184, 186, 220, 258, 259
action potentials 189–91
carnivorous 189–90, 315n
ion channels 171, 186–7, 189, 190
photosynthesis 187–9
Southern corn leaf blight 170–71, 186–7
stomata 188–9
toxins 76–77, 93, 94, 97–98, 166, 248–9, 252
Plath, Sylvia 294–5
Plato 315n
platypus 132–3
pleasure 215, 257, 262, 277, 304
Poirot, Hercule 229, 252
pollen grain 171, 173, 187
polyspermy, prevention 174
Popper, Karl 87
poppy, opium 277
porcine stress syndrome 114–15
positron emission tomography (PET) 238, 239
postsynaptic cell 88, 92, 99, 251
definition 82
potassium channel 42, 43, 44, 53
HERG 159, 162, 169
in cardiac action potential 159, 161–2, 165
in muscle action potential 105
in nerve action potential 66, 68–9, 254, 281
KATP channel 1–3, 52, 312n
long QT syndrome 140–41, 159–62
migraine 245
neonatal diabetes 1–4
photosynthesis 188–9
selectivity 42, 49–50, 51
stomatal opening 188–9
structure 48, 49–51
voltage sensitivity 69
potassium chloride 167–8
potassium current 66–7, 69
potassium (ion) 37, 38, 42, 92, 107, 158, 165, 312n
action potential generation 66, 69, 159,
blood levels 106, 108, 168
in fluid movement 173, 177, 188–9
in resting potential generation 43, 62
ion channel permeation 49–51
transmembrane concentration gradient 39–41, 43, 44
Powers, Francis Gary 94
prestin 208
presynaptic cell 90, 246
definition 82
Pringle, John 19
programmed cell death 184–6
Prometheus 16, 312–13n
propofol 280
prosthetic limbs 308–9
protanopia 202
protons 37, 214
see also hydrogen ions
Proust, Marcel 215
prozac 263
Pseudoalteromonas tetraodonis 71–2
Pseudocarcharias kamoharai (crocodile shark) 129
puffer fish 70, 54, 69–72, 73–4, 157
Pulvermacher electric belt 292
pupil 166, 193–4, 194
Quincey, Thomas de 277
Quintilian 265–6
radar 63, 134, 196
Raeburn, Paul 187
Raleigh, Walter 259
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep 273–5
red tide 72–3
Reich, Wilhelm 303
reindeer 199
Ren, Dejian 172
repolarization 66
resistance (electrical, Ω) 20, 22, 34–5, 36, 130–31, 136, 298, 302, 303
resting potential 43, 62, 65, 66, 69, 271
retina 194, 193–5
retinal 195
reward centre of the brain 238, 257, 259, 260, 261, 262, 277
rhodopsin 196, 198
Richman, Georg Wilhelm 17
Ringer, Sydney 158
Ritchie, Murdoch 74–5
RNA 40, 313n
Robespierre, Maximilien 19–20
Rockefeller Foundation 85, 86
rods 194–5, 196–7
rohypnol 283
ryanodine receptors 113–15
Sacks, Oliver 202–3, 266
Sakmann, Bert 44–8
salt-losing syndrome 177
Sant’Agnese, Paul di 178
sarcoplasmic reticulum 113–14, 113
see also calcium stores
sarin 74, 95–6
saxitoxin 72–5
scarlet fever 183
schizophrenia 293–4
Schwann cell 57
scorpion venom 79
Scott, Robert 258
Scott, William 73
Scoville, Wilbur 220
Scribonius Largus 286
seizure 237, 239, 250, 253–5, 267, 293–4, 296, 304
self-awareness 264, 282–3
Senning, Åke 152
sensory nerves 55, 60, 213, 214, 219, 220, 221, 223, 224, 302
serotonin 52, 262–4, 272
serotonin receptors 263, 264, 265
Shackleton, Ernest 258
Shakespeare, William 260–61, 262, 276
shark(s)
fibre optic cable attacks 128–9
electroreception 129–32, 314n
shearwater, sooty 249–50
Shelley, Mary 8–9, 16, 28, 284, 310
Shelley, Percy Bysshe 9, 221
shellfish poisoning 71, 73, 250
Simonides 265
Simpson, James 279
sinus (sinoatrial) node 142, 143, 148–9, 151, 153, 163, 165–6
skin
electrical resistance 128, 298, 302, 303
gap junction channels 100
Sleeman, William 248
sleep 228, 237, 238, 273–8, 282
memory 275–6
narcolepsy 274–5
non-rapid eye movement (NREM) 273
rapid eye movement (REM) 273–5
sudden cardiac death during sleep 140–41, 157, 160–61
smell 213–14, 215–18
smoking 259–60
snake 69, 221
Snow, John 179–80
social hierarchy 137–8, 272
Socrates 95, 117, 314n
sodium channel 44, 78
Burgada syndrome 157–8
congenital insensitivity to pain 222
epithelial 175–7, 214
erythermalgia 222
hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis 106–8
inactivation 69
in heart action potential 157–8