131. 28 January 1954, de Valera memo, UCDA, P150/2990.
132. SI, 3 November 1974.
133. Correspondence with Michael V. O’Mahony.
134. Interview with Declan Costello.
135. 21 January 1954, M/J memo, NAI, S 11602 B.
136. 29 June 1954, Taft to Secretary of State, USNA, RG 86, Dublin Legation Security Segregated Records, Box 21, 350: Ireland, Political, 1953–55.
137. 4 March 1954, Gallagher memo, NAI, S 15652.
138. II, 5 March 1954.
139. Lindsay, p. 155.
140. The Leader, 24 April 1954.
141. 9 March 1954 PQ submitted by Sweetman in Costello’s name; 9 March 1954, Nolan note. NAI, S 15652.
142. 9 March 1954, Moynihan to Costello, JACP, P190/607.
143. 14 March 1954, Kilkenny speech, JACP, P190/298.
144. DÉD, 11 March 1954, Vol. 144, Col. 1628.
145. DÉD, 22 April 1954, Vol. 145, Col. 679.
146. 6 May 1954, Hankinson to Secretary of State, TNA, DO 35/5193.
147. II, 15 March 1954.
148. 14 March 1954, Kilkenny speech, JACP, P190/298.
149. 16 May 1954, Ballina speech, JACP, P190/298.
150. 8 May 1954, Ennis speech, JACP, P190/298.
151. 15 May 1954, Longford speech, JACP, P190/298.
152. 9 April 1954, Mills’ Hall speech, JACP, P190/298.
153. 7 May 1954, Limerick speech, JACP, P190/298.
154. DÉD, 12 May 1955, Vol. 150, Col. 1391.
155. 9 April 1954, Mills’ Hall speech, JACP, P190/298.
156. 24 April 1954, Sligo speech, JACP, P190/298.
157. 3 May 1954, Rathmines speech, JACP, P190/298.
158. 17 May 1954, O’Connell Street speech, JACP, P190/298.
159. 6 May 1954, Hankinson to Secretary of Sate, TNA, DO 35/5193.
160. 25 April 1954, Letterkenny speech, JACP, P190/298.
161. 26 April 1954, Fairview speech, JACP, P190/298.
162. 9 May 1954, Athlone speech, JACP, P190/298.
163. O’Brien, Mark, De Valera, Fianna Fáil and the Irish Press, p. 90.
164. 10 May 1954, Donnybrook speech, JACP, P190/298.
165. DÉD, 12 November 1952, Vol 134, Col. 1389.
166. 10 November 1951, John Mullin to Costello, JACP, P190/614.
167. 7 January 1954, Costello to Mullin, JACP, P190/614.
168. 14 June 1954, Senator James Douglas to Costello, JACP, P190/819.
169. Horgan, pp 178/9.
170. Browne, pp 221/2.
171. 8 December 1969, retirement dinner, JACP, P190/350.
172. 6 July 1954, Sandymount Branch annual report, UCDA, P39/C/D/90.
173. Mulcahy, Risteárd, Richard Mulcahy, p. 258.
174. Interview with Jacqueline Armstrong.
175. 26 May 1954, fortnightly summary, TNA, DO 35/5290.
176. Puirséil, Niamh, The Irish Labour Party, pp 175/6.
177. Drafts of Government programme, JACP, P190/551.
178. 29 June 1954, Taft to Secretary of State, USNA, RG 84, Dublin Legation Security Segregated Records, Box 21, 350—Ireland, Political, 1953–5.
179. DÉD, 6 July 1954, Vol. 146, Col. 1266.
180. DÉD, 12 May 1955, Vol. 150, Col. 1407.
181. Drafts of Government programme, JACP, P190/551.
182. DÉD, 1 April 1952, Vol. 130, Col. 993.
183. Drafts of Government programme, JACP, P190/551.
184. See drafts of Government programme, JACP, P190/551.
185. Copy of Statement in NAI, S 15713.
186. 15 June 1954, Hankinson to Lord Swinton, TNA, DO 35/5193.
187. DÉD, 2 June 1954, Vol. 146, Col. 26.
188. IP, 3 June 1954.
189. DÉD, 2 June 1954, Vol. 146, Col. 36.
190. II, 5 May 1969.
191. The Leader, 28 March 1953.
192. 15 June 1954, Hankinson to Swinton, TNA, DO 35/5193.
193. Quoted in Puirséil, p. 180.
194. O’Higgins, p. 186.
195. DÉD, 9 March 1955, Vol. 149, Col. 233.
196. 19 June 1954, memo on conversation with Boland, TNA, DO 35/5159.
197. MacDermott, p. 219, note 208.
198. IT, 2 June 1954.
199. 23 June 1954, Costello to Catalina MacBride, NAI, S 15719 B
200. DÉD, 2 June 1954, Vol. 146, Col. 61.
201. Memo in NAI, S 15655.
202. Letter from Liam Cosgrave, 7 November 2008.
203. O’Higgins, p. 156.
204. Details in NAI S 15655 and 15656.
205. 23 February 1955, answer to parliamentary question, NAI, S 15656.
206. DÉD, 2 June 1954, Vol. 146, Col. 62.
207. 25 May 1954, Cox to Costello, NAI, S 15719 A.
Chapter 11 Giving the people quiet (pp 288–322)
1. DÉD, 9 March 1955, Vol. 149, Col. 230.
2. 26 November 1955, Rathkeale speech, JACP, P190/640.
3. 8 July 1954, Costello to Bodkin, TCD, Bodkin Papers, Ms 7003/227.
4. 19 June 1954, The Leader.
5. 7 November 2008, letter from Liam Cosgrave.
6. 29 June 1954, Taft to Secretary of State, USNA, RG 84, Dublin Legation Security Segregated Reports, Box 21, 350—Ireland—Political, 1953–55
7. Interview with Mick Kilkenny.
8. 24 June 1954, Nolan note, NAI, 96/6/106.
9. O’Higgins, A Double Life, pp 161/2.
10. Ibid., pp 163/4.
11. 22 July 1954, Nolan note, NAI, S 15655.
12. DÉD, 12 May 1955, Vol. 150, Col. 1418.
13. 16 August 1956, FitzGerald to Costello, letter in possession of Jacqueline and Fergus Armstrong.
14. O’Higgins, p. 172.
15. Keogh, Dermot, Twentieth Century Ireland, p. 227.
16. 17 June 1954, Minister for Finance memorandum for Government, and 28 June 1954, Nolan to Secretary of Department of Finance, NAI, S 15720.
17. DÉD, 9 March 1955, Vol. 149, Col. 219.
18. The Leader, 9 October 1954.
19. 24 December 1954, Sweetman to Costello, JACP, P190/831.
20. The Leader, 9 October 1954.
21. 7 January 1955 and 11 January 1955, notes in NAI, S 14470 D.
22. The Leader, 29 January 1955.
23. Annual review of 1954, TNA, DO 35/5379.
24. 2 February 1955, Ard Fheis speech, JACP, P190/758.
25. 11 February 1955, fortnightly report, TNA, DO 35/5291.
26. 4 May 1954, D/T memorandum, NAI, S 15725 A.
27. 24 June 1954, Moynihan to External Affairs, and 19 July 19, Boland to External Affairs, NAI, S 15725 A.
28. 13 October 1954, M/F memorandum for Government, NAI, S 15725 A.
29. 11 September 1956, D/T memorandum, NAI, S 15725 A.
30. 30 January 1956, General Survey of the State Capital Programme, JACP, P190/710.
31. 5 July 1956, M/F memorandum for the Government, NAI, S 15725 A.
32. 21 June 1956, minutes of meeting with Provisional United Trade Union Movement, NAI, S 15725 A.
33. 1 November 1948, Chapin to Secretary of State, USNA, RG 58, Decimal File 1945–9, Box 3289, 711.41D2/10-2848.
34. 25 June 1954, Moynihan to Industry and Commerce, NAI, S 15735 A.
35. 31 July 1954, Moynihan to Finance, and ICC report, January 1955, both in NAI, S 15735 A.
36. 30 June 1955, Redmond to Moynihan, NAI, S 15735 A.
37. Reservation to report by Alexis FitzGerald, and Minority Report by James Meenan, in NAI, S 2850 B.
38. 6 September 1954, Norton to Costello, NAI, S 2850 B.
39. 14 March 1955, Charles Murray note, NAI, S 2850 B.
40. He later made a similar observation in the Dáil in relation to forestry. “When a Department has a strong view, even the head of the Government is not always able to change it, no matter how much he wants to change it.” DED, 7 November 1962, Vol. 197, Col. 734.
41. See NAI, S 2850 B.
42. Patterson, Henry, Ireland since 19
39, pp 108/9.
43. 7 February 1956, FIM speech, NAI, S 2850 C.
44. DÉD, 14 July 1955, Vol. 152, Col. 1101.
45. Patterson, p. 108.
46. 25 January 1956, Cork Chamber of Commerce speech, JACP, P190/646.
47. Honohan and Ó Gráda, “The Irish macroeconomic crisis of 1955–56”, Irish Economic and Social History, 1998, p. 65.
48. Puirséil, p. 186; Patterson, p. 108.
49. 25 January 1956, Cork Chamber of Commerce speech, JACP, P190/646.
50. 8 February 1956, Ard Fheis speech, JACP, P190/736.
51. Lindsay, pp 167/8.
52. Memoir, p. 79, quoted in Manning, Dillon, p. 294.
53. 23 March 1955, memorandum of conversation between O’Donovan and Louis M. Smith, Agricultural Attaché, USNA, RG 84, Dublin Legation Security Segregated Records, Box 21, 350: Ireland—political, 1953–5.
54. Lindsay, pp 168/9.
55. The Leader, 14 May 1955.
56. 23 May 1955, Department of the Taoiseach memorandum, NAI, S 13965 E. Between the end of 1951 and the end of 1954, earnings had increased from 228.5 to 256.8, while the Consumer Price Index went from 208 to 232. The Index of Real Earnings (earnings controlled for inflation) went up by just under 1%, from 109.9 to 110.7.
57. 29 September 1955, notice of motion, NAI, S 13965 E.
58. 20 October 1955, Government amendment, NAI, S 13965 F.
59. DÉD, 27 October 1955, Vol. 153, Cols. 219, 224, 233 and 243.
60. 26 November 1955, Rathkeale speech, JACP, P190/640.
61. 3 May 1956, minutes of meeting, NAI, S 13965 G.
62. IT, 13 October 1956.
63. IT, 30 May 1957.
64. Lindsay, pp 160–62.
65. See row over ESB funding in JACP, P190/779, or 2 September 1955, Sweetman to Norton, JACP, P190/831 for an argument over shipping.
66. 12 June 1956, CIÉ memo; 23 August 1956, Finance memo; 31 August 1956, Norton to Beddy; 4 September 1956, Norton to Sweetman; 5 September 1956, Norton to Costello; 3 September 1956, Sweetman to Norton; 6 September 1956, MacBride to Costello; 7 September 1956, Costello to MacBride; JACP, P190/717.
67. 22 April 1955, MacBride to Costello, JACP, P 190/826.
68. IP, 2 February 1957.
69. 1 November 1955, MacBride to Costello, and Department of the Taoiseach note, 20 December 1955, NAI, S 15965.
70. Puirséil, Niamh, “Political and party competition in post-war Ireland” in Girvin and Murphy (eds), The Lemass Era, p. 21.
71. 26 November 1955, Rathkeale speech, JACP, P190/640.
72. 28 October 1956, MacBride to Costello, JACP, P190/694.
73. 19 November 1956, MacBride to Cosgrave, copied to Costello, JACP, P190/694.
74. 24 November 1956, Cosgrave to Costello, JACP, P190/746.
75. 12 October 1955, Cabinet conclusions, PRONI CAB/4/982.
76. IT, 6 September 2003.
77. 12 July 1954, Vincent MacDowell to Costello, JACP, P190/562.
78. IT, 14 June 1954.
79. IT, 16 July 1954.
80. July 1954, Healy to Costello, PRONI, Healy Papers, D2991/B/51/1.
81. 6 August 1954, Costello to Labhras Ó Lochrainn, NAI, S 9361 D.
82. Currie, Austin, All Hell Will Break Loose, p. 29.
83. II, 20 August 1954.
84. II, 18 October 1954.
85. 18 October 1954, weekly report, NAI, JUS 8/1022.
86. 25 October 1954, note, in NAI, S 11564 B.
87. DÉD, 28 October 1954, Vol. 147, Cols. 194/5, 182 and 184.
88. IT, 29 October 1954, editorial.
89. November 1954, Army Council statement, JACP, P190/562.
90. 19 November 1954, Hankinson to Swinton, TNA, DO 35/5379.
91. 8 November 1954, record of meeting, TNA, DO 35/5207.
92. 15 December 1954, record of meeting, TNA, DO 35/5208.
93. 20 January 1955, Cabinet conclusions, and record of conversation with Boland, 24 January 1955, TNA, PREM 11/923.
94. Quoted in Kennedy, Michael, Division and consensus, p. 155.
95. 17 February 1955, Maginess statement, NAI, S 9561 E.
96. 18 February 1955, Taoiseach’s statement, JACP, P190/631.
97. The Leader, 26 February 1955.
98. Quoted in Patterson, p. 154.
99. 18 April 1955, diary entry, UCDA, P122/85. Moynihan said this money was coming from “SS”, presumably a reference to the Secret Service vote.
100. 19 April 1955 and 22 April 1955, diary entries, UCDA, P122/85.
101. 22 April 1955, Government decision, NAI, S 9361 E.
102. 9 November 1955, Embassy report on Clann na Poblachta convention, USNA, RG 84, Dublin Security Segregated Report, Box 21, 350: IRA—Partition.
103. See exchange in TNA, CAB 21/4407.
104. II, 28 and 29 November 1955.
105. 2 December 1955, T.J. Coyne to Costello, NAI, S 9361 F.
106. 4 December 1955, Abbeyfeale speech, JACP, P190/641.
107. 28 November 1955, Irish Times editorial.
108. 29 November 1955, Cabinet minutes, NAI, S 11564 C.
109. 30 November 1955, statement to Dáil, JACP, P190/639.
110. 1 December 1955, McQuaid to Costello, NAI, S 9361 E.
111. 1 December 1955, Taft to Secretary of State, and 30 December 1955, La Freniere to Department of State, USNA, RG 84, Dublin Security Segregated Reports, Box 21, 350: IRA—Partition.
112. 2 December 1955, fortnightly summary, TNA, DO 35/5291.
113. 19 January 1956, Cabinet conclusions, PRONI, CAB/4/1028.
114. Edmonds, Sean, The gun, the law and the Irish people, p. 189.
115. The Leader, Christmas 1955.
116. DÉD, 19 April 1939, Vol 75, Col. 730.
117. 6 December 1955, note of meeting with editors, NAI, S 9361 F.
118. 28 March 1951, Moynihan note, referring to an earlier (unsuccessful) attempt to stop publication of material tending to glorify the IRA, NAI, S 11564 B.
119. 23 January 1958, speech in Jury’s Hotel, JACP, P190/935.
120. Bell, J. Bowyer, The Secret Army, p. 276.
121. 27 July 1956, Rodgers to Costello; 4 August 1956, Moynihan note; 14 August 1956, Costello to McQuaid; 16 August 1956, McQuaid to Costello;NAI, S 16073 A.
122. 9 November 1956, McQuaid to Costello, JACP, P190/704.
123. 17 October 1956, MacEoin to Costello, JACP, P190/826.
124. 12 December 1956, McQuaid to Costello, JACP, P190/816.
125. 28 September 1955, IP.
126. 4 October 1955, Cremin to Costello, JACP, P 190/694.
127. Keogh, Twentieth Century Ireland, p. 227.
128. Cooney, John, John Charles McQuaid, p. 311.
129. Coyne to Costello, undated, JACP, P190/704.
130. Undated note, NAI, S 2321B.
131. 16 August 1956, FitzGerald to Costello, in possession of Jacqueline and Fergus Armstrong.
132. 20 February 1958, Minister for Justice memorandum for Government, NAI, S 2321B.
133. 4 February 1958, Traynor to de Valera, NAI, S 2321 B.
134. 13 February 1958, note on file, NAI, S 2321 B.
135. Girvin, Brian, “Church, state and the moral community”, in Girvin and Murphy (eds), p. 138.
136. See NAI, S 14815 A/1 to C for the background to the scheme.
137. 19 January 1955, note of discussion, NAI, S 14815 C.
138. Manning, p. 299.
139. 30 July 1955, D/T, JACP, P190/706.
140. 28 April 1955, Costello to Tierney, NAI, S 14815 C.
141. 25 July 1955, Costello to Walsh, NAI, S 14815 D.
142. 27 July 1955, Costello to D’Alton, NAI, S 14815 D.
143. 2 August 1955, Walsh to Costello, NAI, S 14815 E.
144. 30 July 1955, Browne to Costello, JACP, P 190/706.
145. 2 August 1955, Costello to de Valera, NAI, S 14815 E.
146. 4 August 1955, Moynihan to Nagle, NAI, S 14815 E.
147. 14 August 1955, Muintir na Tíre
speech, JACP, P190/636.
148. 16 August 1955, note on meeting in Taoiseach’s office with delegation from UCG, JACP, P190/706.
149. IT, 17 September 1955.
150. 18 September 1955, Sutton to Costello, JACP, P190/695.
151. 24 September 1955, Dillon to Costello, JACP, P190/695.
152. 18 October 1955, Fergus to Costello, NAI, S 14815F.
153. 21 October 1955, notes by Taoiseach, JACP, P190/706.
154. 2 November 1955, Nolan note, NAI, S 14815G.
155. 4 November 1955, Costello to Fergus, NAI, S 14815G.
156. 5 November 1955, McQuaid to Costello, NAI, S 14815G.
157. 19 January 1956, Fergus to Costello, NAI, S 14815G.
158. 25 January 1956, Moynihan note, NAI, S 14815G.
159. 18 May 1956, JACP, P190/814.
160. Undated memorandum on policy, JACP, P190/713.
161. 26 October 1956, draft heads of Agricultural Institute Bill, JACP, P190/706.
162. 2 November 1956, Costello to de Valera, JACP, P190/837.
163. 11 November 1956, McQuaid to Costello, JACP, P190/816.
164. 26 November 1956, William Taft to Dillon, JACP, P190/706; 7 November 1957, Minister for Agriculture memorandum for Government, NAI, S 14815I.
165. 8 February 1957, Nolan note, NAI, S 14815H.
166. 1 October 1957, MacNeely and Fergus to de Valera, NAI, S 14815H.
167. 16 October 1957, Moynihan note, NAI, S 14815 H.
168. 28 March 1957, Dillon confidential memorandum, JACP, P190/706.
169. See S 14470 D.
170. Interview with Richie Ryan.
171. 9 December 1954, M/J memorandum for Government, NAI, S 15782.
172. See DÉD, Vol. 147, 1 December 1954 and 24 November 1954.
173. 13 April 1956, Costello to Boris Kostelanetz, JACP, P190/788.
174. 18 November 1954, Little to Costello, Arts Council, 2609/1951/1.
175. Kennedy, Dreams and Responsibilities, p. 114.
176. 10 January 1951, Little to Bodkin, JACP, P190/408.
177. 15 January 1955, Costello to Bodkin, JACP, P190/408.
178. 19 April 1955, Costello to Bodkin, JACP, P190/408.
179. 4 June 1955, Costello to Bodkin, JACP, P190/813.
180. 17 December 1956, Costello to Sweetman, JACP, P190/837.
181. DÉD, 10 May 1960, Vol. 181, Col. 953.
182. DÉD, 22 June 1960, Vol. 183, Col. 210.
183. 12 May 1967, Lynch to Costello, JACP, P190/973.
184. 15 December 1958, O Faolain to Costello, JACP, P190/731.
185. 20 December 1956, Bodkin to McQuaid, Bodkin Papers, TCDA, Ms 7003/273a.
186. Kennedy, p. 117.
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