A Brief History of Britain 1066-1485

by Vincent, Nicholas

  Chapter 7

  Besides the incomparable Gerald Harriss, Shaping the Nation, listed above amongst general reading, there is Maurice Keen’s survey, English Society in the Later Middle Ages (London 1990). For chess, see Richard Eales, ‘The Game of Chess: An Aspect of Medieval Knightly Culture’, The Ideals and Practice of Medieval Knighthood, ed. Christopher Harper-Bill and Ruth Harvey (Woodbridge 1986), pp. 12–34. For the aristocracy, Chris Given-Wilson, The English Nobility in the Late Middle Ages (London 1987); James Bothwell, Edward III and the English Peerage (Woodbridge 2004), and Bothwell, Falling from Grace: Reversal of Fortune and the English Nobility, 1087–1455 (Manchester 2008). For Chaucer’s Franklin, Joseph A. Bryant, ‘The Diet of Chaucer’s Franklin’, Modern Language Notes, 63 (1948), 318–25; Gordon H. Gerould, ‘The Social Status of Chaucer’s Franklin’, Proceedings of the Modern Language Association, 41 (1926), 262–79; Nigel Saul, ‘The Social Status of Chaucer’s Franklin: A Reconsideration’, Medium Aevum, 52 (1983), 10–26. For church monuments, a starting point is Nigel Saul, Death, Art and Memory in Medieval England: The Cobham Family and their Monuments, 1300–1500 (Oxford 2001). For the statute of labourers and other Edwardian legislation, Scott L. Waugh, England in the Reign of Edward III (Cambridge 1991). For sergeants-at-arms, Richard Partington, ‘Edward III’s Enforcers: The King’s Sergeants-at-Arms in the Localities’, in The Age of Edward III, ed. James S. Bothwell (Woodbridge 2001), pp. 89–106. For criminal gangs, a thirteenth-century example is considered by Michael Clanchy, ‘Highway Robbery and Trial by Battle in the Hampshire Eyre of 1249’, in Medieval Legal Records Edited in Memory of C.A.F. Meekings, ed. R.F. Hunnisett and J.B. Post (London 1978), pp. 25–61, and for the fourteenth century, see L. G. Stones, ‘The Folvilles of Ashby-Folville, Leicestershire, and their Associates in Crime’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series 7 (1957), 117–36; Maurice Keen, The Outlaws of Medieval Legend, 2nd edn (London 2000). For the robbery of the Tower, Paul Doherty, The Great Crown Jewels Robbery of 1303 (London 2005). Langland’s Piers Plowman is available in numerous modern versions, including that by J.F. Goodridge. For chantry chapels, Howard Colvin, ‘The Origin of Chantries’, Journal of Medieval History, 26 (2000), 163–73. My account of the battle of Poitiers comes from Richard Barber’s translations for The Life and Campaigns of the Black Prince, as above, chapter 6. For hand guns and gunpowder, Malcolm Vale, ‘New Techniques and Old Ideals: The Impact of Artillery on War and Chivalry at the End of the Hundred Years War’, War, Literature and Politics in the Late Middle Ages, ed. C.T. Allmand (Liverpool 1976), pp. 57–72. For Chaucer’s knight, the debate between Terry Jones, Chaucer’s Knight: The Portrait of a Medieval Mercenary (London 1980), and Maurice Keen, ‘Chaucer’s Knight, the English Aristocracy and the Crusade’, in English Court Culture in the Later Middle Ages, ed. V.J. Scattergood and James W. Sherborne (London 1983), pp. 45–61, with an overview by Lee Patterson, Chaucer and the Subject of History (Madison 1991). For indentures, the introduction to ‘Private Indentures for Life Service in Peace and War, 1278–1476’, ed. Michael Jones and Simon Walker, The Camden Miscellany 32, Camden Society 5th series 3 (1994), and Simon Walker, The Lancastrian Affinity 1361–1399 (Oxford 1990). For Bastard Feudalism, the classic statement remains that by K.B. McFarlane, ‘Bastard Feudalism’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 20 (1945), reprinted in his collected essays, England in the Fifteenth Century (London 1981), and see The McFarlane Legacy: Studies in Late Medieval Politics and Society, ed. Richard H. Britnell and A.J. Pollard (Stroud 1995); Michael Hicks, Bastard Feudalism (London 1995), and, for the earlier period, the debate between David Crouch, Peter Coss and David Carpenter, ‘Bastard Feudalism Revised’, Past and Present, 131 (1991), 165–203; David A. Carpenter, ‘The Second Century of English Feudalism’, Past and Present, 168 (2000), 30–71. For William Marshal, David Crouch, William Marshal: Knighthood, War and Chivalry, 1147–1219, 2nd edn (London 2002). For William and Michael de la Pole, E.B. Fryde, William de la Pole: Merchant and King’s Banker (London 1988); J.S. Roskell, The Impeachment of Michael de la Pole Earl of Suffolk in 1386 in the Context of the Reign of Richard II (Manchester 1984). For Bodiam, Charles Coulson, ‘Some Analysis of the Castle of Bodiam, East Sussex’, in Medieval Knighthood IV, ed. Christopher Harper-Bill and Ruth Harvey (Woodbridge 1992), pp. 51–107. For Pulteney, Chaucer and Whittington, the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, and S.L. Thrupp, The Merchant Class of Medieval London (1300–1500) (Chicago 1948); Caroline M. Barron, ‘Richard Whittington: The Man Behind the Myth’, in Studies in London History Presented to Philip Edmund Jones, ed. A. E. J. Hollaender and W. Kellaway (London 1969), pp. 197–248. For bells, the best modern study is in French, but see J.M.A.F. Smits van Waesberghe, Cymbala: Bells in the Middle Ages (Rome 1951), and the chapter on ‘Copper Alloys’ by Claude and John Blair, in English Medieval Industries: Craftsmen, Techniques, Products, ed. John Blair and Nigel Ramsay (London 1991), pp. 81–106. For the Pastons, besides the various editions of their letters, with a useful selection by Roger Virgoe, Illustrated Letters of the Paston Family (London 1989), see Colin Richmond, The Paston Family in the Fifteenth Century, 3 vols (Cambridge/Manchester 1990–2001). For the Neville correspondence, J. and L. Stones, ‘Bishop Ralph Neville, Chancellor to King Henry III and his Correspondence: A Reappraisal’, Archives, 16 (1984), 227–57. For pilgrim and other badges, Brian Spencer, Pilgrim Souvenirs and Secular Badges (Woodbridge 2010). For the classic modern statement of fifteenth-century affinity, see Christine Carpenter, ‘The Beauchamp Affinity: A Study of Bastard Feudalism at Work’, English Historical Review, 95 (1980), 514–32. For the land market, Christine Carpenter, Locality and Polity: A Study of Warwickshire Landed Society, 1401–1499 (Cambridge 1992); Simon Payling, Political Society in Lancastrian England: The Greater Gentry of Nottinghamshire (Oxford 1991). For the Beauforts, G.L. Harriss, Cardinal Beaufort (Oxford 1988); Michael K. Jones and Malcolm G. Underwood, The King’s Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby (Cambridge 1992). For the peasantry, Barbara A. Hanawalt, The Ties That Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England (Oxford 1986); For ale and ale houses, Judith Bennett, Ale, Beer and Brewsters in England (Oxford 1996). For my remarks on disease, I have relied heavily on a forthcoming paper by Carole Rawcliffe. For pardons, Naomi D. Hurnard, The King’s Pardon for Homicide Before 1307 (Oxford 1969). For labour, its regulation and reward, I have relied heavily upon the papers collected as The Problem of Labour in Fourteenth-Century England, ed. James Bothwell, P.J.P. Goldberg and W. Mark Ormrod (Woodbridge 2000), especially those by Christopher Dyer, Richard Emmerson, P.J.P. Goldberg, Chris Given-Wilson, Stephen Knight and Derek Pearsall. For the Luttrell Psalter, Michael Camille, Mirror in Parchment: The Luttrell Psalter and the Making of Medieval England (London 1998). For peasant obligations and the ending of serfdom, R.H. Hilton, The Decline of Serfdom in Medieval England, 2nd edn (London 1983); Mark Bailey, The English Manor, c.1200–1500 (Manchester 2002). For protest, John R. Maddicott, ‘Poems of Social Protest in Early Fourteenth-Century England’, in England in the Fourteenth Century, ed. W. Mark Ormrod (Woodbridge 1986), pp. 130–44. For political interventions before 1300, David Carpenter, ‘English Peasants in Politics, 1258–67’, in Carpenter, The Reign of Henry III, pp. 309–48. Several of the examples of violence here are taken from James B. Given, Society and Homicide in Thirteenth-Century England (Stanford 1977). For animal maiming, see a modern comparison, John E. Archer, By a Flash and a Scare: Incendiarism, Animal Maiming and Poaching in East Anglia, 1815–1870 (Oxford 1990). For 1381, still indispensable are the collections of essays ed. R. Barrie Dobson, The Peasants’ Revolt of 1381 (London 1970), and R.H. Hilton, Bond Men Made Free: Medieval Peasant Movements and the English Rising of 1381, new edition with introduction by Christopher Dyer (London 2003). For Corpus Christi, Miri Rubin, Corpus Christi (Cambridge 1990). For the ‘Parlement of Fowles’, W. Mark Ormrod, ‘Murmur, Clamour and Noise: Voicing Complaint and Remedy in Petitions to the English Crown, c.1300–c.1460’,
in Medieval Petitions: Grace and Grievance, ed. Ormrod and others (Woodbridge 2009), pp. 135–55. For Wycliffe, still the best short biography is that by K.B. McFarlane, John Wycliffe and the Beginnings of English Nonconformity (London 1952), since supplemented by the massive researches of Anne Hudson and Margaret Aston: Hudson, The Premature Reformation: Wycliffite Texts and Lollard History (Oxford 1988); Aston, Lollards and Reformers: Images and Literacy in Late Medieval Religion (London 1984); Lollardy and Gentry in the Later Middle Ages, ed. Margaret Aston and Colin Richmond (Stroud 1997). For the prehistory of English heresy, H.G. Richardson, ‘Heresy and the Lay Power under Richard II’, English Historical Review, 51 (1936), 1–28. The ‘horrid cross’ is taken from Paul Binski’s Becket’s Crown. The appalling story of Stephen le Pope from Ronald Hutton, The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles (Oxford 1991). My discussion of the religious role of women is informed by Nancy Caciola, Discerning Spirits: Divine and Demonic Possession in the Middle Ages (Ithaca 2006). There are translations of both Julian of Norwich’s Revelations of Divine Love and The Book of Margery Kempe in the Penguin Classics series, ed. Clifton Wolters and B.A. Windeatt. For humoral theory, I rely upon Bettina Bildhauer, Medieval Blood (Cardiff 2006) and Christopher D. Fletcher, Richard II: Manhood, Youth and Politics, 1377–99 (Oxford 2008). For Walsingham, J.C. Dickinson, The Shrine of Our Lady at Walsingham (Cambridge 1956). For the Wilton Diptych, Dillian Gordon, Making and Meaning: The Wilton Diptych (London 1993). For burning as punishment, Nicholas Vincent, ‘Simon of Atherfield (d.1211): A Martyr to his Wife’, Analecta Bollandiana, 113 (1995), 349–61. For Oldcastle and his associates, K.B. McFarlane, Lancastrian Kings and Lollard Knights (Oxford 1972). For persecution as social good, Ian Forrest, The Detection of Heresy in Late Medieval England (Oxford 2005). For spies and spying, J.O. Prestwich, ‘Military Intelligence under the Norman and Angevin Kings’, in Law and Government in Medieval England and Normandy: Essays in Honour of Sir James Holt, ed. George Garnett and John Hudson (Cambridge 1994), 1–30; J.R. Alban and C.T. Allmand, ‘Spies and Spying in the Fourteenth Century’, in War, Literature and Politics in the Late Middle Ages, ed. C.T. Allmand (Liverpool 1976), pp. 73–101. For attacks on foreigners, John L. Leland, ‘Aliens in the Pardons of Richard II’, Fourteenth Century England IV, ed. J.S. Hamilton (Woodbridge 2006), pp. 136–45. For the processes of outlawry and sanctuary, Given, Society and Homicide, and W.C. Jordan, ‘A Fresh Look at Medieval Sanctuary’, in Law and the Illicit in Medieval Europe, ed. Ruth Mazo Karras and others (Philadelphia 2008), 17–32. For Shrewsbury’s ‘Grope Cunt Lane’, first recorded in 1304, also noting examples at London, Oxford, Wells and York, Margaret Gelling, The Place-Names of Shropshire: Part Four, Shrewsbury Town and Surburbs (Nottingham, English Place Name Society 2004), 5. For the Southwark stews, Martha Carlin, Medieval Southwark (London 1996), and Ruth Mazo Karras, Common Women: Prostitution and Sexuality in Medieval England (Oxford 1996). For Robin Hood, the classic introduction remains that by J.C. Holt, Robin Hood, 2nd edn (London 1989), with a further study forthcoming by David Crook. For harpers, minstrels and jesters, Constance Bullock-Davies, Menestrellorum Multitudo: Minstrels at a Royal Feast (Cardiff 1978); John Southworth, Fools and Jesters at the English Court (Stroud 1998). For woodworking, forestry, alabaster, pewter and the glass trade, see the relevant chapters in English Medieval Industries, ed. John Blair and Nigel Ramsay, with the discussion of woodland resources here informed by the work of Paul Warde, Ecology, Economy and State Formation in Early Modern Germany (Cambridge 2006). For maps, Local Maps and Plans from Medieval England, ed. R.A. Skelton and P.D.A. Harvey (Oxford 1986). For coal, Mark Arvanigian, ‘Regional Politics, Landed Society and the Coal Industry in North-East England, 1350–1430’, in Fourteenth Century England IV, ed. J.S. Hamilton (Woodbridge 2006), pp. 175–91. For the Lancastrian badge, Doris Fletcher, ‘The Lancastrian Collar of Esses: Its Origins and Transformations Down the Centuries’, in The Age of Richard II, ed. J.L. Gillespie (Stroud 1997), pp. 191–204. For my ideas on nostalgia, I am indebted to discussion with Paul Binski. For the Glastonbury legends and Joseph, James P. Carley, ‘A Grave Event: Henry V, Glastonbury Abbey, and Joseph of Arimathea’s Bones’, in Culture and the King: Essays in Honor of Valerie M. Lagorio, ed. M.B. Shichtman and J.P. Carley (Albany 1994), pp. 129–48. For Thomas of Walsingham, besides the modern edition and translation of his Chronica Majora, noted above, see James G. Clark, A Monastic Renaissance at St Albans: Thomas of Walsingham and his Circle, c.1350–1440 (Oxford 2004). For the late-medieval translations of saints’ relics, see B.J. Nilson, Cathedral Shrines of Medieval England (Woodbridge 1998). The Registrum Anglie is ed. Richard H. and Mary A. Rouse (London 1991). For the fifteenth-century antiquaries, Antonia Gransden, ‘Antiquarian Studies in Fifteenth-Century England’, Antiquaries Journal, 60 (1980), 75–97. For autographs, V.H. Galbraith, ‘The Literacy of the Medieval English Kings’, Proceedings of the British Academy, 21 (1935), 201–38. For music, Andrew Wathey, Music in the Royal and Noble Households in Late Medieval England (New York 1969); Music as Concept and Practice in the Late Middle Ages, ed. Reinhard Strohm and Bonnie J. Blackburn (Oxford 2001). For the Beauchamp chapel, Alexandra Buckle, ‘“Fit for a King”: Music and Iconography in Richard Beauchamp’s Chantry Chapel’, Early Music, 38 (2010), 3–20.

  Chapter 8

  The political narrative is informed by A.J. Pollard, Late Medieval England 1399–1509 (Harlow 2000). Disclosing the extent to which the history of fifteenth-century England, like that of ancient Judea, is structured according to the lives of its good and bad kings, the standard royal biographies are those by Nigel Saul, Richard II (London 1997); Ian Mortimer, The Fears of King Henry IV (London 2007); C.T. Allmand, Henry V, 2nd edn (London 1997); Bertram Wolffe, Henry VI (London 1983); R.A. Griffiths, The Reign of King Henry VI (London 1981) and by Charles Ross, Edward IV, 2nd edn (London 1997), and Ross, Richard III (London 1981). For attacks on the Isle of Wight, S.F. Hockey, Insula Vecta: The Isle of Wight in the Middle Ages (Chichester 1982). For the navy, N.A.M. Rodger, The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain, 660–1649 (London 1997). For Richard II, besides Nigel Saul’s magnificent life, there are two collections of extremely valuable essays, Richard II: The Art of Kingship, ed. Anthony Goodman and James L. Gillespie (Oxford 1999), and The Age of Richard II, ed. James L. Gillespie (Stroud 1997) as well as Christopher Fletcher’s Richard II: Manhood, Youth and Politics (noted above, chapter 7). For Bishop Despenser, Margaret Aston, ‘The Impeachment of Bishop Despenser’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 38 (1965), 127–48; Kelly DeVries, ‘The Reasons for the Bishop of Norwich’s Attack of Flanders in 1383’, in Fourteenth Century England III, ed. W. Mark Ormrod (Woodbridge 2004), pp. 155–65, and for his nephew, Martyn Lawrence, ‘“Too Flattering Sweet to be Substantial”? The Last Months of Thomas, Lord Despenser’, Fourteenth Century England IV, ed. J.S. Hamilton (Woodbridge 2006), pp. 146–58. For the ‘Merciless Parliament’, and for Richard’s adolescence, Fletcher, Richard II. For the handkerchief, George B. Stow, ‘Richard II and the Invention of the Pocket Handkerchief’, Albion, 27 (1995), 221–35. For court culture, Gervase Mathew, The Court of Richard II (London 1968). For the Wilton Diptych, Dillian Gordon, Making and Meaning: The Wilton Diptych (London 1993); The Regal Image of Richard II and the Wilton Diptych, ed. Dillian Gordon, Caroline Barron and others (London 1997), and Shelagh Mitchell, ‘Richard II and the Broomscod Collar: New Evidence from the Issue Rolls’, Fourteenth Century England II, ed. Chris Given-Wilson (Woodbridge 2002), pp. 171–80. For the atmosphere at court, Nigel Saul, ‘Richard II and the Vocabulary of Kingship’, English Historical Review, 110 (1995), 854–77. For Richard in Ireland, James L. Gillespie, ‘Richard II: King of Battles’, in The Age of Richard II, ed. Gillespie (Sutton 1997), pp. 139–64. For the coronation oil, J.W. McKenna, ‘The Coronation Oil of the Yorkist Kings’, English Historical Review, 82 (1967), 102–4. For Henry IV’s Accession, Henry IV: The Establishment of the Regime, 1399–1406, ed. Gwilym Dodd and Douglas Biggs (Woodbridg
e 2003). For the Welsh, R.R. Davies, The Revolt of Owain Glyn Dwr (Oxford 1995). For the Scrope rebellion, Peter McNiven, ‘The Betrayal of Archbishop Scrope’, Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library, 54 (1971–72), 173–213. For Henry V, in addition to Allmand’s magnificent biography, see the collection of essays ed. Gerald L. Harriss, Henry V: The Practice of Kingship (Oxford 1985), and the contemporary life of the King, the Gesta Henrici Quinti: The Deeds of Henry the Fifth, ed. Frank Taylor and J.S. Roskell (Oxford 1975). For the Lollard knights, besides McFarlane, Lancastrian Kings, see Peter McNiven, Heresy and Politics in the Reign of Henry V: The Burning of John Badby (Woodbridge 1987). For the Agincourt campaign, Anne Curry, The Battle of Agincourt, 1415 (Stroud 2000); Curry, Agincourt: A New History (Stroud 2005); Juliet Barker, Agincourt: The King, the Campaign, the Battle (London 2005). The briefer account by John Keegan, The Face of Battle, 2nd edn (London 2004) retains its value, with splendid surrounding detail by Ian Mortimer, 1415: Henry V’s Year of Glory (London 2009). For the ensuing conquest of Normandy, Juliet Barker, Conquest: The English Kingdom of France 1417–1450 (London 2009); C.T. Allmand, Lancastrian Normandy, 1415–1450 (Oxford 1983). For the profits of war, K.B. McFarlane, ‘The Investment of Sir John Fastolf’s Profits of War’, Transactions of the Royal History Society, 5th series 7 (1957), 91–116. For the end of the alien houses, D.J.A. Matthew, The Norman Monasteries and their English Possessions (Oxford 1962). For Christ’s foreskin, Nicholas Vincent, The Holy Blood (Cambridge 2001). For the minority of Henry VI, John Watts, Henry VI and the Politics of Kingship (Cambridge 1996). For Catherine of Valois and the Tudor marriage, Ralph A. Griffiths and Roger S. Thomas, The Making of the Tudor Dynasty, 2nd edn (Stroud 2005), and for the suggestions over the paternity of Edmund Tudor, Gerald Harriss, Cardinal Beaufort. For general remarks as to the evidential poverty and general uselessness of the fifteenth-century English aristocracy, see McFarlane, England in the Fifteenth Century (London 1981), and Colin Richmond, ‘Identity and Morality: Power and Politics During the Wars of the Roses’, in Power and Identity in the Middle Ages: Essays in Honour of Rees Davies, ed. H. Pryce and J. Watts (Oxford 2007), pp. 226–41. For the Southampton Plot, T.B. Pugh, Henry V and the Southampton Plot of 1415 (Southampton 1988). For the use of imagery and propaganda, J.W. McKenna, ‘Henry VI of England and the Dual Monarchy: Aspects of Royal Political Propaganda, 1422–32’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 28 (1965), 145–62. For Joan of Arc, the most recent biography is by Larissa J. Taylor, The Virgin Warrior: The Life and Death of Joan of Arc (London 2009). For Richard of York, P.A. Johnson, Duke Richard of York, 1411–1460 (Oxford 1988). For the trial of Duke Humphrey’s wife, R.A. Griffiths, ‘The Trial of Eleanor Cobham: An Episode in the Fall of Duke Humphrey of Gloucester’, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 51 (1969), 381–99. For Duke Humphrey as humanist, Alessandra Petrina, Cultural Politics in Fifteenth-Century England (Leiden 2004) and the exhibition catalogue, Duke Humfrey and English Humanism in the Fifteenth Century (Bodleian Library Oxford 1970). For the piety of Henry VI, Roger Lovatt, ‘A Collector of Apocryphal Anecdotes: John Blacman Revisited’, in Property and Politics: Essays in Later Medieval English History, ed. T. Pollard (Gloucester 1984), pp. 172–97. For his dynastic awareness, R.A. Griffiths, ‘The Sense of Dynasty in the Reign of Henry VI’, in Griffiths, King and Country: England and Wales in the Fifteenth Century (London 1991), pp. 83–101. For the Cade rebellion, I.M.W. Harvey, Jack Cade’s Rebellion of 1450 (Oxford 1991). For Talbot, A.J. Pollard, John Talbot and the War in France, 1427–1453 (London 1983). For Caxton, N.F. Blake, Caxton and His World (London 1969). For the Wars of the Roses, amongst a wealth of alternatives, see Christine Carpenter, The Wars of the Roses (Cambridge 1997). For George, Duke of Clarence, Michael A. Hicks, False, Fleeting, Perjur’d Clarence: George Duke of Clarence, 1449–78, 2nd edn (Bangor 1992), and for Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, Hicks, Warwick the Kingmaker (Oxford 1998). For the posthumous cult of Henry VI, Leigh Ann Craig, ‘Royalty, Virtue, and Adversity: The Cult of King Henry VI’, Albion, 35 (2003), 187–209. For Malory, illuminated by recent performances by the Royal Shakespeare Company, see P. J. C. Field, The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Malory (Cambridge 1993), with the Morte d’Arthur edited (by Janet Cowen) as a Penguin Classic. For alchemical interests at the court of Edward IV, Jonathan Hughes, Arthurian Myths and Alchemy: The Kingship of Edward IV (Stroud 2002). For Richard III, besides the standard biography by Charles Ross, see Rosemary Horrox, Richard III: A Study of Service (Cambridge 1989), with a wealth of illuminating detail by Colin Richmond, ‘1485 and All That, or What was Going on at the Battle of Bosworth?’, in Richard III: Loyalty, Lordship and Law, ed. P.W. Hammond (London 2000), pp. 199–242. For Bosworth, Michael Bennett, The Battle of Bosworth, 2nd edn (Stroud 1993). For the relocation of the battle site, readers are advised to keep an eye on cyberspace, meanwhile relying upon such reports as that at