New York at War

by Steven H. Jaffe

  8 Ibid., 99, 135, 159, 184–187, 275; Isaac Newton Phelps Stokes, The Iconography of Manhattan Island (New York: R. H. Dodd, 1915–1928), 4:453.

  9 Wayne Andrews, editor, “A Glance at New York in 1697: The Travel Diary of Dr. Benjamin Bullivant,” New-York Historical Society Quarterly 40, no. 1 (January 1956): 61–62; Lawrence H. Leder, “ ‘Dam’me Don’t Stir a Man’: Trial of New York Mutineers in 1700,” New-York Historical Society Quarterly 42 (July 1958): 280.

  10 Stanley McCrory Pargellis, “The Four Independent Companies of New York,” in Essays in Colonial History Presented to Charles McLean Andrews by His Students (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1931), 104; Michael Kammen, Colonial New York: A History (New York: Scribner, 1975), 307.

  11 Thomas J. Archdeacon, New York City, 1664–1710: Conquest and Change (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1976), 107–121; Robert C. Ritchie, The Duke’s Province: A Study of New York Politics and Society, 1664–1691 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1977), 198–231; David William Voorhees, “The ‘Fervent Zeale’ of Jacob Leisler,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 51, no. 3 (July 1994): 447–472; Randall Balmer, “Traitors and Papists: The Religious Dimensions of Leisler’s Rebellion,” New York History (October 1989): 341–372.

  12 Kammen, Colonial New York, 113–117; Allen W. Trelease, Indian Affairs in Colonial New York: The Seventeenth Century (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1960), 228–253, 332–336, 340–348.

  13 Francis Parkman, France and England in North America: A Series of Historical Narratives, Part Fifth, 4th ed. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1877), 187–191; Trelease, Indian Affairs, 296–301.

  14 Stokes, Iconography, 4:639, 666–667, 671.

  15 Ibid., 4:451, 702.

  16 Carl E. Swanson, Predators and Prizes: American Privateering and Imperial Warfare, 1739–1748 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1991), 14, 51; Lydon, Pirates, Privateers, 217–218.

  17 Stokes, Iconography, 4:424–425, 637; Paul A. Gilje, The Road to Mobocracy: Popular Disorder in New York City, 1763–1834 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987), 25–30; Jill Lepore, New York Burning: Liberty, Slavery, and Conspiracy in Eighteenth-Century Manhattan (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 182–183.

  18 Stokes, Iconography, 4:450, 625; Carl Bridenbaugh, editor, Gentleman’s Progress: The Itinerarium of Dr. Alexander Hamilton, 1744 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1948), 50.

  19 Pargellis, “Four Independent Companies,” 96, 100–123.

  20 Leder, “ ‘Dam’me . . . ,’” 261–283.

  21 Stokes, Iconography 4:429, 674; Ritchie, Captain Kidd, 69, 159.

  22 Stokes, Iconography 4:572.

  23 Ibid., 4:444, 445, 456, 684.

  24 Ibid., 4:472, 568–569, 572, 590–591, 664–665, 667, 669, 685–686, 692.

  25 Ibid., 4:683.

  26 Ibid., 4:594, 596, 599, 689, 694, 706, 708, 721; Lydon, Pirates, Privateers, 147–148, 226; Gary B. Nash, The Urban Crucible: Social Change, Political Consciousness, and the Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), 467 n66; Bridenbaugh, Gentleman’s Progress, 46.

  27 Nash, Urban Crucible, 177, 235–236, 257; Matson, Merchants, 156, 157–158, 266–270.

  28 Thomas M. Truxes, Defying Empire: Trading with the Enemy in Colonial New York (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008), 37–48, 50, 145; Matson, Merchants, 277, 279–280; Stokes, Iconography, 4:475, 583, 586, 589, 609, 673, 690; Lydon, Pirates, Privateers, 103–105, 119–121.

  29 Truxes, Defying Empire, 87–104, 149–151.

  30 Lydon, Pirates, Privateers, 147–148; Nash, Urban Crucible, 236–239; Matson, Merchants, 158, 219–220, 232, 273–274; Swanson, Predators and Prizes, 106, 187; Stokes, Iconography, 4:456, 471, 472, 564, 565, 580, 597, 668, 671, 680, 694, 697, 706.

  31 “Muster Rolls of the New York Provincial Troops,” Collections of the New-York Historical Society, 1881 (New York, 1882), 162–167, 170–175, 206–213, 292–309, 374–379.

  32 Lydon, Pirates, Privateers, 35, 153, 221, 233, 274–279; Swanson, Predators and Prizes, 76, 77, 89, 93, 95, 120, 124, 216; Stokes, Iconography, 4:576, 697; Stuyvesant Fish, The New York Privateers, 1756–1763 (New York: George Grady Press, 1945), 12–15.

  33 Lydon, Pirates, Privateers, 131–132, 173, 178.

  34 Ibid., 151–152, 171; Stokes, Iconography, 4:583; James G. Lydon, “The Great Capture of 1744,” New-York Historical Society Quarterly 52, no. 3 (July 1968): 255–269.

  35 Swanson, Predators and Prizes, 15, 40–41, 47; Lydon, Pirates, Privateers, 110–125.

  36 Swanson, Predators and Prizes, 59; Lydon, Pirates, Privateers, 87–88, 103, 113–114, 200; Lepore, New York Burning, 161.

  37 Lepore, New York Burning, 49–50, 78–79; Serena R. Zabin, editor, The New York Conspiracy Trials of 1741: Daniel Horsmanden’s Journal of the Proceedings with Related Documents (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s Press, 2004), 56–57, 99.

  38 Lepore, New York Burning, xi; Zabin, Conspiracy Trials, 16; Kenneth Scott, “The Slave Insurrection in New York in 1712,” New-York Historical Society Quarterly 45, no. 1 (January 1961): 43–74.

  39 Lepore, New York Burning, xvi; Zabin, Conspiracy Trials, 45, 60, 85, 91–92, 112, 117.

  40 Lepore, New York Burning, 126, 176–178; Zabin, Conspiracy Trials, 159, 174.

  41 Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 163–165; Peter Linebaugh and Marcus Rediker, The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic (Boston: Beacon Press, 2000), 174–210; Zabin, Conspiracy Trials, 46.

  42 Nash, Urban Crucible, 236, 248; Pargellis, “Four Independent Companies,” 121.

  43 Nash, Urban Crucible, 248.

  44 Matson, Merchants & Empire, 83; Lydon, Pirates, Privateers, 18, 193–195; Pauline Maier, The Old Revolutionaries: Political Lives in the Age of Samuel Adams (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980), 59–61; “George Clinton’s Cruise on the Privateer Defiance,” New York History 16, no. 1 (January 1935): 89–95.

  Chapter 4

  1 Isaac Newton Phelps Stokes, The Iconography of Manhattan Island (New York: R. H. Dodd, 1915–1928), 4:916, 919, 923–924; Barnet Schecter, The Battle for New York: The City at the Heart of the American Revolution (New York: Penguin Books, 2002), 84.

  2 Schecter, Battle for New York, 59–60.

  3 Stokes, Iconography, 4:928; David McCullough, 1776 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), 125; John J. Gallagher, The Battle of Brooklyn, 1776 (Edison, NJ: Castle Books, 1995), 69; Thomas Jefferson Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker Rebels: New York City During the Revolution (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1948), 79.

  4 Bayrd Still, Mirror for Gotham: New York as Seen by Contemporaries from Dutch Days to the Present (1956; repr., New York: Fordham University Press, 1994), 16; Richard M. Ketchum, Divided Loyalties: How the American Revolution Came to New York (New York: Henry Holt, 2002), 278.

  5 Ketchum, Divided Loyalties, 208, 240–241.

  6 Pauline Maier, The Old Revolutionaries: Political Lives in the Age of Samuel Adams (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980), 59–60, 63–73, 74–76, 80, 91–92, 99–100; Peter Linebaugh and Marcus Rediker, The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic (Boston: Beacon Press, 2000), 40–42, 48; Ketchum, Divided Loyalties, 218–220.

  7 Stokes, Iconography, 4:854, 882; Ketchum, Divided Loyalties, 266–267, 276.

  8 Ketchum, Divided Loyalties, 150; Stokes, Iconography, 4:866.

  9 Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker, 57; Ketchum, Divided Loyalties, 353–354; Bruce Bliven Jr., Under the Guns: New York: 1775–1776 (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), 35–39; Schecter, Battle for New York, 63–64.

  10 Maier, Old Revolutionaries, 89; Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker, 55, 80–81; Stokes, Iconography, 4:901; Alexander Rose, Washington’s Spies: The Story of America’s First Spy Ring (New York: Bantam Books, 2006), 256;
Ketchum, Divided Loyalties, 342–343.

  11 Bliven, Under the Guns, 185–186, 281.

  12 Schecter, Battle for New York, 96–97; Bliven, Under the Guns, 301–312, 315–316.

  13 Gallagher, Battle of Brooklyn, 50, 53; McCullough, 1776, 210.

  14 McCullough, 1776, 193.

  15 Schecter, Battle for New York, 96, 99; Bliven, Under the Guns, 319; Gallagher, Battle of Brooklyn, 66–67; Stokes, Iconography, 4:935; Ketchum, Divided Loyalties, 336.

  16 Rose, Washington’s Spies, 11; Stokes, Iconography, 5:992.

  17 Stokes, Iconography, 4:937.

  18 Gallagher, Battle of Brooklyn, 93–94.

  19 Edwin G. Burrows, “Kings County,” in The Other New York: The American Revolution Beyond New York City, 1763–1787, ed. Joseph S. Tiedemann and Eugene R. Fingerhut (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2005), 27; Schecter, Battle for New York, 131.

  20 Schecter, Battle for New York, 123.

  21 Ibid., 136–137.

  22 Gallagher, Battle of Brooklyn, 107.

  23 The Red Lion Tavern was located at the approximate site of Thirty-Ninth Street and Fifth Avenue in Brooklyn. Ibid., 102; Schecter, Battle for New York, 141.

  24 Joseph Plumb Martin, A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier (New York: Signet Classic, 2001), 22.

  25 McCullough, 1776, 173–174.

  26 Burrows, “Kings County,” 24–30.

  27 Gallagher, Battle of Brooklyn, 127.

  28 Ibid., 54, 131–132; Martin, Narrative, 24; McCullough, 1776, 177.

  29 Gallagher, Battle of Brooklyn, 113, 135–136.

  30 Martin, Narrative, 26–27.

  31 Schecter, Battle for New York, 156–157; McCullough, 1776, 120; Gallagher, Battle of Brooklyn, 147–148.

  32 Gallagher, Battle of Brooklyn, 149, 152–153.

  33 Schecter, Battle for New York, 149, 166, 175–177; Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker, 94.

  34 Martin, Narrative, 30–31.

  35 Schecter, Battle for New York, 185–186.

  36 Ibid., 197–198; Stokes, Iconography, 5:1025.

  37 Stokes, Iconography, 5:1017; Gallagher, Battle of Brooklyn, 163.

  38 Stokes, Iconography, 5:1020–1024; Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker, 98–102.

  39 Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker, 102; Stokes, Iconography, 5:1169.

  40 Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker, 98–99; McCullough, 1776, 223.

  41 Schecter, Battle for New York, 254; Edwin G. Burrows, Forgotten Patriots: The Untold Story of American Prisoners During the Revolutionary War (New York: Basic Books, 2008), 44–46.

  42 McCullough, 1776, 179; Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker, 97, 113.

  43 McCullough, 1776, 283.

  44 Stokes, Iconography, 5:1075;Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker, 104.

  45 Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker, 209; Stokes, Iconography, 5:1047, 1081, 1083; Rose, Washington’s Spies, 103–104.

  46 Stokes, Iconography, 5:1027, 1058, 1083, 1096, 1123, 1143; Jacob Judd, “Westchester County,” in Tiedemann and Fingerhut, eds., The Other New York, 119.

  47 Schecter, Battle for New York, 113–114; Cassandra Pybus, Epic Journeys of Freedom: Runaway Slaves of the American Revolution and Their Global Quest for Liberty (Boston: Beacon Press, 2006), 24–27; Graham Russell Hodges, Root & Branch: African Americans in New York & East Jersey, 1613–1863 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 139–140, 144–151.

  48 Pybus, Epic Journeys, 26, 31, 33–34, 212, 218, 219; Hodges, Root & Branch, 151–152, 159.

  49 Stokes, Iconography, 5:1021–1022, 1058, 1100–1101; Schecter, Battle for New York, 275.

  50 Burrows, Forgotten Patriots, xi, 200–201, 209–210; Kenneth T. Jackson, “The Forgotten Saga of New York’s Prison Ships,” Seaport: New York’s History Magazine 24, no. 1 (Summer 1990): 26–28; Stokes, Iconography, 5:1040, 1133, 1153; Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker, 161–164; Schecter, Battle for New York, 274–275; Philip Papas, “Richmond County, Staten Island,” in Tiedemann and Fingerhut, eds., The Other New York, 94–95; Judith L. Van Buskirk, Generous Enemies: Patriots and Loyalists in Revolutionary New York (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002), 193.

  51 Stokes, Iconography, 5:1009, 1108.

  52 Ibid., 5:1069–1070, 1071, 1094, 1096, 1114; Rose, Washington’s Spies, 178; Schecter, Battle for New York, 310–312, 315–317.

  53 Rose, Washington’s Spies, 15, 90, 101, 125. 132–133, 154.

  54 Schecter, Battle for New York, 324; Stokes, Iconography, 5:1054, 1092, 1100, 1132.

  55 Schecter, Battle for New York, 345.

  56 Ibid., 347–348, 353–354; Stokes, Iconography, 5:1132.

  57 Schecter, Battle for New York, 354–355; Stokes, Iconography, 5:1134–1135.

  58 Stokes, Iconography, 5:1135.

  59 Ibid., 5:1138–1139.

  60 Ibid., 5:1169, 1172, 1173.

  61 Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker, 250, 251, 257.

  62 Ibid., 260–266; Stokes, Iconography, 5:1159, 1160–1161, 1168; Pybus, Epic Journeys, 67–68; Van Buskirk, Generous Enemies, 175–176; Hodges, Root & Branch, 158.

  63 Stokes, Iconography, 5:1180.

  Chapter 5

  1 Diary (New York), July 30, 1793, 2, August 6, 1793, 3; New-York Journal, & Patriotic Register, July 31, 1793, 3, August 7, 1793, 3; Isaac Newton Phelps Stokes, The Iconography of Manhattan Island (New York: R. H. Dodd, 1915–1928), 5:1299.

  2 New York Diary, August 2, 1793, 3, August 3, 1793, 3, August 6, 1793, 3; New-York Journal, & Patriotic Register, August 7, 1793, 3; New York Weekly Museum, August 3, 1793, 3.

  3 Charles William Janson, The Stranger in America, 1796–1806 (New York: The Press of the Pioneers, 1935), 439; New York Weekly Museum, August 3, 1793, 3; New York Diary, August 6, 1793, 3.

  4 Janson, Stranger, 439.

  5 Stokes, Iconography, 5:1296, 1297, 1300; ibid., 439–440.

  6 Stokes, Iconography, 5:1476.

  7 John P. Kaminski, George Clinton: Yeoman Politician of the New Republic (Madison, WI: Madison House Publishers, 1993), 240.

  8 Ibid., 241; Stokes, Iconography, 5:1307–1309, 1353–1355.

  9 Stokes, Iconography, 1354–1355, 1356.

  10 James Fulton Zimmerman, Impressment of American Seamen (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1966), 30, 33–35.

  11 William M. P. Dunne and Frederick C. Leiner, “An ‘Appearance of Menace’: The Royal Navy’s Incursion in New York Bay, September 1807,” The Log of Mystic Seaport 44, no. 44 (Spring 1993): 90–91; Paul A. Gilje, Liberty on the Waterfront: American Maritime Culture in the Age of Revolution (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004), 158.

  12 Alfred F. Young, The Democratic Republicans of New York: The Origins, 1763–1797 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1967), 478; Stokes, Iconography, 5:1445–1446; Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 409–410.

  13 Stokes, Iconography, 5:1472; Dunne and Leiner, “‘Appearance,’” 89–91.

  14 John C. Fredriksen, “Williams, Jonathan,” in American National Biography, ed. John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 23:483–484; Stokes, Iconography, 5:1450.

  15 Stokes, Iconography, 5:1464–1465.

  16 Ibid., 5:1450–1451, 1464–1465, 1466–1468, 1469–1470, 1478–1479, 1496, 1538; R. S. Guernsey, New York City and Vicinity During the War of 1812–15 (New York: Charles L. Woodward, 1889), 1:68, 69.

  17 Stokes, Iconography, 5:1463, 1468–1470, 1478, 1491, 1496, 1499, 1515, 1526, 1538, 1559.

  18 Ibid., 5:1549; William S. Dudley, editor, The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1985), 1:119.

  19 Stokes, Iconography, 5:1475–1478, 1536, 1545, 1550; Guernsey, New York City and Vicinity, 1:9.

  20 Guernsey, New York City and Vicinity, 1:17, 188–189.

  21 Stokes, Iconography, 5:1550, 1564, 1570; Ibid., 1:123, 125–126, 317; R. S. Guernsey, New York
City and Vicinity During the War of 1812–15 (New York: Charles L. Woodward, 1895), 2:530, 532–534; Robert G. Albion, The Rise of New York Port: 1815–1860 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1939), 287, 289; Dudley, ed., Naval War, 1: 296–298, 303, 315, 324, 370, 502.

  22 Guernsey, New York City and Vicinity, 1:20–21, 345–353; Guernsey, New York City and Vicinity, 2:66–67, 270, 404–406; David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, editors, Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 (Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio, 1997), 36–37, 182–185.

  23 Guernsey, New York City and Vicinity, 1:120–121.

  24 Ibid., 1:275–276, 381, 383; Stokes, Iconography, 5:1541, 1561.

  25 Guernsey, New York City and Vicinity, 1:217–218, 273.

  26 Ibid., 1:120; Dudley, ed., Naval War, 1:202.

  27 Guernsey, New York City and Vicinity, 1:218–219, 277.

  28 Ibid., 1:86–87, 202.

  29 Stokes, Iconography, 5:1543, 1555, 1557; Guernsey, New York City and Vicinity, 2:39–40; Guernsey, New York City and Vicinity, 1:116.

  30 Guernsey, New York City and Vicinity, 2:142–144.

  31 Guernsey, New York City and Vicinity, 1:12, 166–167, 173–175, 179, 301, 325–326, 344; ibid., 2:40–42, 87–88, 307; William S. Dudley, editor, The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1992), 2:39–41, 52, 106; Stokes, Iconography, 5:1561.

  32 Dudley, ed., Naval War, 2:109; Guernsey, New York City and Vicinity, 1:216.

  33 Guernsey, New York City and Vicinity, 1:266–267, 298–300; Stokes, Iconography , 5:1564.

  34 Guernsey, New York City and Vicinity, 1:382–383.

  35 Kirkpatrick Sale, The Fire of His Genius: Robert Fulton and the American Dream (New York: Touchstone, 2002), 6, 66–67, 81, 96, 105, 112–113, 141.

  36 Barnet Schecter, The Battle for New York: The City at the Heart of the American Revolution (New York: Penguin Books, 2002), 171–174; Stokes, Iconography, 5:1463, 1467; Guernsey, New York City and Vicinity, 1:277–279; “Plans for Defending Our Harbour. By William Wizard, Esq.,” Salmagundi No. XIII, Friday, August 14, 1807, in Washington Irving, History, Tales and Sketches (New York: The Library of America, 1983), 239–240.