by Ian Mortimer
rams, 262, 310. See also fleeces; meat
sheets. See beds and bedding
shepherds, 249
Sheriff Hutton, 303
sheriffs, 12, 56, 68, 103, 217, 218, 220–24, 225–26, 235, 308. See also courts; London
shields. See armor
shingles, 13
ships and boats, 17, 18, 28, 60, 77, 85, 123, 136–39, 238, 252, 278
carracks, 137, 138
castles on, 138
cogs, 136–39, 302
construction of, 131, 137–38
ferries, 129–30, 152
fishing boats, 184
galleys, 137, 141
hulks, 137, 140, 141
life on board, 139–42, 265
repair of, 140
rowing, 138. See also lighthouses
shipwreck 60, 123, 136, 140
shipwrights. See ships and boats
Shirburn Castle, 303
Shitbrook 8–9, 13, 82, 146
shoemakers, 15
shoemakers’ thread, 132 shoes, 62, 93–94, 109–10, 114–15, 268
boots, 114–15, 189
shopgirls, 103
shopkeepers, 114
shopping, 92–95
shops, 9–10, 12, 14–16, 18, 93, 148
Shrewsbury, 11, 17, 296
Shropshire, 33
Shrove Tuesday 262
shutters. See windows
Sicily, 168
sick care. See medicines; nursing
sickness. See diseases; malnutrition
sidesaddle. See horses and ponies
sieges, 70, 167–68, 209
signs, 9–10, 16, 145, 174, 213, 233
silks. See cloth
silver, 96, 97, 105, 119, 149, 151, 158, 159, 164, 176, 228, 259
gilt-silver, 106, 119, 149, 151, 158, 159. See also cloth of silver
silversmiths, 22. See also jewelers
Simonburn, 34
Skirlaw, Walter, 39
slander. See crime
slates, 163
slaughterer, 161
slaughtering, 21, 22
slings. See hunting
Sluys, 136, 247
Smithfield. See London
smiths. See blacksmiths
soap, 181, 199–200, 212, 261
solars, 114, 146, 148, 155, 156, 161, 274, 280 (private parlor)
Somerset, 27, 304
soothsayers, 54
Southampton, 140
Southwark. See London
Sowerby 228
spades, 135
Spain, Spanish, 44, 57, 71, 72, 77, 139, 179, 199, 201, 258. See also Castile
Spalding, William de, 263
Spanish Era, 83
spectacles, 274
speeds of travel, 127, 132
spicemongers, 12, 21, 22, 178, 228 spices, 94, 141, 149, 175, 180, 181, 188, 197, 200, 213, 305
alkanet, 181
aniseed, 177, 200
cardamom, 118, 200
cinnamon, 173, 175, 177, 178, 183, 200
cloves, 118, 173, 177, 178, 181
coriander, 177
cumin, 200
curry powder, 178, 181 powder forte; fennel. See herbs; fenugreek 212
galingale, 175, 183
ginger, 177, 178, 183
licorice, 177, 200
mace, 173, 178
mustard, 181, 304
nutmeg, 118, 177, 178
pepper, 95, 175, 177, 178, 181, 183
saffron, 99, 177, 181
sugar. See sugar
spinning, 117
spiritual cleanness, 195–98
spiritual devotion, 65–66, 76, 191, 195, 201, 252–53
charity 129, 143, 145
pious works, 129. See also pilgrimages
spits. See cooking utensils
sponges, 198, 214
spoons, 132, 149, 151, 158, 164, 287
spurs, 131–32
squirrels, 26, 93
Sri Lanka, 73–74
St. Agatha, 271
St. Albans, 83, 124, 226, 296
St. Anselm, 270
St. Asaph’s, diocese of, 296
St. Augustine, missionary, 275
St. Augustine of Hippo, 46
St. Bartholomew’s. See London
St. Benedict, rule of, 46, 152, 188
St. Benet Hutne, 296
St. Catherine, 271
St. Catherine’s Lighthouse, 140
St. Chad, 269
St. Christopher, 132, 302
St. Cuthbert, 269
St. David’s, diocese of, 296
St. Dunstan, 269, 270
St. Edmund, king and martyr, 269
St. Edward the Confessor, 20, 270, 272
St. Ethedreda, queen and abbess, 269
St. Francis, 271. See also Franciscans
St. Frideswide, 269
St. Gilbert of Sempringham, 46
St. Guthlac, 269
St. Hugh: bishop of Lincoln, 268, 269
martyr of Lincoln, 269
St. Inglevert, 258
St. John of Beverley 269
St. John the Baptist, 119
St. Louis, 39
St. Martin’s le Grand. See London
St. Mary the Egyptian, 271
St. Oda, 270
St. Paulinus, 270
St. Paul’s Cathedral. See London
St. Peter, 270
St. Philip, 271
St. Richard de Wyche, 269
St. Swithin, 270
St. Thomas (Doubting Thomas), 271
St. Thomas Becket, 18, 77, 268, 269, 270, 271
St. Walter Cantilupe, 269
St. Werburgh, 269
St. Wilfrid, 270
St. William, 271
St. William, martyr, 269
St. William of Perth, 268
St. William of York, 270
St. Wulfstan, 270
St. Wylgefbrte, 59 stables, 16, 23, 30, 32, 146, 147, 160, 185
accommodation above, 153
on ships, 141
Stafford, Earl of, 62
Stafford, Ralph, 62
Staffordshire, 33, 174
Staines, 128
stallage, 94, 130
Stapledon, Walter, 274
Staplefbrd, Gilbert of, 228–29
starvation. See famine
steel. See metal
stewards, 52, 69, 159, 160, 219, 227, 254
stews. See baths and bathing; prostitution
stocks, 180, 216, 223, 227, 229
stone, 32
granite, 31
slate, 31
stone crosses, 126
Stonor, John, 242
Strange, Hamon le, 304
Stratford Bow, 22, 205
Stratford upon Avon, 92
straw, 24, 31, 146, 147, 153, 154, 163, 164, 166, 184. See also thatch
strength, physical, 120, 264
students, 68, 122, 164. See also Cambridge; education; Oxford; universities
Suffolk, 33, 252, 295
suffragans. See archbishops; bishops
sugar, 99, 177, 178, 181–82, 188, 200
syrup, 182, 183
sumptuary laws, 103–4
sundials, 84
superstition, 74–78, 193. See also alchemy; diseases (King s Evil); magic; numerology; votive offerings; witchcraft
surgeons, 10, 22, 68, 160, 191, 193, 213–15. See also Arderne
surgery, 210, 211–12, 213–15
amputation, 191
eye surgery, 214
phlebotomy, 192, 211, 214–15. See also medicine
surnames, 87
Surrey, 188, 294
Sussex, 34
swans. See wildfowl
Sweden, 71, 138
sweetmeats, 176, 177
swine. See pigs
swine killers, 22
swineherds, 105
swords, 60–62, 119, 120–22, 141, 144, 149, 161, 232, 238, 251, 266–67
Swynford, Katherine, 284
Syria, 72
tablecloths, 149, 150
, 153, 158, 159, 164, 165, 176, 179
tables. See furniture
tables (game). See backgammon
tailors, tailoring, 15, 22, 53, 57, 93, 102, 108, 300
Guild of Tailors and Armourers, 300
Talbot family 34
tallow, 146, 153, 164, 200 mutton fat
tally sticks, 67
tanning, 21
tapestries, 134, 157. See also rugs; wall hangings
tapets. See beds and bedding; cloth
Tartary 157, 276
taverners, 149, 179, 185, 229, 264, 303
taverns, 8, 85, 178–79, 229, 277, 292. See also ale houses
Tavistock, 297
tax collectors, 56
teeth, 213, 226, 257–58, 271
care of, 200
Teigh, 241–42
tennis, 231, 263
terracotta, 141
Thames River, 17, 19, 22, 125, 149, 197, 278
thatch, 24, 29–30, 32, 163, 165, 231
thieves, theft. See crime
Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, 41, 159
Thomas of Woodstock, duke of Gloucester, 155, 273
Thorney Abbey, 296
Thorp, William, 241
three estates, the, 39–51, 202
tilers, 100, 233
tiles, 156, 163, 197, 231
timber, 31, 32, 93, 127, 141, 163, 231
alder, 15
ash, 15, 163
beech, 137
elm, 20, 31, 163, 209, 294
fir, 26, 294
fruit trees, 171
oak, 14, 26, 31, 131, 134, 137, 163, 209
poplar, 15
unseasoned, 163
yew, 263. See also trees
time: for meals, 169
telling the, 83–85
for trading, 15, 84, 92. See also bells; clocks
tin. See metal
tipping, 147
tithes, 188
tithings, 51, 58, 217, 219, 221–23, 227
tofts, 30, 31
toilets. See latrines
tolls, 96, 129–30
freedom from, 130. See also cranage; lastage; murage; pannage; pavage; pontage; stallage; wharfage
tomato(es), 168
tonsuring, 67
torches, 233, 254
torture, 225
Toryntone, Desiderata de, 228
Toty Richard, 138, 139, 302
tournaments. See jousts
tourns. See courts
Towcester, 124
towels, 158, 165, 181, 197
Tower, the. See London
town: criers, 10, 16, 88
gate(s), 8, 9, 14, 130, 167, 220, 233, 249
houses. See house; incorporated, 42, 88, 218
ordinances, 145, 218
bylaws, 229, 230–33, 238, 304, 308
walls, 7, 9, 14, 21, 23, 53, 176, 229, 233
watchmen, 220, 249. See also aldermen; freemen; London; mayors
towns; small, 22–24
townships, 69, 217, 220, 221, 226
trailbaston. See courts
travel, regularity of, 69–70, 71
treacle, 177
treason. See crime
treasurer, the, 17
trees, 26–27, 130–31, 167, 226, 294. See also timber
trenchers, 170, 171, 176, 181, 183
Tresilian, Robert, 245
Trevisa, john, 39, 276
trial by battle. See courts
Trim, 39
tripods, 150, 163. See also cooking utensils
Trivium, 67
Troglodytes, 73
trout. See fish
trumpets. See musical instruments
Trumpington, 122
tuberculosis. See diseases
tubs, 17, 21, 151, 163, 166. See also washtubs
Tuchet, Robert, 242
tumblers, 53. See also acrobats
tunics. See clothes
turf roofs, 165
Turkey, 72
turkeys. See poultry
turners, 96
tweezers, 118
Tyburn. See London
Tyngewick, Nicholas, 212
underwear. See clothes
unfit, the, 168
unicorns, 74
units of currency, 96–97
units of measurement, 85–86, 95, 229, 235
universities, 41, 48, 67–68, 88, 191, 193, 211, 284
Urban VI, 44
urinals, 141
uroscopy 194–95, 211
ushers, 89
vagrants, 145, 153, 154, 217, 224, 239. See also beggars; paupers
valets, 101, 133, 159, 160, 162, 180
vegetables, 164, 169, 171, 176, 185, 209
beans, 170, 171 white, 172, 185
cabbage, 169, 171–72, 185, 209
carrots, 168
cauliflower, 185
celery, 185
chervil, 172
chibols, 171–72
colewort, 185
garden produce, 169, 171, 176, 185
garlic, 93, 171, 185
leeks, 171–72, 185
onions, 171, 173, 181, 185
parsnips, 185
peas, 168, 170, 171, 185
peascods, 172, 185
potatoes, 168
potential harmful effects of, 171
spring onions, 171
turnips, 171
Vegetius, 272
veils. See clothes
vellum, 123
velvet, 109, 115
velvet. See cloth
Venice, 12, 82, 265
verdigris, 94
Vere, Robert de, constable of Rockingham, 242
Vere, Robert de, marquis of Dublin, 124–25, 295
verjuice, 185
vetches, 167
veterinary care, 133
vicars, 43, 203 beneficed clergy. See also priests
Vicars Choral, 16
villeins, 43, 48–51, 57, 67, 68, 72, 86–87, 99, 116, 165, 172, 198, 216–17, 219, 222, 227. See also bondmen
Vilnius, 72
vine stems, 118
vinegar, 118, 173, 178, 183
vintners, 96, 179, 284
violence, 37, 57, 60–66, 89, 190
violets, 65
Virgin Mary 268, 270
Virtual History 2–3
vitamin C, 169
vitamin D, 210
voters, 69
votive offerings, 191, 261
wafers, 176, 183
wages. See incomes
wagons, 133, 252. See also carts; coaches
Wakefield, 252, 263, 274
Wales, 34, 41, 43, 81
Marches of, 61, 229
wall hangings, 148. See also tapestries
Wallace, Sir William, 236
Wallingford, 101
walnuts, 172
Walsingham Priory, 268, 270
Walsingham, Thomas, 60, 75, 184, 297
Waltham Holy Cross, 296
wapentakes. See hundreds
Waraunt family, 240
Warauntjohn, 240
warehouses, 15, 148
warfare, 38, 41, 56, 65, 70, 99, 123–25, 168, 220. See disc jousts of
war warhorses. See horses and ponies
Warwick Castle, 155
Warwick, countess of, 113
Warwick, Earls of. See Beauchamp
Warwickshire, 124, 202
washbasins. See basins
washerwomen, 159, 199, 306
washing. See baths and bathing; cleaning
washtubs, 64, 199, 306
watchmen, 85, 249. See also towns
water, attitudes toward, 175
water carriers, 53
water supply, 15, 22, 141, 153. See also
wells water transport, 15
Watling Street, 124, 126
wax, 88, 94, 159, 212, 254, 261
weavers, weaving, 94, 115, 117
weeping, 91
weights, 10
weirs, 184
wells, 31, 156, 166, 270
Wells Cath
edral, 84, 296
Welsh language, 81
Wensley Roger de, 242
West Country, 32, 34, 128, 170, 175, 203. See also Cornwall; Devon; Dorset; Somerset
Westminster, 17, 19, 130, 236
Abbey 20, 47, 188, 201, 245, 270, 296, 301
abbot, 87, 261
palace of, 19, 84, 123
Westmorland, 33, 295. See also Lake District
wetnurses, 103
whales. See fish
wharfage, 130
wharfs. See ports and harbors
wheat. See grain
Wheel of Fortune, 254
wheelwrights, 134
whips, 116
White Canons. See Premonstratensians
White Friars. See Carmelites
White Monks, 46
Whittington, Dick, 99
Whittington, William, 99
Whyte, John le, 228
Wife-Givers, 73
Wigmore, 155, 273
wild boar. See boar
wildfowl, 173, 260, 276
bustard, 182
cranes, 182, 260
curlew, 182
ducks. See poultry; egret, 182
herons, 182, 260
larks, 177, 182
martinets, 182
partridges, 177, 182, 261
pheasants, 177, 181, 253–54, 259
plover, 182
snipe, 177
sparrows, 182
stork 182
swans, 17, 254
teal, 177
woodcock 177, 182
William of Malmesbury 251
Willoughby Richard, 241
wills, 70, 81, 274
Willysdon, Richard, 148–49
Wilton Diptych, 301
Wiltshire, 228–29
Wimborne Minster, 270–71
wimples. See clothes
Winchcombe, 296
Winch elsea, 136
Winchester, 11, 17, 213, 293, 296
bishops of, 20, 39, 203, 299, 309
Cathedral, 270
diocese of, 296
Statute of, 121, 130, 220
windows: coaches,’ 134
glazed, 15, 148, 156
oriel, 15
shuttered, 13, 30, 148, 153, 163, 166
unglazed, 14
Windsor Castle, 84, 101, 154, 155, 294
wine, 22, 86, 93, 95, 134, 138, 139, 141, 147, 148, 151, 175, 177–80, 185, 189, 285, 288, 303–4
English, 28, 179
Gascon, 71, 136, 179, 185, 305
hypocras, 183
Lepe, 179
Malvesey 179
Osey 179
red, 176, 179
Rhenish, 179, 185
Rochelle, 179
Romonye, 179
Spanish, 179, 185
sweet, 186
Wingfield Castle, 303
witchcraft, 75–76, 238
woad, 93
wolves, 27
women, position of, 49–50, 54–59, 64, 91, 101, 102–3, 111–14, 159, 164, 168, 174–75, 198, 200, 221, 223, 225–26, 230, 234
women’s milk as a medicine, 207
woodland, 25–26
wool, 21, 71, 93, 94, 118, 132, 162, 164, 173, 199, 234. See also cloth; fleeces
Worcester, 11, 252, 296
bishop of, 45
Cathedral, 270
ordinances of, 230–33
Severn Bridge, 232
Worcestershire, 36, 240
wormwood, 212
Wressle Castle, 303
