The Normans and Their World
Page 74
[545] Liber confortatorius, 77, 83; B (2), 28f; Baker, 203; B (4), 143; the exchange as showing sympathy.
[546] W. of M., RG, ii, start of ch. 6, tale of Anlaf as harper. Tale of Edwin’s drowning by being set afloat in a ‘narrow sea’ flowing between Wissant and Dover. Londoner: S (1), 10.
[547] Waltheof: Ritchie (2), III, 137f. Aethelwold: FL, cxxxvii, 102f. Dunstan was also soon treated as saint. Adelard’s Life (1006-11) was written in the form of a series of lections, showing that the cult was celebrated liturgically by time of bishop Aelfheah: Gilbert, 205f. Cult of Edgar at Glastonbury: B (2), 28.
[548] Ashdown; F. J. Child, v. 14, 2r; Liestøl; den Hoed, 99-110; Freeman, iii, ch. xv, and note QQ. A 13th c. Icelander might well know of Canterbury, but could not know that at the time of DB ‘a certain concubine of Herald’ (sic) held house property there. Connection with Lewes seems based on confusion of names: T. W. Horsfield, History...of Lewes, 1824, 273-6. Other heroes who will return: Nero (still in medieval legend), Richard II, James II of Flodden Field, Charlemagne, Barbarossa, Henry the Fowler — merging with the Grail King, the Seven Sleepers, the Wild Hunt. Also Ogier the Dane changed into Holger Dansk, William Tell sleeping in triple form near Vierwaldstätterses.
[549] Cf. with Haveloc, Hamlet in Saxon Grammaticus. For Viking relations, Legge (1), 96-107; Hall. Anglo-Norman Horn by a Thomas who may have had links with Poitou.
[550] J. Lindsay (6), for Beowulf as a bear, Hereward: Grierson, 102; Gaimar, Gesta Herwardi, i, 353f; an impossible ref. to Gilbert of Ghent, 343; Smet is of little value; Round takes the whole thing as legend. For Robert: Huizinga.
[551] M. Cassino: Norwich (1), 72. Warenne: Ord., ii, 221. Host at Ely: Gaimar, ii, 83ff; H (2), 116, 248, and (II) 7f; Flor., ii, 19; H (1), 18; Chron. 1071. For Hereward and Outlaws in general: Keen. Note three different ends for Hereward: lives on in peace, is killed in own home, is killed in quarrel with son-in-law, Hugh de Ewermouthe.
[552] Flowers: Keen, 30. Wild: Ritchie (1), 31. Eadric: Walter Map, Courtiers’ Trifles (end of 12 c.); Keen 29. For ordinary fugitives from the law, often taking to woods: D. M. Stenton, 147f.
[553] Keen, chs. 4-5; Legge, 171-5. Castle of Whittington and Brutt: Keen, 41.
[554] Faral (2), ii, 9; Chambers (1), 21, 95-9; Legge, 32. The tree symbol is used, without the dream of Edward, in the verse Life of Edward the Confessor by a man of Barking: written early in the reign of Henry II, with stress on the Norman origin of the king’s mother. Ailred’s Latin Life is dated 1163. The nun goes back to Alfred the Great; and we may note that Marie de France (who prob. wrote later for Henry II’s court) attributed to Alfred the fables she professed to be translating.
[555] Compare the star battles in Sibylline Books and Nonnos’ Dionysiaka: J. Lindsay (4), (5). Merovingians: Le Goff.
[556] Chambers, 28. Note abbot Suger expounded the passage on Henry I in Life of Louis the Fat (written before 1152), by John of Cornwall in his hexameter version of the Prophecies (dedicated about 1155 to bishop of Exeter); and c. 1167-83 the Doctor Universalis, Alain de Lille, published a long commentary (printed 1603 as Prophetia Anglica).
[557] Chambers, 18„ 249; PL, clvi, 983. W. of M. (before 1125) referred to Arthur as a man ‘of whom the Britons tell so many tales, even to the present day’, adding ‘he long upheld the sinking state and roused the broken spirits of his countrymen’. Gervase: Chambers, 221f; Lombard documents: Loomis (1), 179, 198-214. O. Pächt on illustrations of Arthurian material; Lejeune on Roland shows that it first clearly deals with the legend in S. France.
[558] Bec: Parry, 5. Espec: Legge (1), 28, Wace, 30f, Crestien, 31. Gaimar: Legge, 28-36, 277ff; Parry, 72-93; Bell, 56. Ralph: D. M. Williamson. Becher, 39, thinks it is David Bishop of Bangor writing in Latin. AS Chronicle: Darlington (2), 6. Haveloc: Bell (2), (3), and Fahnestock. Bruts: Legge, 280ff. Thomas: ib. 58. Wace: ib. 45, 50. Bestiaries, ib. 22ff.
[559] H. M. Chadwick (1), 110.
[560] Baker, ch. 10. Tradition: R. W. Chambers (4). Heiresses: Stubbs (r), 374, no 6.
[561] Galbraith (1), 122f. Norman French, variant of central French, which evolved into Anglo-Norman, was even more provincial by 13th c., and the court looked to the French of Paris as more fashionable. Loan words show the English folk in inferior position: French provides abstract nouns, words connected with government, law, war, church. Not many place-names affected, though monasteries, for example, often called themselves after parent houses: Orr, 11.
[562] R. W. Chambers (5), 139; Galbraith (1), 124f.
[563] Maitland; H (2), 269. Feudalism: H (2), 278; Galbraith (5), 177; Barlow (1), 440; Strayer (1), 51f; Dobb; Hilton. Also Cronne (3); Coulborn; Ganshof (1), (2); H (5), (6); Holt (1); D (5). See discussion H (2), ch. i, Sayles (1), 199f, 211f; M. Hollings, etc.
[564] Tribal society reveals a large number of stages or levels, which have never been fully or correctly analysed and related: J.L. (3) and (7).
[565] I owe much here to Dobb and Hilton.
[566] Cam (1), 63; relation to manor, ch. v; link of grant of hundred with royal manor, 69f; in-hundred, out-hundred, 74.
[567] Germany: Barraclough (1), 136ff. Note election of Henry the Fowler duke of Saxony as German ruler in 919; reduction of power of English earls by election of the greatest one, Harold, as king. Also effort by Frederick Barbarossa in 12th c. to widen the class of counts and dukes who ruled locally (some 300 of them) by getting their sons and daughters to intermarry with his ministrales, while the latter in turn became landowners; he hoped thus to bind large areas (N. Italy, Burgundy, Germany), but was drawn into clash with duke of Saxony, Henry the Lion, and the link of emperor and princes could not be made as strong as that of vassal and local lord.
[568] Verlinden (2). Germanic settlement of Belgium and establishment of the linguistic frontier came later, the result of colonizing activity in the framework of the Merovingian state, then the Carolingian. Gaul, 6-7 c., P. Demolon, La village merov. de Brebières (1972). Sporadic eastern contacts: Indian elephants (via Italy) in Gaul, 801; African dromedaries, mid-9th c. (via Spain) on Rhine banks; 986, two-humped Asiatic camel at Quedlinburg, Saxony: M. Lombard, Espaces et roseaux du haut m.a.
[569] Loyn (3), 195.
[570] LL, 375; W (3), 557.
[571] GR (RS), ii, 399. Fawtier says by 13th c. a sort of feudal nationality emerging. Galbraith (1), 114f; Green, 12. Peasants: P. Lindsay, 20. Tithing: L (2), 269f; Maitland; Pollock, i, 526, 569; we must not forget also the ale-house or tavern as club centre. Note effect of nationes in universities.
[572] Phillpotts, etc. Lyon (1), 297; gegaldan paid to a substitute kindred when a true kindred was lacking - such formations helped the idea of associations for other purposes. Painter (3), 195-219 (Family in 12th c.).
[573] Ganshof, Byzantion, iv, 658-60; Maeri, 73, 89 etc. Early Venetian trade: PL, cxxxiii, 658. The emperor Frederick II granted Jewish artisans in Sicily the monopoly of silk manufacture and dyeing in Sicily and Apulia. Li i, 173, 675; Attenborough, 156ff; S (1), 6. Writs: Robinson, 137; S (4), 85-90 on baro; Hist. MSS Comm., 14th, app, pt. viii, 216.
[574] Bréhier, 386.
[575] Kiernan, 22f: I owe much to his suggestive essay.
[576] A. P. d’Entrèves, Dante as Political Thinker, 1952, 57; in general, Gierke; Lagarde; Theseider; Ullmann (EHR, 1949) etc. Bettenson for Gregory. Moslems: Kiernan, 32; Letter, Marx to Engels, 2 June 1853. Europeans: Green, 2; Hay.
[577] Kiernan, 25f.
[578] Hilton (9), 71.
[579] Pirenne (3), 507; A. Guesnon, Livre de la Vintaine d’Arras, on traders there 1222.
[580] Pirenne, 509, 511: man of Cahors.
[581] Hilton (10), 25. There are no records of amount and character of wage labour used by peasants and smaller (usually lay) landlords; yet in late 13th c. this was probably larger in extent and decisive in determining the direction. Carlo Cipolla for way relatively backward areas catch up with late developers; England among late developers, with peasants gaining spending power and stirring up in
dustrial production. For effects Trade and Finance: M. M. Postan, Essays on Med. Agriculture etc. T. H. Lloyd, Movement of Wool Prices in Med. Eng. for failure of wool prices to get landowners to shift from corn before 1450s.
[582] Hilton (9), 71f.
[583] J. Mackinnon, Luther and Reformation, 1925-9, iii, 161 ff.
[584] Dobb (1), 171, (2); Tahahashi 43-8; in general Unwin and Max Weber, etc.
[585] Il. xi 222-4; Str. 330, 24; Lyk. 1232 sch. Kissoi: tribe of Kissioi in Lower Mesopotamia near Sousa; note the Trojan ally Memnon as founder of Sousa, his father Tithonos (brother of Priam) married to Kissia: GT(3) 260f. Nine years: the plague lasts nine days. Though in which year the wrath occurs is not clearly stated, we have the effect that the war has been going on long. Briseis: Aristotle fr 162.
[586] Il. ii 158ff; 354ff; 590.
[587] Il. ii 536, 590. Victim: Mazon 151; innocent, Becker 11 n3. Aristarchos: sch. A; L & S.: hormē.
[588] Il. iii 16, 27, 30, 37ff (god-like).
[589] The reasons for the change are obscure; but Iris is a sky-messenger (for Zeus with his will); Hermes, chthonic, suits better Odysseus. Both deities seem to appear in the western gable of the Parthenon: Robertson 53f. Rainbow: Il. xi 27, ‘a protection for mortal men’. Iris also acts for Hera and in later poets is associated with her. Worship at Delos, on isle of Hekate: Athen. xiv 645. Ktemata: Gernet 418f, Bruck 39-74.
[590] Ambrosial night and sleep: Od. iv 429.
[591] Od. viii 519. Dia is used of goddesses. Dios: cf. ? diwija, PY An 607. Potis, husband, is cognate with IE potis, lord or master, and with potnia, cult-title for a goddess; Sanskrit patis, lord, master, husband; patni, lady, wife. Latin: potis (sum). Helen as offspring of Zeus; Il. iii 199, 418, 426. Helen uses same verb ēperopeuein (to check, coax, seduce) in accusing Aphrodite as Hektor did in denouncing Paris as woman-obsessed.
[592] Daimon as individual power: Od. v 396; x 64; xi 61; Il. viii i66. Your fate: oitos. Stygeros used of Hades, Erinyes, war, daimon, a marriage, in Il. and Od. Horned helmets: Korres (2).