187. 20 December 1956, Costello to McQuaid, and 23 December 1956, McQuaid note, in DDA, AB8/b/XVIII—Government; Mr John A. Costello (second coalition period) 1954–7.
188. Horgan, p. 260.
189. See IT, 2 November 1956 and 27 December 1956.
190. 1 January 1957, M/J memorandum for Government, NAI, S 16116.
191. Interview with Richie Ryan.
192. 4 January 1957, Government decision, NAI, S 16116.
193. II, 10 March 1948.
194. 20 March 1948, Det Garda Thomas Boyle report, with note by Berry, NAI, 97/9/825.
195. 23 March 1948, Moynihan note, NAI, 97/9/825.
196. 13 July 1956, Cork speech, JACP, P190/659.
197. 26 November 1955, Rathkeale speech, JACP, P190/640.
198. 11 December 1955, Askeaton speech, JACP, P190/642.
199. Newcastle West speech, II, 28 November 1955.
200. Rafter, Kevin, The Clann, pp 170/1.
201. 1 March 1956, statement on by-election result, JACP, P190/650.
202. The Leader, 10 March 1956.
Chapter 12 We must have friends (pp 323–342)
1. April 1956, draft memorandum for Government, JACP, P190/900.
2. Undated letter from Jackie Kennedy to Costello, JACP, P190/960.
3. See addendum to draft resolution proposed by P.J. Little, JACP, P190/571.
4. Correspondence with John Costello.
5. 27 March 1956, John J. Hall to Costello, NAI, S 16021 C.
6. Declan Costello interview.
7. 23 April 1966, Lewis to Costello, JACP, P190/960.
8. Mick Kilkenny interview.
9. Appreciation of Father Leonard for 1966 All Hallows Annual, JACP, P190/960.
10. Cooney, McQuaid, p. 341.
11. Interview with Delcan Costello.
12. Family source.
13. 23 April 1966, Lewis to Costello, JACP, P190/960.
14. 11 November 1955, Lewis to Costello, NAI, S 16021 A.
15. The postgraduate students who benefited from the scholarships in his name used the nickname, but not to his face! Information from Patrick Russell.
16. Lewis, W.S., One Man’s Education, p. 107.
17. Ibid., p. 320.
18. Ibid., p. 235.
19. Bradford, Sarah, America’s Queen, pp 39/40.
20. Bradford, p. 62. The Taoiseach is misnamed “Patrick Costello” in this book.
21. Appreciation of Father Leonard for 1966 All Hallows Annual, JACP, P190/960.
22. Lewis, p. 235.
23. Dallek, Robert, John F. Kennedy, pp 192 and 194.
24. IT, 1 October 1955.
25. Declan Costello interview.
26. 29 April 1966, Jackie Kennedy to Costello, JACP, P190/960.
27. Appreciation of Father Leonard for 1966 All Hallows Annual, JACP, P190/960.
28. Undated letter from Jackie Kennedy to Costello, JACP, P190/960.
29. 9 November 1955, Griswold to Costello, NAI, S 16021 A.
30. 11 November 1955, Lewis to Costello, NAI, S 16021 A.
31. 3 December 1955, Costello to Griswold, NAI, S 16021 A.
32. 3 December 1955, Costello to Lewis, NAI, S 16021 A.
33. 13 January 1956, Jim Farley to Costello, NAI, S 16021 A.
34. 5 January 1956, Costello to Hearne, NAI, S 16021 A.
35. 18 January 1956, Hearne cable to D/EA, NAI, S 16021 A.
36. 23 January 1956, Murphy record of phone call to Hearne, NAI, S 16021 A.
37. 2 February 1956, Norton to Costello, NAI, S 16021 A.
38. 5 January 1956, Costello to Hearne, NAI, S 16021 A.
39. 16 January 1956, Taft to Costello, NAI, S 16021 A.
40. 6 February 1956, Costello to Hearne, JACP, P190/834.
41. 6 February 1956, Costello to Lewis, JACP, P190/834.
42. 13 February 1956, Lewis to Costello, NAI, S 16021 A.
43. 15 March 1956, Nolan to Aer Lingus, NAI, S 15987.
44. State Department programme for visit, JACP, P190/852.
45. 24 February 1956, Hearne to Costello, JACP, P190/859.
46. II, 29 March 1956. This must have included some shopping—his granddaughter Jacqueline Armstrong recalls him bringing her home two dresses from this trip.
47. New York Times, 15 March 1956. Unless otherwise stated, details of the visit are based on a State Department programme for the visit, giving times and dates of events, JACP, P190/852.
48. Black, Conrad, Richard Milhous Nixon, p. 303.
49. New York Times, 15 March 1956.
50. 14 March 1956, Eisenhower appointment books, Jan–June 1956, Eisenhower Presidential Library.
51. Menu in White House Social Office records, Box 54, Eisenhower Presidential Library.
52. Memorandum for Government on trip, JACP, P190/865.
53. 14 March 1956, Eisenhower appointment books, Jan–June 1956, Eisenhower Presidential Library.
54. SI, 25 March 1956.
55. 14 March 1956, Bowen to Costello, NAI, S 16021 B.
56. Washington Star, 11 March 1956.
57. NYT, 15 March 1956.
58. 18 March 1956, “Some West Point Cadets” to Costello, NAI, S 16021 C.
59. Undated newspaper cutting, by George Dixon, JACP, P190/852.
60. 3 May 1956, Frank Holman, President of the National Press Club, to Costello, JACP, P190/816.
61. IT, 16 March 1956.
62. 30 April 1956, Memorandum for Government, JACP, P190/865.
63. NYT, 16 March 1956.
64. 6 February 1956, Costello to Hearne, JACP, P190/834.
65. NYT, 16 March 1956.
66. 30 April 1956, Memorandum for Government, JACP, P190/865.
67. April 1956, draft memorandum, JACP, P190/900.
68. 21 March 1954, Walshe to Nunan, NAI, S 15291.
69. II and IT, 18 March 1952.
70. 1 May 1953, Nunan to Secretary, Department of the Taoiseach, NAI, S 15291.
71. 17 March 1953, Eisenhower to O’Kelly, NAI, S 15291—Eisenhower wrongly assumed the gift had been sent by the President of Ireland, rather than the Government.
72. 24 March 1969, William P. Fay to D/EA, NAI, S 15291.
73. IP, 17 March 1956.
74. 16 March 1956, Eisenhower appointment books, Jan–June 1956, Eisenhower Presidential Library.
75. 30 April 1956, Memorandum on trip, JACP, P190/865.
76. 16 March 1956, Eisenhower to Costello, JACP, P190/852.
77. April 1956, draft memorandum for government, JACP, P190/900.
78. 30 April 1956, Memorandum on trip, JACP, P190/865.
79. April 1956, draft memorandum on trip, JACP, P190/900.
80. Quoted in Keogh, Dermot, Twentieth-Century Ireland, pp 231/2.
81. 14 February 1956, Hoover to Eisenhower, Records as President (White House Central Files), Official File, Box 870, OF 183-5 Ireland (2), Eisenhower Library.
82. 7 March 1956, Garrett to Eisenhower, loc. cit.
83. 18 March 1956, NYT.
84. April 1956, draft memorandum on trip, JACP, P190/900.
85. Skelly, Joseph Morrison, Irish Diplomacy at the United Nations, pp 35/6.
86. 16 October 1956, Griswold to Costello, NAI, S 16021 D.
87. 30 April 1956, Memorandum on trip, JACP, P190/865.
88. IP, 19 March 1956.
89. April 1956, draft memorandum on trip, JACP, P190/900.
90. Yale Alumni Magazine, May 1956.
91. Yale Alumni Magazine online, http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/99_03/speakers.html
92. 7 March 1956, Hearne to Secretary, D/EA, NAI, S 16021B.
93. April 1956, draft memorandum on trip, JACP, P190/900.
94. May 1956, Yale Alumni Magazine.
95. EP, 21 March 1956.
96. 30 April 1956, Memorandum for Government, JACP, P190/865.
97. See correspondence in NAI, S 16022 A, and note of 17 May 1965 in the continuation of the file, 96/6/765.
98. 15 February 1956, record o
f conversation between J. Alfred LaFreniere, US Embassy Dublin, and Wilfred Lennon, D/EA, USNA, RG 59, State Department records, 1955–59, Central Decimal File, Box No. 2977, 611.40A97/2-1756; 13 April 1956, address to inaugural meeting of Atomic Energy Committee, JACP, P190/652.
99. 23 February 1956, Hearne to Costello, JACP, P190/858.
100. 30 April 1956, Memorandum for Government on trip, JACP, P190/865.
101. 28 March 1956, Cork Examiner and Irish Times.
102. DÉD, 17 April 1956, Vol. 156, Cols. 409–10.
103. April 1956, draft memorandum for Government, JACP, P190/900.
104. 13 March 1956, Fisher Howe, State, to Colonel Goodpaster, White House, Eisenhower Papers as President, 53–61, International Series, Box 32, Ireland (2).
105. Geiger, Till, “A belated discovery of internationalism”, in Kennedy and McMahon (eds), Obligations and Responsibilities, p. 31.
106. O’Halpin, Eunin, Defending Ireland, p. 185.
107. 27 January 1945, Churchill to Roosevelt, USNA, RG 59 Department of State, Decimal File 1945–9, Vox 3289, 711.41D27/1-2945.
108. Girvin, Brian, The Emergency, p. 317.
109. 24 March 1948, Moreland to Washington, USNA, RG 59, Decimal File 1945–9, Box 3289, 711.41D/3-2448.
110. 29 September 1949, Garrett to Department of State, USNA, RG 59, Department of State Decimal File 1945–9, Box 3289, 711.41D27/10/1949.
111. 14 October 1949, Garrett to Secretary of State, USNA, RG 84, Dublin Legation Security Segregated Reports, 1936–49, Box 18, 320.12.
112. Dublin Legation to Department of State, USNA, RG 59, Department of State Decimal File 1945–9, Box 3289, 711.41D27/10-1149.
113. 15 April 1956, Hearne to Costello, “Secret. For the Taoiseach Only”, JACP, P190/822.
114. 8 September 1956, Costello to Taft, JACP, P190/836.
115. 31 March 1956, Costello telegram to Eisenhower, Eisenhower Presidential Library, Records as President (White House Central Files), Official File, Box 870, OF 183–5 Ireland (2).
116. 11 April 1956, Eisenhower to Costello, Eisenhower Presidential Library, Papers as President, 53–61, International Series, Box 32, Ireland (2).
117. Sweetman comments on memorandum, JACP, P190/901.
118. 18 May 1956, Nolan to Secretary of each Department, NAI, S 2850 C.
119. April 1956, draft memorandum for Government, JACP, P190/900.
120. 6 August 1956, FitzGerald to Costello, letter in possession of Fergus and Jacqueline Armstrong.
121. Quoted in Collins, Stephen, The Cosgrave Legacy, p. 74.
122. Skelly, Joseph Morrison, Irish Diplomacy at the United Nations, pp 39 and 31.
123. 19 July 1956, Costello to McQuaid, DDA, AB8/b/XVIII—Government.
124. 25 September 1956, Costello to Síle Ní Lionnáin, JACP, P190/836.
125. Cosgrave quoted in Collins, p. 75.
126. 21 November 1956, Taft to Secretary of State, USNA, RG 84, Dublin Legation Security Segregated Records, Box 23, 313: United Nations, 1956.
127. 13 November 1956, Cosgrave to Costello, JACP, P190/746.
128. 3 December 1956, Boland to Murphy, JACP, P190/694.
129. DÉD, 28 November 1957, Vol. 164, Col. 1224.
Chapter 13 Something is wrong with the country (pp 343–371)
1. 27 April 1956, Costello to McQuaid, DDA, McQuaid Papers, AB8/B/XVIII—Government, John A. Costello (second coalition period).
2. Undated Costello memorandum, JACP, P190/713.
3. 9 April 1956, Costello to McQuaid, DDA, McQuaid Papers, AB8/B/XVIII—Government, John A. Costello (second coalition period).
4. 11 April 1956, McQuaid to Costello, JACP, P190/816.
5. 16 July 1956, Costello to Everett, JACP, P190/820.
6. Interview with Declan Costello; interview with Richie Ryan.
7. 19 April 1956, Costello to Eisenhower, JACP, P190/835.
8. Medical information from death certificate in the General Registry Office.
9. 27 April 1956, Costello to McQuaid, DDA, McQuaid Papers, AB8/B/XVIII—Government, John A. Costello (second coalition period).
10. 21 April 1956, Eisenhower telegram to Costello, and reply, 12 May 1956, Eisenhower Presidential Library, Papers as President, 53–61, International Series, Box 32, Ireland (2). The list of sympathisers in Costello’s papers ran to 102 pages. JACP, P190/961.
11. Interview with Richie Ryan.
12. Interview with Mick Kilkenny.
13. Correspondence with John Costello.
14. 18 June 1956, O’Brien to Costello, JACP, P190/828.
15. 4 June 1956, Costello to Bill Taft, JACP, P190/835, and 22 August 1956, Costello to Cremin, JACP, P190/818.
16. 5 February 1957, Costello to B. O’Reilly, JACP, P190/838.
17. 24 January 1957, Costello to Mrs M. Doyle, JACP, P190/838.
18. 21 January 1957, Costello to Mrs Claire Kennedy, JACP, P190/838.
19. Costello to Tommy Robinson, JACP, P190/838.
20. Interview with Kyran FitzGerald.
21. Interview with Jacqueline Armstrong.
22. Dillon memoir, p. 82, quoted in Manning, p. 310.
23. Interview with Declan Costello.
24. Interview with Richie Ryan.
25. Puirséil, p. 350.
26. 12 March 1956, M/F memo for Government, NAI, S 16046 A.
27. P. Honohan and C. Ó Gráda, “The Irish macroeconomic crisis of 1955–56”, in Irish Economic and Social History, 1998, p. 55.
28. 20 January 1956, McElligott to Sweetman, JACP, P190/708.
29. 21 March 1956, Nolan note, NAI, S 16046 A.
30. 26 April 1956, Costello to Hugh W. Kennedy, JACP, P190/835.
31. 23 February 1956, Clutterbuck to Laithwaite, CRO, TNA, DO 35/5194.
32. DÉD, 17 May 1956, Vol. 157, Col 638.
33. Puirséil, p. 188.
34. IT, 2 June 1956.
35. 21 June 1956, PUTU memorandum for Government, NAI, S 13965 G.
36. 13 July 1956, speech opening Cork by-election campaign, JACP, P190/659.
37. NYT, 29 July 1956.
38. Estimates speech, JACP, P190/657.
39. 20 July 1956, D/F circular, NAI, S 16046 A.
40. 24 July 1956, Government decision, NAI, S 1646 A.
41. The Leader, 4 August 1956.
42. 1 August 1956, eve of by-election speech, JACP, P190/662.
43. II, 4 August 1956.
44. 28 November 1956, Clutterbuck to Murphy, JACP, P190/729.
45. Interview with Declan Costello.
46. Interview with T.K. Whitaker.
47. IP, 27 September 1956.
48. See NAI, S 16046 B for decision on further levies, and text of Sweetman speech, 16 October 1956.
49. 19 September 1956, Minister for Finance memo for Government, NAI, S 16075 A.
50. DÉD, 26 April 1961, Vol. 188, Col. 1167, and 20 February 1963, Vol. 200, Col. 154.
51. Lindsay, p. 167.
52. O’Higgins, T.F., A Double Life, p. 185.
53. Undated memorandum, “Policy: items for discussion and decision”, JACP, P190/713.
54. 16 August 1956, FitzGerald to Costello, letter in possession of Jacqueline and Fergus Armstrong.
55. Ibid.
56. 8 December 1969, Costello speech to retirement function, JACP, P 190/350.
57. FitzGerald, Garret, All in a life, pp 363/4.
58. Undated and unsigned memo (the contents indicate it was by Costello), JACP, P190/713.
59. Policy memorandum, JACP, P190/713.
60. M/EA memorandum, JACP, P190/713. The first quoted sentence was written in capital letters in Cosgrave’s memorandum.
61. AG memorandum, JACP, P190/713.
62. 4 October 1956, Government decision, NAI, S 16095A.
63. Text of speech, JACP, P190/668.
64. IT, 6 October 1956.
65. 11 October 1956, fortnightly summary, TNA, DO 35/5291.
66. II, IP and IT, 6 October 1956.
67. Garvin,
Tom, Preventing the future, p. 247.
68. 24 September 1956, Moynihan note, NAI, S 16095A.
69. 2 February 1957, D/F memo, NAI, S 16095B.
70. 12 May 1967, Lynch to Costello, JACP, P190/973.
71. 15 January 1957, Norton to Costello, NAI, S 2950 D.
72. 28 May 1957, Lemass speech to Dublin Chamber of Commerce, NAI, S 2850 D.
73. 19 October 1956, Government decision, NAI, S 15725 A.
74. 22 January 1957, first report of Capital Investment Advisory Committee, NAI, S 15725 B.
75. DÉD, 3 May 1962, Vol. 195, Col. 179.
76. Quoted in McCarthy, ‘Ireland’s turnaround’ in McCarthy, John F. (ed.), Planning Ireland’s Future, pp 68/9.
77. Telephone conversation with Liam Cosgrave, 28 November 2009.
78. Feeney, MacEntee, p. 201.
79. Fanning, Finance, pp 403/4.
80. Horgan, Lemass, p. 176.
81. 14 September 1956, Whitaker to Sweetman, quoted in Garvin, Preventing the Future, p. 233.
82. Garvin, Preventing the Future, p. 233.
83. Murphy, Gary, “From Economic Nationalism to European Union”, in Girvin and Murphy (eds), p. 29.
84. Interview with T.K. Whitaker.
85. Whitaker, T.K., Protection or Free Trade, p. 8.
86. Horgan, Lemass, p. 167.
87. The Leader, 26 January 1957.
88. 16 August 1956, FitzGerald to Costello, letter in possession of Jacqueline and Fergus Armstrong.
89. 8 October 1956, Costello to Mulcahy, JACP, P190/700.
90. 20 September 1956, Everett to Costello, JACP, P190/704.
91. Sheehy Skeffington, Skeff, pp 172/3.
92. 9 October 1956, Mulcahy to Costello, JACP, P190/700.
93. IT, 1 October 1956.
94. IT, 4 October 1956.
95. 8 October 1956, Costello to Mulcahy, JACP, P190/700.
96. Undated memorandum, JACP, P190/700.
97. 4 November 1956, Mooncoin speech, JACP, P190/670.
98. 4 November 1956, Glenmore speech, JACP, P190/671.
99. 9 November 1956, Kilkenny speech, JACP, P190/673.
100. 6 November 1956, Dublin SW speech, JACP, P190/672.
101. 20 November 1956, Rathmines speech, JACP, P190/677.
102. 3 December 1956, Costello to Bodkin, JACP, P190/813.
103. Memoranda dates 17 November 1956 and 27 November 1956, in UCDA, P35/b/58.
104. 12 January 1957, MacBride to Costello, UCDA, P35/c/193.
105. 19 March 1957, Carroll to Sec, D/J, JACP, P190/708.
106. IT and II, 12 November 1956.
107. See Kennedy, Michael, Division and Consensus, pp 162/3.
The Reluctant Taoiseach Page 71
