Orders to Kill

by Amy Knight

  42.  Freelance Bureau, June 27, 2001, http://www.compromat.ru/page_10901.htm.

  43.  “Nukhaev, Khozh-Akhmed,” Lenta.ru, October 31, 2016, https://lenta.ru/lib/14160692/full.htm#18.

  44.  As quoted in Ellen Barry, “Murder Highlights Russian System’s Flaws,” The New York Times, July 11, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/12/world/europe/12klebnikov.html?pagewanted=all.

  45.  Newsru.com, September 19, 2013, http://www.newsru.com/russia/19sep2013/pavl.html.

  46.  “Po delam Politkovskoi i Khlebnikova smenilsia sledovatel’,” Rosbalt, May 30, 2015, http://www.rosbalt.ru/moscow/2015/05/30/1403329.html.

  47.  Klebnikov, Godfather of the Kremlin. Also see Pavel Sedakov, “Taina sledstviia: kto mog zakazat’ ubiitsvo Pola Khlebnikova,” Forbes, July 8, 2013, http://www.forbes.ru/sobytiya/obshchestvo/240893-taina-sledstviya-kto-mog-zakazat-ubiistvo-pola-hlebnikova.

  48.  Sedakov, “Taina sledstviia.”

  49.  Author interview with Musa and Peter Klebnikov, New York City, July 19, 2016.

  50.  Sedakov, “Taina sledstviia.”

  51.  “Dela Khlebnikova i Politkovskoi snova vmestve,” Rosbalt, February 17, 2016, www.rosbalt.ru/moscow/2016/02/17/1490917.html.

  52.  Author interview with Musa and Peter Klebnikov.

  6.   Mafia-Style Killings in Moscow: Kozlov and Politkovskaya

    1.  https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/05/20020524-10.html.

    2.  https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/06/20030601-2.html.

    3.  https://www.congress.gov/108/bills/sres258/BILLS-108sres258ats.pdf.

    4.  Congressional Record-House, July 19, 2004, 16113.

    5.  Congressional Record-Senate, March 17, 2005, 5286.

    6.  “Memoria. Andrei Kozlov,” Polit.ru, January 6, 2015, http://polit.ru/news/2015/01/06/kozlov/.

    7.  Valerii Kalabugin, “Kto vedet strannovatuiu deiatel’nost’ Andreia Kozlova?” Nezavizimaia gazeta, June 1, 2004, http://www.ng.ru/ideas/2004-06-01/11_kozlov.html.

    8.  “Za chto ubili Andreia Kozlova?” banki.ru, September 15, 2006, http://www.banki.ru/news/daytheme/?id=206133.

    9.  Walter Kego and Alexander Georgieff, “The Threat of Russian Criminal Money: Reassessing EU Anti-Money Laundering Policy,” Stockholm: Institute For Security and Development Policy, 2013.

  10.  Mikhail Zakharov, “Za banki otvechu,” Profil’, June 15, 2004, http://www.compromat.ru/page_15067.htm.

  11.  Roman Bessonov, “A Child of Two Augusts: Russian Kozlov Assassinated,” Executive Intelligence Review, 13, no. 37, October 6, 2006, http://www.larouchepub.com/eiw/public/2006/2006_40-49/2006_40-49/2006-40/pdf/60-63_640_wetworks.pdf.

  12.  Ibid.

  13.  Ibid.

  14.  Jeffrey Donovan, “Russia: Contract Killings Once Again on the Rise,” RadioLiberty/RadioFreeEurope, October 12, 2006, http://www.rferl.org/a/1071990.html.

  15.  “Avstriiskaia politsiia mozhet vozbudit’ delo protiv kliuchevykh chinovnikov kremlia, utverzhaet New Times,” Newsru.com, May 23, 2007, http://www.newsru.com/world/23may2007/otmyv.html; “Memoria. Andrei Kozlov.”

  16.  Ibid.

  17.  Adam Federman, “Moscow’s New Rules,” Columbia Journalism Review, January-February, 2010, http://www.cjr.org/feature/moscows_new_rules.php?page=all.

  18.  “VIP-zakaz Alekseia Frenkelia,” Gazeta.ru, January 12, 2007, http://www.compromat.ru/page_19974.htm. For a detailed analysis of the Kozlov murder see the website http://www.topa.ru/frenkel/mission.php, which is sponsored by supporters of Frenkel.

  19.  “Za chto ubili Andreia Kozlova?;” Frenkel website.

  20.  Kazim Baibanov, “B ‘delo Frenkelia’ vziali bank ‘Diskont,’” Gazeta.Ru, April 3, 2008, http://www.compromat.ru/page_22302.htm.

  21.  Lina Panchenko, “Kozlova ‘dostali generaly iz FSB,’” Moskovskii komsomolets, March 21, 2008, http://www.mk.ru/editions/daily/article/2008/03/21/49114-kozlova-dostali-generalyi-iz-fsb.html.

  22.  Francesca Mereu, “Frenkel Gets Nineteen Years in Kozlov’s Murder,” The Moscow Times, November 14, 2008.

  23.  As quoted in Wikipedia, Politkovskaya, Anna Stepanova. Russian version.

  24.  See “Letter to Anna. The Story of Journalist Politkovskaya’s Death,” a film directed by Eric Bergkraut, with English narration by Susan Sarandon. Also my review of the film: Amy Knight, “Who Killed Anna Politkovskaya?” The New York Review of Books, 55, no. 17, November 6, 2008, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2008/11/06/who-killed-anna-politkovskaya/.

  25.  “6 sil’nykh tsitat Anny Politkovskoi o Vladimire Putine,” Obozrevatel’, July 10, 2014, http://life.obozrevatel.com/boiling/97263-6-silnyih-tsitat-annyi-politkovskoj-o-vladimire-putine.htm.

  26.  Knight, “Who Killed Anna Politkovskaya.”

  27.  Dunlop, The 2002 Dubrovka and 2004 Beslan Hostage Crises; Anna Politkovskaya; “Tsena razgovorov,” Novaia gazeta, October 27, 2002, https://www.novayagazeta.ru/articles/2002/10/28/13289-tsena-razgovorov.

  28.  Anna Politkovskaya, “Odin iz gruppy terroristov utselel, my ego nashli,” Novaia gazeta, April 28, 2003, http://politkovskaya.novayagazeta.ru/pub/2003/2003-035.shtml.

  29.  As quoted in Dunlop, The 2002 Dubrovka and 2004 Beslan Hostage Crises, 59-60.

  30.  The New York Times, April 14, 2017, A7.

  31.  Knight, “Who Killed Anna Politkovskaya?”

  32.  Ibid.

  33.  Interview with Sokolov by Vladimir Kara-Murza, Radio Svoboda, June 9, 2014, http://memohrc.org/monitorings/ubiycy-nazvany-zakazchik-neizvesten.

  34.  “Ubiista Politkovskoi arestovan,” Newsru.com, August 28, 2007, http://www.newsru.com/russia/27aug2007/politkovskaya.html.

  35.  Aleksei Sokovnin, “Delo Politkovskoi,” Kommersant, May 2, 2009, http://www.rospres.com/specserv/3537/.

  36.  Yulia Vishevetskaya and Markian Ostaptschuk, “Questions Remain Despite Politkovskaya Murder Convictions,” Deutsche Welle, June 9, 2014, http://www.dw.com/en/questions-remain-despite-politkovskaya-murder-convictions/a-17693848.

  37.  Elena Rykotseva, interview with Vera Politkovskaya, Radio Svoboda, October 7, 2009. http://www.svoboda.org/content/transcript/1846894.html.

  38.  “Samoe glavnoe-eto zakazchik ubiistva Politkovskoi, a zakazchik esche ne naiden,” Kommersant.ru, June 9, 2014, http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2489813.

  39.  Ibid; Vishnevetskaya and Ostaptschuk, “Questions remain despite Politkovskaya murder convictions.”

  40.  Mar’ianka Torocheshnikova, “Deviat’ let bez Anny,” Radio Svoboda, October 7, 2015, http://www.svoboda.org/content/transcript/27293369.html.

  41.  Vladimir Kara-Murza, “Ubiitsy nazvany, zakazchik neizvesten,” Radio Svoboda, June 9, 2014, http://www.svoboda.org/a/25415762.html.

  42.  Anna Stroganova, “Vera Politkovskaya, ‘zakazchik ubiistva Mamy ne budet nazvan do smeny vlasti V Rossii,” RFI, October 5, 2012, http://ru.rfi.fr/rossiya/20121005-vera-politkovskaya-zakazchik-ubiistva-moei-mamy-ne-budet-nazvan-do-smeny-vlasti-v-r.

  43.  Mar’iana Torocheshnikova, “V Rossiii mozhno ubivat’ neugodnykh,” Radio Svoboda, January 10, 2016, http://www.svoboda.org/content/article/27474113.html.

  44.  Ibid.

  45.  Knight, “Who Killed Anna Politkovskaya?”

  46.  Ibid.

  47.  Sergei Diulin, interview with Petros Garibian, Izvestiia, November 9, 2012, http://www.rospres.com/crime/11399/.

  48.  Knight, “Who Killed Anna Politkovskaya?”

  49.  Kara-Murza, “Ubiitsy nazvany.”

  50.  Aleks Gol’dfarb, Sasha, Volodia, Boris … Istoriia ubiistva (New York: AGC/Grani, 2010), 308.

  7.    The Litvinenko Story

    1.  The Owen Report, 104.

    2.  Gold’farb, Sasha, Volod
ia, Boris, 308–309.

    3.  Litvinenko Inquiry hearings, testimony of Daniel Quirke, February 16, 2015, 65, http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160613090305/https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/2015/10/lit160215-Redacted.pdf.

    4.  Litvinenko Inquiry hearings, Evidence of Marina Litvinenko, February 2, 2015, 145-6 http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160613090305/https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/2015/02/lit020215.pdf; February 3, 2015 http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160613090305/https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/2015/02/lit030215.pdf; evidence: video of Litvinenko’s presentation. https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/2015/02/Alexandr-Litvinenko-at-the-Frontline-Club-October-19-20061.mp4.

    5.  This author attended the Inquiry hearings in February 2015 and was present on January 21, 2016, when Sir Robert issued his report at a so-called lock-in for journalists. See Amy Knight, “Fatal Poison in London: The Report,” The New York Review of Books, 63, no. 7, April 21, 2016, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2016/04/21/fatal-russian-poison-in-london-the-report/.

    6.  The Owen Report, 13–15.

    7.  Pavel Evdokimov, “Mister Polonii,” Spetsnaz Rossii, January 31, 2007; February 28, 2007. http://www.specnaz.ru/articles/125/3/533.htm; http://www.specnaz.ru/articles/126/3/550.htm.

    8.  See Vladimir J. Birstein, SMERSH: Stalin’s Secret Weapon. Soviet Military Counterintelligence in WWII (London: Biteback Publishing, 2011); Amy Knight, “The Special Departments in the Soviet Armed Forces,” ORBIS, Summer 1984, 257-80.

    9.  Litvinenko, Lubianskaia prestupnaia gruppirovka, http://royallib.com/read/litvinenko_aleksandr/lubyanskaya_prestupnaya_gruppirovka.html#20480.

  10.  Author interview with Alex Goldfarb, June 29, 2016.

  11.  Marina Litvinenko, witness statement, March 27, 2013, Litvinenko Inquiry evidence, https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/2015/04/INQ017734wb.pdf.

  12.  Litvinenko Inquiry evidence, statement of Alexander Litvinenko, February 2, 2012, https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/2015/04/COM00010001wb.pdf.

  13.  Marina Litvinenko witness statement.

  14.  Litvinenko Inquiry evidence, Boris Berezovsky witness statement, January 22, 2009. https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/2015/04/BER000011wb.pdf.

  15.  Goldfarb, Death of a Dissident, 121.

  16.  Berezovsky witness statement, January 22, 2009.

  17.  As quoted in the Owen Report, 22.

  18.  Berezovsky witness statement, January 22, 2009.

  19.  Author interview with Marina Litvinenko, April 26, 2014.

  20.  Litvinenko Inquiry hearings, testimony of Yuri Felshtinsky, March 11, 2015. https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/2015/03/lit110315.pdf.

  21.  Ibid.; Goldfarb, Death of a Dissident, 221–225.

  22.  Litvinenko Inquiry hearings, testimony of Marina Litvinenko, February 2, 2015, 100. https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/2015/02/lit020215.pdf.

  23.  Goldfarb, Death of a Dissident, 3–19.

  24.  Ibid., 12.

  25.  Ibid., 333.

  26.  The Owen Report, 52–54. For a copy of the training video, with Litvinenko’s photograph being fired at, see https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/2015/04/INQ017680wb.mp4.

  27.  Litvinenko Inquiry hearings, testimony of Alex Goldfarb, February 4, 2015, 128-9,. https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/2015/02/lit040215.pdf.

  28.  Iuliia Latynina, “Kod dostupa” Ekho Moskvy, January 23, 2016, http://echo.msk.ru/programs/code/1698982-echo/.

  29.  The Owen Report, 100–103.

  30.  Ibid., 68–71.

  31.  Litvinenko Inquiry evidence, https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/2015/03/BLK000049.pdf; https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/2015/03/INQ015639.pdf.

  32.  Litvinenko Inquiry hearings, testimony of Alex Goldfarb, February 4, 2015, 106–107.

  33.  Litvinenko Inquiry evidence: https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/2015/03/lit180315.pdf.

  34.  Litvinenko Inquiry hearings, testimony of Alex Goldfarb, March 18, 2015, 119, https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/2015/03/lit180315.pdf

  35.  The Owen Report, 86–88.

  36.  Ibid.

  37.  Ibid., 80–81. Also see an interview with Lugovoy on Ekho Moskvy, October 10, 2016, http://echo.msk.ru/programs/razbor_poleta/1852746-echo/.

  38.  Litvinenko Inquiry evidence, witness statements of Andrei Lugovoy, https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/2015/04/INQ001788wb.pdf; https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/2015/08/INQ001842.pdf.

  39.  Litvinenko Inquiry evidence INQ017595, Interview with Berezovsky, March 30, 2007.

  40.  The Owen Report, 81.

  41.  Luke Harding, A Very Expensive Poison: The Definitive Story of the Murder of Litvinenko and Russia’s War with the West (London: Guardian Books, 2016), 231.

  42.  Litvinenko Inquiry hearings, testimony of Dean Attew, February 23, 2015, 85–86. https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/2015/10/lit230215-Redacted.pdf.

  43.  Litvinenko Inquiry hearings, testimony of Tim Reilly, February 12, 2015, 69. https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/2015/02/lit120215.pdf.

  44.  Ibid., 35.

  45.  The Owen Report, 113–116; Harding, A Very Expensive Poison, 101–107.

  46.  Ibid, pp. 72-73; Alex Goldfarb and Anastasia Kirilenko, “Fresh evidence suggests Litvinenko was killed to keep him quiet,” The Guardian, January 12, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/12/alexander-litvinenko-russia-murder.

  47.  Litvinenko Inquiry Evidence, translation from a Novaia gazeta article, May 24, 2007, https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/2015/04/INQ015674wb.pdf.

  48.  Litvinenko Inquiry hearings, testimony of Yuri Shvets, March 12, 2015, 81–83, http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160613090305/https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/hearings.

  49.  Harding, A Very Expensive Poison, 231.

  8.   The Poisoning

    1.  Litvinenko Inquiry hearings, testimony of Spencer Scott, February 11, 2015, 37–48, https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/2015/10/lit110215-Redacted.pdf.

    2.  Ibid., pp. 49–50.

    3.  Litvinenko Inquiry hearings, opening statements, January 27, 2015, 71–73. https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/2015/10/lit270115-Redacted.pdf

    4.  Litvinenko Inquiry hearings, testimony of Tim Reilly, February 12, 2015, 90–94, https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/2015/02/lit120215.pdf.

    5.  The Owen Report, 132–133.

    6.  Ibid., 146.

    7.  Ibid., 142–144.

    8.  Ibid., 115.

    9.  Litvinenko Inquiry hearings, testimony of Michael Jolly, July 28, 2015, 74, https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/2015/07/lit280715.pdf.

  10.  The Owen Report, 152.

  11.  Ibid., 162.

  12.  Ibid., 152–163.

  13.  Litvinenko Inquiry, Witness Statement of Dmitrii Kovtun, June 6, 2015, https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/2015/07/INQ021208.pdf.

  14.  The Owen Report, 216–225.

  15.  Litvinenko Inquiry evidence: https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/2015/04/HMG000358wb.pdf.

  16.  See the Russian website Agentura.ru for details.

  17.  Oleg Bukharin, “The FSB and the U.S.-Russian Nuclear Security Partnership, Nonproliferation Review, Spring 2003, p. 140, https://www.nonproliferation.org/wp-content/uploads/npr/101buka.pdf.

  18.  Don Murray, “The Sadistic Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko,” CBC News, December 19, 2006, https://web.archive.org/web/20070103223932/http://www.cbc.ca/news/reportsfromabroad/murray/20061219.html.

  19.  Litvinenko Inquiry hearings, Attew witness statement November 23, 2006, https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/2015/04/INQ005970wb.pdf.

  20.  The Owen
Report, 169; Litvinenko Inquiry Hearings, Scaramella testimony, February 25, 2015, 133–135, http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160613090305/https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/2015/02/lit250215.pdf.

  21.  Litvinenko Inquiry, January 27, 2015, opening statements, 84–86, https://www.litvinenkoinquiry.org/files/2015/10/lit270115-Redacted.pdf.