Four Lost Cities
Page 27
living arrangements, Neolithic, 27
Los Angeles, California, 258
loss, recovering from, 13
“lost city” trope, 4–5, 60–61
“lost crops,” 220
Louisiana, 211, 213
Lower Mekong Basin, 198
lunar standstill, 217
Lustig, Eileen, 173, 176, 187–88
magnetometers, 229
maize, 219
marshelder, 220
Marzano, Annalisa, 101–2
mass abandonments, 13
“material entanglements,” 32–33
matriarchy, 47–48
Matthews, Wendy, 51
Max Planck Institute, 148
Mayans, 211, 237, 238
maygrass, 220
McAnany, Patricia, 238
Mebon temple, 1–3
Mefitis, 83
“mega-sites,” 20
mega-skyscrapers, 33
mega-villages, 57, 66, 68–71
Mekong River Delta, 166
Mellaart, James, 46–48, 49, 51, 69
men, farming and, 222
Meru, Mount, 181
Meskell, Lynn, 29, 48–49
Mesoamerica, 236, 238, 239
Miami University, 134
Middle East, 26–27, 35, 37, 47, 105, 107. See also specific locations
“middlers” class, 109, 114, 116, 138
Middleton, Guy D., 238
migration, 61, 64, 250–54. See also immigrants; mobility
“Mississippian” culture, 9, 204–54
mound architecture of, 252
public life in, 213–18
questioning authority and, 254
spirituality and, 222–23
surviving monuments of, 253–54
Mississippi River, 210, 211, 218–19, 221, 241, 249, 251, 258
Missouri, 212
Missouri River, 251
mobility, 70–71
Molist, Miguel, 25
Monks Mound, 9, 208, 212, 215, 221–24, 234, 235, 242
hierarchy and, 217, 253–54
rejection of, 243–48
monoliths, stone, 33, 34, 36
monsoon systems, 161–62
monumental images, 35–36
monumental structures, 33–34, 35, 212, 253–54. See also specific structures
Moore, Sophie, 60
Mossett, Amy, 219
mother goddesses, 47
Mouhot, Henri, 4, 183, 184
Mound 72, 243–45
mounds, 208–12, 233–34, 241, 243–44, 246. See also specific mounds
mound architecture, 252
mound cities, 211
as stages, 216
Mouritsen, Henrik, 101, 112–13
Mueller, Natalie, 220
Mumford, Lewis, 47
Mun, 166
Murtris, 120–21
Nakamura, Carolyn, 48–49
Naples, 7, 81, 85, 133–35
Naples Archaeological Museum, 84
Naples Bay, 132
Naples Museum, 98
“Secret Cabinet” area, 118, 121
Natchez, 221
National Geographic Society, 152
Native Americans. See also specific groups
ancestors of, 243
use rights and, 221–22
natural disasters. See also specific events, rescue efforts and, 259
Nature Plants, 149
neighbors, 31–32, 35, 62, 68
Neolithic era, 5–6, 25–26, 28, 31, 42, 260
architecture of, 33–34
lactose intolerance and, 28
reconstruction and interpretation of, 42–46
Neolithic Revolution, 26–27, 71, 212
Neopolis. See Naples
neoteny, 28
Nero, 88, 89, 93–96, 103, 108
networks, 36
New Cahokia, 252
New Guinea, 148
New Orleans, Louisiana, 257
Nile, 86
nixtamalization, 220
Nocera, 88
Nolan, Will, 232
nomadism, 20, 25, 26–27, 67–68
Nominanta, Calida, 135
North Africa, 87, 105, 131
Oaxaca, Mexico, 236
objects
identity and, 32–33
ritual, 45–46, 207, 221 (see also specific objects)
obsidian, 54, 56
Ohio, 211, 250–51
Ojibway Lake, 63, 64
Omphale, Queen of Lydia, 95
oral histories, 210, 250–51
Osage, 209, 250–52
Oscan-speakers, 138
Ostia, 103, 135
Özbal, Rana, 28–29, 53, 54
Paelestra, 88
pagodas, 198
paintings, 37, 251, 270n7. See also wall art
Paleolithic era, 20
Paris World’s Fair, 184
Parslow, Christopher, 90, 91
Pauketat, Tim, 211–12, 213, 214, 217, 222, 223
Pawłowska, Kamila, 43
Penny, Dan, 194, 197
performances, 215–16
phallic imagery, 37–38
Philippines, 148
Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 4, 145–46, 196, 199, 201–2
pigs, 27, 37
pillars, stone, 35
pits, 246, 247, 248. See also borrow pits
borrow pits, 9, 208, 212, 225, 235, 242, 245–46, 248
garbage pits, 221
place
identity and, 36, 74
relationships with, 35
selfhood and, 32–33
plants, cultivation of, 27–28
plastering, 51–52
plazas, 207, 208–9, 213–14, 215, 224, 234
Pleistocene, 156
Pliny the Younger, 94, 128–29
Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay Colony, 217
Poehler, Eric, 105, 108–12, 130
political instability, 5, 147, 165, 259, 261
Polkinghorn, Martin, 197
Pol Pot, 200, 202
Polynesia, 237
Pompeii, 7, 12, 13, 78–79, 118, 120–22, 124, 150, 155, 209, 225, 257, 260, 261, 271n1
abandonment of, 103, 125, 130–33
African images and, 85
brothels in, 118–19, 121
class in, 270n7
commerce in, 81–144, 209, 212, 213
cooking in, 99, 101, 116, 175
earthquake in, 81, 104
Egypt and, 86
erotica in, 117, 121
excavation of, 81–82, 98, 99, 109
Forum in, 95
graffiti in, 120
history of, 83
houses in, 106
immigrants and, 96
kitchens in, 99
languages in, 83
liberti (freed slaves) and (see liberti (freed slaves))
loss of, 124
modern, 83
North Africa and, 83–84
paintings in, 270n7
people leaving, 127–28
public life in, 103–26
Punic empire and, 86
refugees from, 7–8, 133–37, 259, 260
“retail revolution” in, 107
riots in, 88, 89
ruins of, 91
sewers of, 122
social classes in, 96–102, 105–8, 113
spirituality in, 97, 169
street life in, 81–144, 209, 212
tabernas and, 104–5, 108
theater in, 93–94, 96
traffic in, 110–13
visitors to, 129
volcano in, 7, 81, 127–44, 258 (see also Vesuvius, Mount)
women and, 92–93, 120
Pompeiians, 137
porridge, 220
Portugal, 131
pottery, 54, 168, 213, 215, 221, 223, 246, 247, 248, 249. See also specific objects and kinds of pottery
Pottier, Christophe, 168
Pou, Saveros, 172
poverty, 259
Poverty Point, 211
of ancestors, 50
symbolic, 30
water and, 245–46
wildness and, 31
Pozzuoli, 81, 136–37
Prasat Thom, 186
Preah Khan, 180–81
Preah Vihear, 200, 202
pre-Angkorian villages, 156
predators, 30
prejudice, 62
Priapus, 115, 117–18, 135
privacy, 31–32
private sphere, 32
projectile points, 10, 52, 213, 215, 230, 231, 244, 247, 248
public sphere, 32
architecture and, 239–40
in Cahokia, 253
dissolution of, 257–58
failure of, 68
in Mississippian culture, 213–18
in Pompeii, 103–26
Punic empire, 86
Purcell, Henry, 41
Puteoli. See Pozzuoli
pygmies, 83–87
pyramids, 9, 33, 207, 208, 211, 228
pyroclastic flows, 131
Quadratilla, Ummidia, 94
Ramayana, Khmer version of, 172
Ramey pottery, 213, 223, 246, 247, 248, 249
Rattlesnake Mound, 208, 216
rebuilding, 260, 261
recycling, 52–53, 224
Red Horn, 244, 251
Red Terrace, 74
refugees, 7–8, 133–37, 135, 137, 259, 260
rejuvenation, 257
religious festivals, 215–16
renewal, 215–16, 257
resources. See also specific resources
depletion of, 260
lack of access to, 62
wars over, 259
revival, in Cahokia, 227–40
ritual burning, 59–60, 246–47, 249
ritual objects, 45–46, 207, 221. See also specific objects
rituals, 215–16, 224–25, 243–48, 247. See also specific kinds of rituals
in Angkor, 157, 159, 165, 170, 174, 180, 181, 190, 192
in Cahokia, 224–25, 243–48
fertility, 244, 245
at home, 247
public, 247
ritual burning, 59–60, 246–47, 249
ritual objects, 45–46, 221
Roanhorse, Rebecca, 252, 253
Roberts, Patrick, 148–50
Roman culture, 85, 122–23
portrayal of Egyptians, 86
pre-Christian, 118
Roman Empire, 7–8, 82, 86, 96, 100, 113, 124, 130, 155, 163
Roman Republic, 92
Rome, 83, 87, 112, 115, 124, 129–30, 134, 137–38. See also Roman Empire
brothels in, 119
Colosseum in, 131
houses in, 85, 97
patrician class of, 107
roads and, 112, 136
ruins in, 81–82
toilet etiquette of, 122–25
Rongea River, 186
Sabinus, L. Vettius, 135
sacrifice, 75, 215, 246, 247
human, 216–17, 244–45
St. Clair County, Illinois, 222–23
St. Helens, Mount, 131–32
St. Louis, Missouri, 9, 212, 254
Salem, Massachusetts Bay Colony, 217
Sambor Prei Kuk, 151, 153–54
Samnites, 83, 98
Saña, Maria, 25
Sanctuary of Venus, 103
“sandcastle depreciation,” 195
San Francisco, California, 255, 256–57
Sanskrit, 172
Santiago X, 252, 253
Sarno Gate, 88
Sassen, Saskia, 170
Scale (West), 170
Schmidt, Klaus, 34
sea level rise, 63, 64
“secondary burials,” 45
selfhood, fixed location and, 32–33
seminomadic peoples, 260
Sen, 166
settled life
culture shock and, 33
transition to, 20–40
Severy-Hoven, Beth, 270n7
sheep, 27
sheep herding, 25
shepherds, 54
Shiva (Hindu god), 153–54
“shovel scraping,” 232–33
Siem Reap, Cambodia, 155–56, 199
Siem Reap River, 162, 167, 192
Singapore, 148
Siouan culture, 219, 244
Siouan tribes, 209, 250–54, 275n9
Sioux, 251
skulls, 45–46, 49, 57
skyscrapers, 33
slaves, 8, 100, 101–2, 113, 128. See also liberti (freed slaves)
small-town life, return to, 260
Smith, Monica, 71–72, 170
snakes, 36
social change, 66–71, 229, 234–35, 237
social crises, 34–35, 58
social hierarchy. See hierarchy
social movements, 210, 249–50, 253
social structure, 32–33, 66–71, 75, 242. See also class
Social War with Rome, 83
soil cores, 249
Solomon, 85–86
Solomon’s Judgment, 86
South Asia, 149, 172
Southeast Asia, 148–50, 157–58, 187
Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization Regional Centre for Archaeology and Fine Arts, 198–99
Southern India, 166
South Pacific Islands, 149
Spain, 86, 131
specialization, benefits of, 55, 58
special-use structures, 229–30, 253–54
spectacle, 215–17
spirits, 49, 219, 220–21, 245, 251
spirituality
in Cahokia, 212–13, 222–23, 242
“Mississippian” culture and, 222–23
in Pompeii, 169
Spring Lake Tract, 229–33, 236, 242, 246–47
Spurius, 87
Stabia, 90
Stabian Gate, 84
stable isotope analysis, 217–18, 243
stages, 215–16
The Stagger Inn, 222
stamps, 36–40, 70–71
Standing Rock Sioux tribe, protests against oil pipeline and, 253
Stark, Miriam, 156, 158, 165–66, 175–76, 191, 197–98
starvation, 64. See also food
Stonehenge, 34
stones, 35
stratigraphy, 23–24, 25, 60
streets, in Pompeii, 212
Suetonius, 134
suicide, 10–11
Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, 83
Sulpicii (family), 136–38
supernovas, 217
survival, climate and, 21
survivance, indigenous cultures and, 252–53
Suryavarman I, 1, 3, 166–67, 168, 170–71, 184, 187, 200
Suryavarman II, 178, 180, 181, 187
swales, 233–34
symbolism, 36–40
domestication and, 29
identity and, 37–39
symbolic landscapes, 35
symbolic power, 30
symbolic structures and, 29
tabernas, 104–9
Tainter, Joseph A., 72
Tan, Noel Hidalgo, 198–99
Ta Prohm, 145
technologies, 33, 252
cooking and, 53–54
domesticity and, 51–58
Neolithic, 27, 42
temples, 151, 209. See also specific temples
Teotihuacan, 239
Terentius Neo, 117
termite mounds, 153
Thailand, 4, 166, 178, 193
theater, 215–16
Theravada Buddhism, 145, 198, 199
therianthrope, 30
“thermohaline circulation,” 63
thunderheads, 253–54
Tiro, 101
Titus, 7, 130–31, 133–34, 136
Tlaxcallan, 236, 239
tobacco, 222
tokens, 36–40
Toltecs, 211
tombs, 97
Tonle Sap Lake, 146, 153, 154, 155–56, 157
Tonle Sap River,
161, 162, 166–67, 194–95, 201
tools, 52–53, 55, 75, 213, 215. See also specific kinds of tools
Tornero, Carlos, 25
trade, 26, 67, 71, 81–144, 209, 212, 213, 222–23, 252
tradespeople, 55
tragedies, 10–13
travelogues, 4
Tringham, Ruth, 41–42, 44–46, 57, 62–63, 66, 69
Tuck, Stephen, 134–37
Tunisia, 86
Turkey, 5–6, 15–75, 95, 257
Underworld, 245, 248, 254
UNESCO, 228
Upper World, 245, 246, 254
urban design, 240. See also specific cities
urban development, top-down, 259
urbanism, 13
agricultural complexity and, 73
Çatalhöyük and, 40
cultural enrichment and, 55–56
farming and, 54–55
humanity and, 13
security and, 55
urban life cycle, 210
urban rejuvenation, 257
Uruk, 72
US Department of Defense, 64
US Presidential Task Force on Immigration, 62
Utica, 131
Venus, 83, 134, 136
Verhoeven, Marc, 30
Vespasian, 131
Vesuvius, Mount, 7, 81, 96, 102, 134, 258
eruption of, 103, 127–39, 271n1
pyroclastic flow, 129
refugees from eruption of, 138
Vettia Sabina, 135
Vettii brothers, 121, 135, 137
Via Consolare, 96–97, 99–100
Via Consolare Project, 97–98
Via dell’Abbondanza, 81–102, 104, 106–7, 111–12, 115, 118, 138
Via Nocera, 110
Via Stabia, 115
Via Stabiana, 84, 87–88, 107, 111, 114–15
Vicola di Giulia Felice (Julia Felix’s Alley), 89
Vietnam, 4, 166, 189, 193
villas, converted, 225
Vishnu, 1–2, 153, 156, 159–60
Vizenor, Gerald, 252–53
Vulcan, 134, 136
Wade, Lizzie, 236
Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew, 85–87, 99
wall art, 56
war, 258
water
transformative power of, 245–46
water contamination, 13
water infrastructure, 146, 159–60, 161–82, 189, 194–96
Wat Phu, 186
Watson Brake, 211
Watts, Elizabeth, 227, 229–33, 246
Weber, Karl Jakob, 90
West, Geoffrey, 170
West Baray reservoir, 1–3, 8, 160, 166–69, 178, 184–85, 187, 192
West Mound, 20, 60, 62–63, 64, 65, 66–68, 74
wheat, 54
wilderness, 35
wildfires, 64, 258
willderness, 30
Wilson, Peter J., 31
Wingrow, David, 239
Wink, Emma, 232
Wisconsin, 213
women
in Çatalhöyük, 41–58
domestic labor and, 51–58
domestic technologies and, 51–58
farming and, 222
in Khmer Empire, 173
Woodhenge, 208
Woodland culture, 247, 248, 251
Woolsey Fire, 258
writing, 38
X, Santiago. See Santiago X