Colossus

by Niall Ferguson

  Frank, Andre Gunder, ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age (Berkeley/ London, 1998).

  Freeman, Joseph, and Scott Nearing, Dollar Diplomacy: A Study in American Imperialism (New York, 1928).

  Fromkin, David, A Peace to End All Peace: Creating the Modern Middle East, 1914–1922 (London, 1991).

  Fukuyama, Francis, State Building: Governance and World Order in the Twenty-First Century (London, 2004).

  Fulbrook, Mary, The Divided Nation: A History of Germany, 1918–1990 (Oxford, 1991).

  Fursenko, Aleksandr, and Timothy Naftali, One Hell of a Gamble: Khrushchev, Castro, Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1958–1964 (London, 1997).

  Gaddis, John Lewis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (Oxford, 1997) .

  ———, Surprise, Security, and the American Experience (London, 2004).

  Gallagher, John, and Robinson, Ronald, “The Imperialism of Free Trade,” Economic History Review, 2nd Series, 6 (1953), pp. 1–15.

  Galston, William, “Perils of Preemptive War,” American Prospect, 13, 17 (September 23, 2002), pp. 22–25.

  Gause, F. Gregory, III, “From ‘Over the Horizon’ to ‘Into the Backyard’: The U.S.-Saudi Relationship and the Gulf War,” in David W. Lesch (ed.), The Middle East and the United States: A Historical and Political Reassessment, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 1999), pp. 341–54.

  Geiss, Immanuel (ed.), July 1914: The Outbreak of the First World War—Selected Documents (London, 1967).

  Giddens, Anthony, Runaway World: How Globalisation Is Reshaping Our Lives (London, 1999).

  Gilbar, Gad G., “The Economics of Interdependence: The United States and the Arab World, 1973–1977,” in Haim Shaked and Itamar Rabinovich (eds.), The Middle East and the United States: Perceptions and Policies (New Brunswick, N.J., 1980), pp. 209–41.

  Gilbert, Martin, Never Despair: Winston S. Churchill 1945–1965 (London, 1988).

  Gilmour, David, The Long Recessional: The Imperial Life of Rudyard Kipling (London, 2002).

  Gilpin, Robert, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge, 1983).

  ———, The Political Economy of International Relations (Princeton, 1987).

  Gimbel, John, The American Occupation of Germany (Stanford, Calif., 1968).

  ———, “Governing the American Zone of Germany,” in Robert Wolfe (ed.), Americans as Proconsuls: United States Military Government in Germany and Japan, 1944–1952 (Carbondale, Ill., 1984), pp. 92–103.

  Gleditsch, Nils Petter; Peter Wallensteen; Mikael Eriksson; Margareta Sollenberg and Håvard Strand, “Armed Conflict 1946–2001: A New Dataset,” 39, 5, Journal of Peace Research (September 2002), pp. 615–37.

  Glennon, Michael J., “Why the Security Council Failed,” Foreign Affairs, 82, 3 (May/June 2003), pp. 16–36.

  Gokhale, Jagadeesh, and Kent Smetters, “Fiscal and Generational Imbalances: New Budget Measures for New Budget Priorities,” Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Policy Discussion Paper (March 2002).

  Goldsmith, Raymond W., The Financial Development of India, 1860–1977 (New Haven/London, 1983).

  Grant, Ulysses S., Memoirs and Selected Letters: Personal Memoirs ofU. S. Grant, Selected Letters, 1839–1865 (New York, 1990).

  Greene, Graham, The Quiet American (London, 2001 [1955]).

  Greene, Jack P., “Empire and Identity from the Glorious Revolution to the American Revolution,” in Peter Marshall (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. II: The Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1998), pp. 208–230.

  Grossman, Herschel I., and Juan Mendoza, “Annexation or Conquest? The Eco-nomics of Empire Building,” NBER Working Paper, 8109 (February 2001).

  Haass, Richard N., Intervention: The Use of American Military Force in the Post-Cold War World (Washington, D.C., 1999).

  Hale, David, “The British Empire in Default: Should Newfoundland Be a Role Model for Argentina?,” unpublished paper (January 28, 2003).

  ———, and Lyric Hughes Hale, “China Takes Off,” Foreign Affairs, 82, 6 (November–December 2003), pp. 36–53.

  Hanson, Jim, The Decline of the American Empire (Westport, Conn., 1993).

  Hassner, Pierre, “The United States: The Empire of Force of the Force of Empire,” Institute for Security Studies of the European Union Chaillot Paper, 54 (September 2002).

  Held, David, Global Covenant: The Social Democratic Alternative to the Washington Consensus (Cambridge/Malden, Mass., 2004).

  Held, David; Anthony McGrew; David Goldblatt and Jonathan Perraton, Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture (Cambridge, 1999).

  Herring, George C., America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975 (New York, 1979).

  Hitchcock, William I., The Struggle for Europe: A History of Europe Since 1945 (London, 2003).

  Hofstadter, Richard, “Cuba, the Philippines and Manifest Destiny,” The Paranoid Style in American Politics and Other Essays (New York, 1965), pp. 145–87.

  Hoge, Ed. James F., Jr.; and Fareed Zakaria, The American Encounter: The United States and the Making of the Modern World (New York, 1997).

  Holbrooke, Richard, To End a War (New York, 1998).

  Horlacher, Friedrich W., “The Language of Late Nineteenth-Century American Expansionism,” in Serge Ricard (ed.), An American Empire: Expansionist Cultures and Policies, 1881–1917 (Aix-en-Provence, 1990), pp. 31–51.

  Hudson, Michael, Super Imperialism: The Origin and Fundamentals of U.S. World Dominance (New York, 2003).

  Huntington, Samuel, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (London, 1999).

  ———, “The Lonely Superpower,” Foreign Affairs, 78, 2 (March–April 1999), pp. 35–50.

  Ignatieff, Michael, Virtual War: Kosovo and Beyond (London, 2000).

  ———, Empire Lite: Nation-building in Bosnia, Kosovo and Afghanistan (London, 2003).

  Ikenberry, G. John, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order After Major Wars (Princeton, 2001).

  Irwin, Douglas A., “Interpreting the Tariff-Growth Correlation of the Late Nineteenth Century,” NBER Working Paper, 8739 (January 2002).

  James, Harold, The End of Globalization: Lessons from the Great Depression (Cambridge, Mass./London, 2001).

  Jeffery, Keith, “The Second World War,” in Judith Brown and Wm. Roger Louis (eds.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. 4: The Twentieth Century (Oxford/New York, 1999), pp. 306–28.

  Johansson, S. Ryan, “National Size and International Power: A Demographic Perspective on ‘Hegemony,’ ” in Patrick Karl O’Brien and Armand Clesse, (eds.), Two Hegemonies: Britain 1846–1914 and the United States 1941–2001 (Aldershot/Burlington, Vt., 2002), pp. 336–56.

  Johnson, Chalmers, Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire (London, 2000).

  Johnson, Paul, “America’s New Empire for Liberty,” Hoover Digest, 4 (2003), pp. 8–13.

  Jowitt, Ken, “Rage, Hubris and Regime Change,” Policy Review, 118 (April and May 2003), pp. 33–43.

  Judd, Dennis, Empire: The British Imperial Experience from 1765 to the Present (London, 1996).

  Judge, Clark S., “Hegemony of the Heart: American Cultural Power and Its Enemies,” Policy Review, 110 (December 2001-January 2002), pp. 3–15.

  Julien, Claude, America’s Empire, transi. Renaud Bruce (New York, 1971).

  Kagan, Robert, Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order (New York, 2003).

  Kaplan, Amy, and Donald E. Pease, Cultures of United States Imperialism (London/ Durham, N.C.,1993).

  Kaplan, Lawrence, and William Kristol, The War over Iraq: Saddam’s Tyranny and America’s Mission (San Francisco, 2003).

  Kaplan, Robert, Warrior Politics: Why Leadership Demands a Pagan Ethos (New York, 2001).

  Karnow, Stanley, Vietnam: A History (London, 1994).

  Kastor, Peter J. (ed.), The Louisiana Purchase: The Emergence of an American Nation (Washington, D.C., 2002).

  Kedourie, Elie, “The Transition from a
British to an American Era in the Middle East,” in Haim Shaked and Itamar Rabinovich (eds.), The Middle East and the United States: Perceptions and Policies (New Brunswick, N.J., 1980), pp. 3–11.

  Kennedy, Paul, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (New York, 1989).

  Keyssar, Alexander, The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States (New York, 2000).

  Kindleberger, Charles, The World in Depression, 1929–1939 (Berkeley, Calif., 1973).

  Kinzer, Stephen, All the Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror (New York, 2003).

  Kirk-Greene, Anthony, On Crown Service: A History of H.M. Colonial and Overseas Civil Services, 1837–1997 (London, 1999).

  Kissinger, Henry, “Reflections on American Diplomacy,” Foreign Affairs, 35, 1 (October 1956), pp. 37–57.

  Klein, Michael, “Ways out of Poverty: Diffusing Best Practices and Creating Capabilities,” World Bank, Perspectives on Policies for Poverty Reduction (January 2003).

  Knapp, Wilfrid, “The United States and the Middle East: How Many Special Relationships?,” in Haim Shaked and Itamar Rabinovich (eds.), The Middle East and the United States: Perceptions and Policies (New Brunswick, N.J., 1980), pp. 11–31.

  Knock, Thomas J., To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order (New York/Oxford, 1992).

  Kolko, Gabriel, The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969).

  ———, The Politics of War: Allied Diplomacy and the World Crisis of 1943–1945 (New York, 1969).

  ———, Anatomy of a War: Vietnam, the United States, and the Modern Historical Experience (New York, 1985).

  ———, and Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945–1954 (New York, 1972).

  Krasner, Stephen D., Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton, 1999).

  ———, “Troubled Societies, Outlaw States and Gradations of Sovereignty,” un-published paper, Stanford University Department of Political Science (July 20, 2002).

  Krugman, Paul, The Great Unraveling: Losing Our Way in the New Century (New York, 2003).

  Kupchan, Charles A., The End of the American Era: US. Foreign Policy and the Geopolitics of the Twenty-first Century (New York, 2002).

  Kurth, James, “Migration and the Dynamics of Empire,” National Interest, 71 (Spring 2003), pp. 5–16.

  Kurtz, Stanley, “Democratic Imperialism: A Blueprint,” Policy Review Online, 118 (April 2003).

  La Porta, Rafael; Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes; Andrei Shleifer and Robert W. Vishny, “Law and Finance,”Journal of Political Economy, 106, 6 (December 1998), pp. 1113–55.

  LaFeber, Walter, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860–1898 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1963).

  Lal, Deepak, “EMU and Globalisation,” Politeia (1999).

  Landes, David S., The Wealth and Poverty of Nations (London, 1998).

  Lawson, Nigel, The View from No. 11: Memoirs of a Tory Radical (London, 1992).

  Layne, Christopher, “America as European Hegemon,” National Interest, 72 (Summer 2003), pp. 17–31.

  Leffler, Melvyn P., “9/11 and the Past and the Future of American Foreign Policy,” Harmsworth Inaugural Lecture, Oxford (May 20, 2003).

  Lerner, Max, America as a Civilization (New York, 1957).

  Lewis, Bernard, What Went Wrong? The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East (New York, 2001).

  ———, The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror (New York, 2003).

  Lieven, Dominic, Empire: The Russian Empire and Its Rivals (London, 2000).

  Linden, Ian, A New Map of the World (London, 2003).

  Lindert, Peter, “Voice and Growth: Was Churchill Right?,” Journal of Economic History, 63, 2 (June 2003), pp. 315–50.

  ———, and Peter J. Morton, “How Sovereign Debt Has Worked,” University of California—Davis Institute of Governmental Affairs Working Paper (August 1997).

  Liska, George, Imperial America: The International Politics of Primacy (Baltimore, 1967).

  London, Josh, “The Unlikely Imperialists,” Policy Review Online, 114 (August-September 2002).

  Looney, Robert, “Economic Costs to the United States Stemming from the 9/11 Attacks,” Center for Contemporary Conflict, Strategic Insight (August 5, 2002).

  Louis, Wm. Roger, Imperialism at Bay: The United States and the Decolonisation of the British Empire 1941–1945 (New York, 1978).

  ———, “Introduction,” in Robin W. Winks (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. 5: Historiography (Oxford, 1999), pp. 1–42.

  ———, and Ronald Robinson, “The Imperialism of Decolonization,” Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 22, 3 (1994), pp. 462–511.

  Lowenthal, Abraham F., Partners in Conflict: The United States and Latin America (Baltimore, 1987).

  Lucas, Robert, “Why Doesn’t Capital Flow from Rich to Poor Countries?,” American Economic Review, 80 (1990), pp. 93–96.

  Lundestad, Geir, The American “Empire” and Other Studies of US Foreign Policy in a Comparative Perspective (Oxford, 1990).

  McAlpin, Michelle Burge, Subject to Famine: Food Crises and Economic Change in Western India, 1860–1920 (Princeton, 1983).

  McArthur, John W, and Jeffrey D. Sachs, “Institutions and Geography: Comment on Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson,” NBER Working Paper, 8114 (February 2001).

  McCauley, Robert N., and William R. White, “The Euro and European Finanial Markets,” B.I.S. Working Paper (May 1997).

  McCormick, John, Understanding the European Union: A Concise Introduction (London, 1999).

  McCullough, David, Truman (New York, 1992).

  MacDonald, James, A Free Nation Deep in Debt: The Financial Roots of Democracy (New York, 2003).

  Machonochie, Sir Evan, Life in the Indian Civil Service (London, 1926).

  McKinnon, Ronald, and Gunther Schnabl, “China: A Stabilizing or Deflationary Influence in East Asia? The Problem of Conflicted Virtue?,” Stanford University Economics Department Working Paper (August 2003).

  ———, and ———, “A Return to Exchange Rate Stability in East Asia? Mitigating Conflicted Virtue,” Stanford University Economics Department Working Paper (October 13, 2003).

  McMahon, Robert J., The Limits of Empire: The United States and Southeast Asia Since World War II (New York, 1999).

  Maddison, Angus, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective (Paris, 2001).

  Magdoff, Harry, The Age of Imperialism: The Economics of United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1969).

  Maier, Charles S., “An American Empire? Implications for Democracy, Order and Disorder in World Politics,” unpublished paper, Harvard University (March 2003).

  ———, Among Empires: American Ascendancy and Its Predecessors (forthcoming).

  Malkasian, Carter, The Korean War 1950–1953 (Chicago, 2001).

  Mallaby, Sebastian, “The Reluctant Imperialist: Terrorism, Failed States, and the Case for American Empire,” Foreign Affairs, 81, 2 (March-April 2002), pp. 2–8.

  Mandelbaum, Michael, The Ideas That Conquered the World: Peace, Democracy, and Free Markets in the Twenty-first Century (New York, 2002).

  Marshall, Peter, Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism (London, 1992).

  Matthew, H. C. G., Gladstone, vol. 2: 1875–1898 (Oxford, 1995).

  Matthews, Jessica Tuchman, “Now for the Hard Part,” Foreign Policy (July 2003), p. 51.

  May, Ernest R., American Imperialism: A Speculative Essay (Chicago, 1991 [1968]).

  Mead, Walter Russell, Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World (New York, 2001).

  Mearsheimer, John J., The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York/London, 2001).

  Medeiros, Evan S., and M. Taylor Fravel, “China’s New Diplomacy,” Foreign Affairs, 82, 6 (November-December 2003), pp. 22–35.

  Melosi, Martin V, The S
hadow of Pearl Harbor: Political Controversy over the Surprise Attack, 1941–1946 (London, 1977).

  Melville, Herman, Moby Dick (London, 1900).

  Merk, Frederick, Manifest Destiny and the Mission in American History: A Reinterpretation (New York, 1963).

  Micklethwait, John, and Adrian Wooldridge, A Future Perfect: The Challenge and Hidden Promise of Globalisation (London, 2000).

  Milner, Clyde A.; Carol A. O‘Connor and Martha A. Sandweiss (eds.), The Oxford History of the American West (Oxford, 1994).

  Milward, Alan S., The European Rescue of the Nation-State, 2nd ed. (London, 2000).

  Mitchell, B. R., International Historical Statistics: The Americas, 1750–1993 (London, 1998).

  ———, International Historical Statistics: Africa, Asia, Oceania, 1750–1993 (London, 1998).

  Moggridge, Donald (ed.), The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, vol. 19, Part 1: Activities 1922–1929, The Return to Gold and Industrial Policy (London, 1981).

  Morris, Edmund, Theodore Rex (London, 2001).

  Morris, James, Pax Britannica: The Climax of an Empire (London, 1992 [1968]).

  Morris, Richard B., Encyclopedia of American History, 6th ed. (New York, 1982).

  Mosier, John, The Myth of the Great War: A New Military History of World War One (London, 2001).

  Moskin, J. Robert, The U.S. Marine Corps Story (New York, 1977).

  Mueller, John E., War, Presidents and Public Opinion (New York, 1973).

  Nearing, Scott, The American Empire (New York, 1921).

  Nordhaus, William D., “Iraq: The Economic Consequences of War,” New York Review of Books, 49, 19 (December 5, 2002).

  North, Douglass C., and Barry R. Weingast, “Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England,” Journal of Economic History, 64, 4 (1989), pp. 803–32.

  Nye, John Vincent, “The Myth of Free-Trade Britain and Fortress France: Tariffs and Trade in the Nineteenth Century,” Journal of Economic History, 51, 1 (March 1991), pp. 23–46.

  Nye, Joseph S., Jr., The Paradox of American Power: Why the World’s Only Superpower Can’t Go It Alone (Oxford/New York, 2002).