10. 21 November 1949, M/EA memo; 20 December 1949, Moynihan to Sec, D/EA;NAI, S 14597.
11. Cooney, John, John Charles McQuaid, p. 248.
12. Costello expressed this view privately to Patrick McCartan, according to his son. See Horgan, John, Noël Browne, p. 75 and Note 53, p. 303.
13. Quoted in Dunleavy and Dunleavy, Douglas Hyde, p. 434.
14. 2 December 1948, Browne to Walsh, NAI, S 15008.
15. 30 June 1949, Secretaries to the Hierarchy to Costello, NAI, S 15008.
16. 16 September 1949, Costello to Secretaries to the Hierarchy, NAI, S 15008.
17. Quoted in Keating, Anthony, “The legalisation of adoption in Ireland”, Studies, 2003.
18. 15 November 1950, note on Parliamentary Party meeting, UCDA, P151/469.
19. Dillon memoir quoted in Manning, Maurice, James Dillon, p. 270.
20. Interview with Patrick Lynch.
21. Record of meeting with Franco, UCDA, P151/1913.
22. 17 October 1949, M/J memo for Government, and 28 October 1949, Cabinet conclusions, NAI, S 14620.
23. NAI, S 15131.
24. Manning, p. 269.
25. Interview with Patrick Lynch.
26. 13 October 1947, Staunton to de Valera, NAI, S 14227.
27. NAI, S 14227.
28. IT, 15 January 1948.
29. 10 December 1948, Mulcahy to Fine Gael Ministers, and 17 November 1948, D.J. Sheehan to Deputy Palmer, JACP, P190/412.
30. Health Bill 1950, Explanatory Memorandum, NAI, S 14227.
31. 9 June 1948, M/H memo for Government, NAI, S 13444 G.
32. Browne, Noël, Against the Tide, p. 153.
33. Horgan, John, Noël Browne, p. 101.
34. 13 February 1950, Nolan memo, and 27 March 1951, Moynihan to Costello, NAI, S 13444 G. It is not clear why he sought this information in early 1950, before the crisis had developed.
35. 2 April 1951, D/Taoiseach memo, NAI, S 13444 G.
36. Horgan, Browne, p. 105.
37. Marr, Andrew, A History of Modern Britain, p. 66.
38. Irish News, 18 April 1951, quoted in Staunton, Enda, The Nationalists of Northern Ireland, p. 363.
39. Horgan, Browne, p. 111.
40. IT, 21 February 1951.
41. The Leader, 3 March 1951.
42. SP, 7 December 1986, MacBride interview.
43. Interview with Patrick Lynch.
44. Interview with Alexis FitzGerald.
45. Interview with Patrick Lynch.
46. 19 November 1950, Brennan to Costello, NAI, S 14997 A.
47. 25 October 1950, minutes of meeting, McQuaid Papers, DDA, AB8/B/XVIII, Box 5—Health, Mother and Child Scheme, Folder: Mother and Child Scheme, 1950.
48. Undated speech to IMA, JACP, P190/424.
49. Undated notes for speech to RCPI, JACP, P190/427.
50. 25 November 1950, Delaney to Costello, NAI, S 14997 A.
51. 25 November 1950, Costello to Delaney, and notes, NAI, S 14227.
52. DÉD, 12 April 1951, Vol 125, cols 748–51.
53. 8 December 1950, Browne to Costello, NAI, S 14997 A.
54. 16 December 1950, Browne to Costello, NAI, S 14997 A.
55. 5 December 1950, Delaney to Costello, NAI, S 14997 A.
56. 5 March 1951, Browne to Costello, NAI, S 14997 A.
57. 10 October 1950, Staunton to Costello, NAI, S 14997 A.
58. DÉD, 12 April 1951, Vol 125, Col 742.
59. 21 March 1951, Browne to Costello, NAI, S 14997 A.
60. 19 March 1951, Browne to Costello, and 21 March 1951, Costello to Browne, NAI, S 14997 A.
61. Undated draft by Browne, NAI, S 14997 A.
62. 21 March 1951, Costello to Browne, NAI, S 14997 A.
63. 9 December 1950, McQuaid to Bishop Browne, McQuaid Papers, DDA, AB8/B/XVIII/Box 5—Health, Mother and Child Scheme, Folder: Mother and Child Scheme, 1950.
64. 16 January 1951, McQuaid report to Standing Committee of Hierarchy. Ibid. Emphasis in original.
65. Horgan, Browne, p. 111.
66. 8 March 1951, McQuaid to Costello, NAI, S 14997A.
67. DÉD, 12 April 1951, Vol 125, Cols 757–8.
68. 15 March 1951, Costello to Browne, NAI, S 14997 A.
69. 19 March 1951, Browne to Costello, NAI, S 14997 A.
70. Notes on events in March 1951, McQuaid Papers, DDA, AB8/B/XVIII/Box 5—Health, Mother and Child Scheme; folder: Mother and Child Scheme, 1951.
71. 21 March 1951, note by Moynihan, NAI, S 14997 A.
72. 21 March 1951, Costello to Browne, NAI, S 14997 A.
73. 21 March 1951, Browne to Costello, NAI, S 14997 A.
74. 22 March 1951, Moynihan note, NAI, S 14997 A.
75. 22 March 1951, Costello to Browne, NAI, S 14997 A.
76. 22 March 1951, handwritten note by Costello, NAI, S 14997A.
77. 3 April 1951, Report to Standing Committee, McQuaid Papers, DDA, AB8/B/XVIII/Box 5—Health, Mother and Child Scheme, Folder: Mother and Child Scheme, 1951.
78. Puirséil, Niamh, The Irish Labour Party, p. 155.
79. Notes on events in March 1951, McQuaid Papers, DDA, AB8/B/XVIII/Box 5—Health, Mother and Child Scheme; folder: Mother and Child Scheme, 1951.
80. Interview with Patrick Lynch.
81. O’Brien, Conor Cruise, Memoir: My life and themes, p. 153.
82. Lee, J.J., Ireland 1912–1985, p. 317.
83. 3 April 1951, Report to Standing Committee, McQuaid Papers, DDA, AB8/B/XVIII/Box 5—Health, Mother and Child Scheme, Folder: Mother and Child Scheme, 1951.
84. 5 April 1951, McQuaid to Costello enclosing Hierarchy documnent, NAI, S 14227.
85. Notes on events since Hierarchy’s meeting, McQuaid Papers, DDA, AB8/B/XVIII/Box 5—Health, Mother and Child Scheme, Folder: Mother and Child Scheme, 1951.
86. Ibid.
87. Ibid.
88. Browne, pp 176/7.
89. 7 April 1951, note, NAI, S 14997 D.
90. Fanning, Independent Ireland, pp 185/6.
91. 7 April 1951, Sec to Govt to Private Secretary, M/H, JACP, P190/557.
92. Notes on events since Hierarchy’s meeting, McQuaid Papers, DDA, AB8/B/XVIII/Box 5—Health, Mother and Child Scheme, Folder: Mother and Child Scheme, 1951.
93. Draft letter to Minister for Health, NAI, S 14997 D.
94. “Seven Days”.
95. MacBride, pp 222/3.
96. 11 April 1951, Browne to Costello, and reply, NAI, S 14165.
97. 20 April 1951, memo on resignation, NAI, S 10719 B.
98. DÉD, 12 April 1951, Vol 125, Cols 667, 668, 669, 672/3.
99. DÉD, 12 April 1951, Vol 125, Cols 732, 732, 737, 739/40, 740, 777–8, 783–4.
100. Horgan, Browne, p. 151.
101. Ibid., p. 150.
102. Interview with Ronan Keane; the reference was to Masefield’s poem “Sea Fever”, and to a favourite Irish Times pub.
103. 15 April 1951, McQuaid to Felici, McQuaid Papers, DDA, AB8/B/XVIII/Box 5—Health, Mother and Child Scheme, Folder: Mother and Child Scheme, 1951.
104. O’Brien, Conor Cruise, States of Ireland, p. 120.
105. Yeats, Michael B., Cast a cold eye, p. 50.
106. DÉD, 11 April 1951, Vol 125, Col 640.
107. Deeny, James, To cure and to care, p. 196.
108. Horgan, Browne, pp 156–8.
109. DÉD, 10 July 1951, Vol 126, Col 1231.
110. Horgan, pp 156–8.
111. DÉD, 10 July 1951, Vol 126, Cols 1223–6.
112. 4 January 1951, Norman Robertson memo, LAC, RG 25, vol 4401, File 50021-40 pt 3.
113. The Leader, 6 January 1951.
114. EH, 27 January 1951.
115. 16 February 1951, Costello to Bodkin, TCD, Bodkin Papers, mss 7003/103a-317.
116. 3 January 1951, Dillon to Costello, JACP, P190/607.
117. The Leader, 28 April 1951.
118. Manning, pp 272/3.
119. 5 March 1951, Costello to Bodkin, TCD, Bodkin Papers, Ms 7003/197.
121. 5 May 1951, Laithwaite to CRO, and 8 May 1951, note by G.W. Sich, TNA, FO 371/91167.
122. 4 May 1951, Statement by Taoiseach, JACP, P190/294.
123. 7 May 1951, address to constituents, JACP, P190/294.
124. Horgan, p. 158.
125. IT, 22 May 1951.
126. 8 December 1969, retirement speech, JACP, P190/350.
127. Election itinerary, JACP, P190/294.
128. IT, 29 May 1951.
129. Appointment diary, NAI, Taoiseach’s Private Office, 97/9/928.
130. Text with Costello’s annotations, JACP, P190/294; recording of speech, loc. cit, P190/288.
131. Dublin South East election leaflet, JACP, P190/293.
132. 19 May 1951, speech in Cork, JACP, P190/294.
133. 28 May 1951, speech in Dublin, JACP, P190/294.
134. 15 May 1951, speech in Rathmines, JACP, P190/294.
135. 16 May 1951, Mullingar speech, JACP, P190/294.
136. 12 May 1951, Drogheda speech, JACP, P190/294.
137. 27 May 1951, Ennis speech, JACP, P190/294. Montagu Norman, the former Governor of the Bank of England, was noted for his conservatism.
138. 20 May 1951, Limerick speech, JACP, P190/294. 51 years later Fianna Fáil would employ a similar, if snappier, election slogan: “A lot done, more to do”.
139. 19 May 1951, Cork speech, JACP, P190/294.
140. 29 May 1951, Bray speech, JACP, P190/294.
141. The Leader, 26 May 1951.
142. McCullagh, David, A Makeshift Majority, pp 246–8.
143. 2 June 1951, Laithwaite to CRO, TNA, FO 371/91167.
144. 4 June 1951, Lemass to Henry Harrison, quoted in O’Sullivan, Michael, Seán Lemass, p. 124.
145. Horgan, p. 163.
146. 7 June 1951, MacBride to Taoiseach, UCDA, P7/C/106.
147. IT, 5 June 1951.
148. Manning, pp 278/9.
149. 13 June 1951, Laithwaite to CRO, TNA, FO 371/91167.
150. Manning, p. 279.
151. DÉD, 13 June 1951, Vol 126, Col 16.
152. DÉD, 13 June 1951, Vol 126, Col 82.
Chapter 10 Trumpet-tongued denunciation (pp 259–287)
1. 9 July 1951, Costello to Monsignor M. Moloney, Limerick, JACP, P190/614.
2. 9 January 1955, Seamus McCall to Costello, JACP, P190/826.
3. DÉD, 30 June 1953, Vol 140, Col 39.
4. Interview with Ronan Keane.
5. 9 July 1951, Costello to Joseph Ronayne, JACP, P190/618.
6. Lindsay, Patrick, Memories, p. 156.
7. O’Leary, Cornelius, Irish Elections, p. 43.
8. Manning, p. 285.
9. 19 October 1951, Costello to Dillon, JACP, P190/607.
10. 27 August 1951, speech to Dublin se constituency executive, JACP, P190/296.
11. The Leader, 16 August 1952.
12. 7 August 1951, Douglas to Costello, JACP, P190/607.
13. 27 August 1951, speech to Dublin se constituency executive, JACP, P190/296.
14. The Leader, 24 November 1951.
15. Fanning, Ronan, “Alexis FitzGerald”, in Lynch and Meenan (eds), Essays in Memory of Alexis FitzGerald, p. 9.
16. 21 July 1951, John Costello [junior] to Bodkin, TCD, Bodkin Papers, Ms 7003/204.
17. 16 October 1951, Costello to Bodkin, TCD, Bodkin Papers, Ms 7003/209.
18. 19 October 1951, Costello to Dillon, JACP, P190/607.
19. 19 October 1951, Rathmines speech, JACP, P190/576.
20. IT, 24 October 1951.
21. Central Bank Report for the year ending 31 March 1951.
22. 27 October 1951, Dillon memorandum, JACP, P190/558.
23. 14 November 1951, Bodkin to Costello, JACP, P190/813.
24. IT, 30 October 1951.
25. 3 November 1951, Cork speech, JACP, P190/577.
26. Feeney, MacEntee, p. 171.
27. DÉD, 20 November 1952, Vol. 134, Col. 2039.
28. The series appeared in The Leader on 2 August 1952, 16 August 1952 and 27 September 1952—Costello’s annotated copy of the final part is in JACP, P190/570.
29. DÉD, 7 November 1951, Vol 127, Col 353.
30. IT, 8 November 1951.
31. 16 December 1951, Kilkenny speech, JACP, P190/578.
32. 18 May 1952, Athlone speech, JACP, P190/588.
33. DÉD, 12 March 1952, Vol 129, Col 1954/5.
34. 6 February 1952, Ard Fheis speech, JACP, P190/585.
35. Feeney, p. 186.
36. Lee, p. 325.
37. DÉD, 3 April 1952, Vol 130, cols 1268 and 1296.
38. DÉD, 13 May 1952, Vol 131, Col 1443.
39. Interview with Declan Costello.
40. 17 June 1954 and 26 April 1955, Moynihan notes, NAI, 96/6/106.
41. 31 March 1952, Costello to Commissioner M.J. Kinnane, JACP, P190/609.
42. Interview with Mick Kilkenny.
43. Feeney, pp 185–9.
44. DÉD, 13 May 1952, Vol. 131, Col. 1446.
45. Whitaker, T.K., Interests, p. 164.
46. Interview with Ken Whitaker.
47. 13 January 1952, Killarney speech, JACP, P190/583.
48. 22 January 1952, Shelbourne speech, JACP, P190/584.
49. 20 April 1952, Tralee speech, JACP, P190/587.
50. Yeats, p. 55.
51. DÉD, 24 July 1952, Vol 133, Cols 1759/60, 1761, 1764.
52. DÉD, 24 July 1952, Vol 133, Col 1880.
53. DÉD, 24 July 1952, Vol 133, Col 1893.
54. DÉD, 22 October 1952, Vol 134, Cols 56/7.
55. 11 October 1952, Grosvenor Hotel speech, JACP, P190/575.
56. The Leader, 28 February 1953.
57. 18 February 1953, Ard Fheis speech, JACP, P190/315.
58. 4 March 1953, Whitaker note for Minister, in UCDA, P67/220, and D/F memo, P67/223.
59. M/I&C memo, 28 July 1953; M/F memo, 31 July 1953; D/T memo, 13 August 1953; M/F memo, 25 August 1953; documents in the possession of Fergus and Jacqueline Armstrong.
60. 17 February 1954, Ard Fheis speech, JACP, P190/298.
61. DÉD, 7 May 1953, Vol. 138, Col. 1349.
62. DÉD, 12 March 1953, Vol. 137, Cols. 261–3.
63. 16 December 1951, Kilkenny speech, JACP, P190/578.
64. The Leader, 16 August 1952.
65. Horgan, pp 168/9.
66. 4 May 1953, Sweetman to Editor, Manchester Guardian, JACP, P190/608.
67. DÉD, 15 April 1953, Vol 138, Cols 47, 60 and 64.
68. DÉD, 15 April 1953, Vol 138, Cols 98 and 66.
69. DÉD, 9 June 1953, Vol 139, Col 798.
70. O’Higgins, T.F., A Double Life, pp 153–5.
71. 25 May 1952, Limerick speech, JACP, P190/589.
72. 7 June 1952, Waterford speech, JACP, P190/590.
73. 14 June 1952, Ballina speech, JACP, P190/591.
74. 3 July 1952, Costello to Bodkin, TCD, Bodkin Papers, Ms 7003/217.
75. 14 October 1952, Four Courts Hotel speech, JACP, P190/595.
76. Undated Lombard Street speech, JACP, P190/573.
77. 11 November 1952, final by-election rally, JACP, P190/596.
78. 27 November 1952, fortnightly summary of events, TNA, DO 35/5290.
79. 16 November 1952, Mullingar speech, JACP, P190/597.
80. 30 May 1953, Cobh speech, JACP, P190/598.
81. 7 June 1953, Arklow speech, JACP, P190/599.
82. 15 July 1953, Costello to Monsignor John Power, JACP, P190/617.
83. 22 June 1953, Government decision, and 30 June 1953, notes on speeches, NAI, S 15525.
84. DÉD, 30 June 1953, Vol. 140, Cols. 29–30, 41 and 33.
85. Glynn to Costello, undated, JACP, P190/609.
86. 30 November 1953, Dun Laoghaire speech, JACP, P190/603.
87. IP, 29 October 1953.
88. 16 January 1954, The Leader.
89. Cox was suggested to Churchill’s lawyer, Sir Hartley Shawcross, by Freddie Boland. In lieu of a fee, Cox asked for autographed cop
ies of the two volumes of Churchill’s biography of his ancestor, the Duke of Marlborough. Boland memoir (unpaginated).
90. Entry on Costello, by Charles Lysaght, in Maguire, James and Quinn, James, Dictionary of Irish Biography, Vol. 2.
91. McCague, Eugene, Arthur Cox, p. 101.
92. The Leader, 11 October 1952.
93. Quinn, Antoinette, Patrick Kavanagh, pp 314–16.
94. 23 February 1954, Costello to Bodkin, TCD, Bodkin Papers, Ms 7003/225.
95. Interview with Ronan Keane.
96. Quinn, p. 326.
97. Quinn, p. 327.
98. Interview with Ronan Keane.
99. The Leader, 11 October 1952.
100. 10 February 1954, Seamus Behan to Costello, JACP, P190/605.
101. Quinn, p. 327.
102. Quinn, pp 328–9.
103. Interview with Ronan Keane.
104. Quinn, pp 328/9.
105. 9 January 1955, Seamus MacCall to Costello, JACP, P190/826.
106. Interview with Declan Costello.
107. Quinn, p. 345.
108. Quinn, p. 339.
109. 16 February 1955, Kavanagh to Costello, JACP, P190/823.
110. 4 June 1955, Costello to Little, NAI, S 15896.
111. Interview with Mick Kilkenny.
112. 23 May 1955, Costello to Kavanagh, JACP, P190/823.
113. 27 May 1955, Kavanagh to Costello, NAI, S 15896.
114. 2 July 1955, Kavanagh to Costello, NAI, S 15896.
115. 4 July 1955, Costello to Little, NAI, S 15896.
116. 18 July 1955, Dowd note, NAI, S 15896.
117. 26 July 1955 and 2 August 1955, NAI, S 15896.
118. Kennedy, Dreams and Responsibilities, p. 115.
119. 4 June 1956, Costello to Kavanagh, JACP, P190/835.
120. 4 July 1956, Moynihan note, NAI, S 15896.
121. Interview with Mick Kilkenny.
122. 26 November 1956, Costello to T.K. O’Toole, JACP, P190/821.
123. 17 September 1952, Ita McCoy to Deputy Paddy Cawley, JACP, P190/609.
124. 6 April 1953, R.L. McDowell to Costello, and reply, 8 May 1953, JACP, P190/615.
125. Interview with Jacqueline Armstrong. Her daughter, Katie, called her great-grandfather “Little Pam-pam”, because he was smaller than her grandfather, Alexis FitzGerald.
126. Correspondence with Georgina Sutton.
127. 23 March 1953, Costello to Michael Tierney, UCDA, OA 30/452.
128. 20 February 1952, O’Dea to Costello, and reply, 28 February 1952, JACP, P190/616.
129. Interview with Declan Costello.
130. DÉD, 28 July 1953, Vol 141, Cols 807 and 805.
The Reluctant Taoiseach Page 69
