by Bor, Daniel
225 Vegetative state . . . thalamus . . . pathways to the prefrontal cortex
S. Laureys et al., Restoration of thalamocortical connectivity after recovery from persistent vegetative state. Lancet, 2000.355 (9217): 1790–1791.
226 Rating scales, which standardize and quantify the diagnostic
C. Schnakers et al., Diagnostic accuracy of the vegetative and minimally conscious state: clinical consensus versus standardized neurobehavioral assessment. BioMedCentral Neurol, 2009. 9: 35.
227 Invalid . . . assume . . . no conscious life . . . completely paralyzed
M. M. Monti, S. Laureys, and A. M. Owen, The vegetative state. Brit Med J, 2010. 341: c3765.
227 One recent large-scale study . . . involved 41 patients
M. R. Coleman et al., Towards the routine use of brain imaging to aid the clinical diagnosis of disorders of consciousness. Brain, 2009. 132 (Pt 9): 2541–2552.
228 In 2006 with a twenty-three-year-old woman
A. M. Owen et al., Detecting awareness in the vegetative state. Science, 2006. 313(5792): 1402.
228 Normal, healthy controls performing the same imaginary tasks
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229 Owen . . . showed that only about 17 percent
M. M. Monti et al., Willful modulation of brain activity in disorders of consciousness. N Engl J Med, 2010. 3 62(7): 579–589.
229 Owen’s group . . . testing the use of EEG
D. Cruse et al., Bedside detection of awareness in the vegetative state: a cohort study. Lancet, 2011. 378(9808): 2088–2094.
229 This technique was later used on . . . a young Belgian man
Monti et al (2010), see above.
231 Davinia Fernandez-Espejo . . . relatively novel MRI scanning technique
D. Fernández-Espejo et al., Diffusion weighted imaging distinguishes the vegetative state from the minimally conscious state. NeuroImage, 2011. 54(1): 103–112.
231 Melanie Boly and colleagues were able to show
M. Boly et al., Preserved feedforward but impaired top-down processes in the vegetative state. Science, 2011. 332(6031): 858–862.
231 Another principled approach . . . uses the TMS-EEG technique
M. Massimini et al., A perturbational approach for evaluating the brain’s capacity for consciousness. Prog Brain Res, 2009. 177: 201–214.
232 Nicholas Schiff . . . deep brain stimulation
N. D. Schiff et al., Behavioural improvements with thalamic stimulation after severe traumatic brain injury. Nature, 2007. 448(7153): 600–603.
232 Raif Clauss . . . a common sleeping drug
R. Clauss and W. Nel, Drug induced arousal from the permanent vegetative state. NeuroRehabilitation, 2006. 21(1): 23–28.
233 Other research groups . . . shown that zolpidem . . . improve conscious
J. Whyte and R. Myers, Incidence of clinically significant responses to zolpidem among patients with disorders of consciousness: a preliminary placebo controlled trial. Am J Phys Med Rehab, 2009. 88(5): 410–4 18.
CHAPTER 8: CONSCIOUSNESS SQUEEZED, STRETCHED, AND SHRUNK
237 (WHO) estimates that up to a quarter of all people
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237 Loss to the economy due to mental illness
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239 Autistic children . . . improvements . . . behavioral intervention program
G. Dawson et al., Randomized, controlled trial of an intervention for toddlers with autism: the early start Denver Model. Pediatr, 2009. 125(1): e17–e23.
239 Autism . . . centrally defined . . . excessive richness of information
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239 Prominent figures . . . suffered from Asperger’s syndrome
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240 Give autistics the Raven’s matrices test . . . IQ jumps
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240 Superior abilities in . . . perceptual and analytical areas
Mottron et al (2006), see above.
240 Autism is the opposite of schizophrenia
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241 Small range of superior skills that autistic people adopt
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241 “. . . [N]umerical comfort blanket”
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242 Autistic people have an imbalance of these chemicals
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242 Arbaclofen acts to restore this balance
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244 Sleep deprivation . . . consistently fatal
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244 Sleep . . . a key ingredient in effective learning and memory
M. P. Walker and R. Stickgold, Sleep-dependent learning and memory consolidation. Neuron, 2004. 44(1): 121–133.
244 Neurons . . . need a period of reduced activity to reset
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245 Rise of depression related to . . . severity of the breathing problems
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245 SAD . . . light therapy . . . raise alertness levels
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246 David Gozal . . . ADHD if they had sleep apnea
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246 REM sleep the next night increases to catch up
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246 Disturbance in REM sleep . . . depressives and schizophrenics
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246 Prefrontal parietal network . . . is . . . underactivated in ADHD
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246 Bipolar d
isorder . . . ties with sleep
D. T. Plante and J. W. Winkelman, Sleep disturbance in bipolar disorder: therapeutic implications. Am J Psychiatry, 2008. 165(7): 830–843.
247 Abnormalities in genetic and molecular processes that regulate sleep
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247 Coffee intake prevents suicide
I. Kawachi et al., A prospective study of coffee drinking and suicide in women. Arch Intern Med, 1996. 156(5): 521–525.
247 Increased coffee drinking . . . lower incidence of depression
M. Lucas et al., Coffee, caffeine, and risk of depression among women. Arch Intern Med, 2011. 171(17): 1571–1578.
247 Light therapy . . . help in all manner of psychiatric conditions
M. Terman, Evolving applications of light therapy. Sleep Med Rev, 2007. 11(6): 497–507.
248 Poorer quality sleep . . . impair[s] . . . working memory
M.-R. Steenari et al., Working memory and sleep in 6- to 13-year-old schoolchildren. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2003. 42(1): 85–92.
248 Michael Chee . . . lack of sleep . . . less efficient prefrontal parietal
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248 Robert Thomas . . . studying adults with sleep apnea
R. J. Thomas et al., Functional imaging of working memory in obstructive sleep-disordered breathing. J Appl Physiol, 2005. 98(6): 2226–223 4.
248 Light therapy . . . boosts . . . attention and working memory
Vandewalle et al (2009), see above.
248 ADHD children working memory . . . especially low
R. Martinussen et al., A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2005. 44(4): 377–384.
249 Baba Shiv . . . the difficult . . . number . . . likely to choose . . . cake
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249 Clear relationship . . . poor sleep and obesity
G. Hasler et al., The association between short sleep duration and obesity in young adults: a 13-year prospective study. Sleep, 2004. 27(4): 661–666.
249 Reduced working memory . . . psychological cause of [schizophrenic symptoms]
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249 Schizophrenics also have a dysfunctional prefrontal cortex
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250 Well subjects . . . Ritalin . . . prefrontal functions more efficiently
M. A. Mehta et al., Methylphenidate enhances working memory by modulating discrete frontal and parietal lobe regions in the human brain. J Neurosci, 2000. 20(6): RC65.
250 Ritalin . . . schizophrenics . . . create psychotic symptoms
D. S. Janowsky et al., Provocation of schizophrenic symptoms by intravenous administration of methylphenidate. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1973. 28(2): 185–191.
250 You actually need a medium amount of dopamine
S. Vijayraghavan et al., Inverted-U dopamine D1 receptor actions on prefrontal neurons engaged in working memory. Nat Neurosci, 2007. 10(3): 376–384.
251 Schizophrenics . . . deficient glutamate . . . knock-on effect on dopamine
M. Laruelle, L. S. Kegeles, and A. Abi-Dargham, Glutamate, dopamine, and schizophrenia. Ann NY Acad Sci, 2003. 1003(1): 138–158.
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251 Normal people, ketamine can . . . turn them into schizophrenics
P. C. Fletcher and G. D. Honey, Schizophrenia, ketamine and cannabis: evidence of overlapping memory deficits. Trends Cogn Sci, 2006. 10(4): 167–174.
251 Schizophrenics . . . ketamine . . . exacerbate all their symptoms
A. C. Lahti et al., Effects of ketamine in normal and schizophrenic volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacol, 2001. 25(4): 455–467.
252 About 40 percent of schizophrenics gain any benefit
S. Leucht et al., How effective are second-generation antipsychotic drugs? A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Mol Psychiatry, 2008. 14(4): 429–447.
252 67 percent of schizophrenic patients report [adverse side effects]
J. A. Lieberman et al., Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. New Engl J Med, 2005.353 (12): 1209–1223.
252 Anecdotal evidence . . . schizophrenics function better . . . never been prescribed
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252 Sandeep Patil . . . created a drug that targets
S. T. Patil et al., Activation of mGlu2/3 receptors as a new approach to treat schizophrenia: a randomized Phase 2 clinical trial. Nat Med, 2007. 13(9): 1102–1107.
253 Single genes . . . turned on or off . . . sections of DNA . . . change neurotransmitter function
F. Holsboer, How can we realize the promise of personalized antidepressant medicines? Nat Rev Neurosci, 2008. 9(8): 638–646.
254 Genes coding for dopamine and prefrontal function . . . psychiatric conditions
A. Meyer-Lindenberg and D. R. Weinberger, Intermediate phenotypes and genetic mechanisms of psychiatric disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci, 2006. 7(10): 818–827.
254 Genes . . . respond to SSRIs . . . pass the blood-brain barrier
Holsboer (2008), see above.
254 Novel brain-scanning . . . measure neurotransmitter changes
P. M. Matthews, G. D. Honey, and E. T. Bullmore, Applications of fMRI in translational medicine and clinical practice. Nat Rev Neurosci, 2006. 7(9): 732–744.
255 Healthy nonelderly people don’t gain any generalized improvement
A. M. Owen et al., Putting brain training to the test. Nature, 2010. 465(7299): 775–778.
255 Cognitive training is useful in staving off dementia
R. S. Wilson et al., Cognitive activity and the cognitive morbidity of Alzheimer disease. Neurol, 2010. 75(11): 990–996.
255 Torkel Klingberg . . . gave ADHD children . . . tasks to practice
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255 Training in the scanner . . . boost prefrontal parietal . . . activity
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255 Joni Holmes . . . compared . . . Ritalin . . . to working memory training
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255 Melissa Fisher . . . cognitive-training program . . . schizophrenic patients improved
M. Fisher et al., Neuroplasticity-based cognitive training in schizophrenia: an interim report on the effects 6 months later. Schizophr Bull, 2010. 36(4): 869–879.
256 Sylvia Nasar’s book
S. Nasar, A be
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257 Half-strangled prefrontal cortex can . . . suppress amygdala activity
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