by Arthur Allen
Poland’s accusations against, 273
postwar life of, 272–74, 290–92
Przybyłkiewicz and, 277, 279
publications of, 108
scientific foes of, 187–90
Weigl obituary by, 290
Weigl vaccine and, 188
Eyer, Peter, 172, 252–53, 274
facemasks, 28–29
facial hair:
fashions in, 16–17
forced shaving of, 100
facial swelling, 184
family doctor, 86–87
Farber, Sidney, 287
farmers, 143
fascism, 96
fashion industry as, 85
fatigue, 21
Faust (Goethe), 4, 9
Fejkel, Władisław, 215, 220
Felix, Arthur, 30–31, 185
fever, 21–22, 36–37
Field Information Agency Technical (FIAT) program, 265–66, 272
filthy environments, 89–91, 108
Final Solution, 118, 126, 141, 193, 218
Finkel, Adam, 53–54, 69–70, 171
fleas, 21
Fleck, Ernestyna Waldman, 138, 177–78, 256–57, 279–80, 292–93, 293, 297
Fleck, Ludwik, 3–6, 7–8, 10–12, 14–17, 53–59, 57, 83–92, 293
accusations against, 250, 294
as anti-Semitism target, 53, 56, 75–76
arrest of, 170, 177–78
at Auschwitz, 211–30, 258
and Balachowsky, 248–50
Buchenwald phase of, 230, 232–33, 240–47, 250–51, 258, 270
capo’s attack on, 214
courage of, 177–78, 287
creativity of, 284–85
female assistants of, 287, 292
Israel years of, 294–97
lectures of, 56–57, 84, 287
Lublin life of, 285–88
and Lwów team postwar, 280–82
Nazi period for, 138–40, 156–58, 167–70, 177–78, 211–30
Nuremberg testimony of, 271–72, 288
as philosopher of science, 3–4, 10–11, 54, 55–60, 76, 84–91, 241–45
postwar life of, 279–80, 284–88, 292–97
private Lwów lab of, 54, 76, 83, 224
as professor, 285, 287
secret police file of, 287
as sociologist of science, 58, 84–91, 238, 287
in Soviet occupation, 113
typhus research of, 7, 11–12, 14, 16, 36, 53–54, 156–58, 167–69, 212, 224
Warsaw years of, 292–94, 293
Fleck, Maurycy, 16
Fleck, Ryszard, 78, 138, 139, 177–78, 212–14, 227–28, 247, 256–59
postwar life of, 279–80
Fleckfieber, 20, 158
Fleck-Kessler, Henryka, 138–39
Fleck-Silber, Antonina, 138–39
flying squirrels, 300–301
Folkmann, Adolf, 170
food rations, 166, 173, 182, 206, 221, 232
for experimentees, 204–5
forced labor, 137, 181, 197, 218, 234–35, 256
formalin, 193, 224
formic acid, 187
France, 94, 105, 193, 248, 253, 280
health ministry of, 195
Nazi prosecution by, 266
Frank, Anne, 299
Frank, Hans, 3, 105, 119, 131, 140, 169, 175, 176
Frankfurt, 55, 94, 167
Frankfurt an der Oder, 257
Franz Josef, Emperor, 36
Freiburg, 252–53
Freising internment camp, 263–64
Freud, Sigmund, 55
Frostig, Jakob, 54–55
Fu Jen Catholic University, 66
fumigation, with hydrogen cyanide, 67
Fussgänger, Rudolf, 209–10
Gaertner, Henryk, 276
Galicia, 14–16, 46, 111, 134, 162, 176, 252, 265
Galileo, 241
Galiski, Tadeusz, 162
gangrene, 22, 66
gas chambers, 101, 137
gauleiter, 93
Gebauer, Fritz, 137
Generalgouvernement, 105–7, 114, 119–20, 133, 137–38, 142, 166, 176
health department of, 137–38, 175, 188
Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact (Fleck), 3–4, 76, 79, 83–91, 242, 296
book reviews of, 83–84
genetic shift, of pathogens, 61
genocide, 193
Genzken, Karl, 105, 192, 268, 271
Geomedizin, 89–92, 118, 120
German troops:
engineering battalions of, 181
letters home from, 185–86
manpower needs in, 220
retreat of, 180, 182, 220
state of health of, 204–5, 216
vaccination lacking among, 181
winter clothing for, 180–81
in World War I, 25–26
in World War II, 7, 23, 75, 95
see also Wehrmacht
Germany, 7, 9–11, 31, 33, 63
cities bombed in, 218
civilians in, 186
Polish invasion by, 95
postwar medicine in, 272
refugees post World War II in, 280, 281
scientists from, 195
typhus research in, 94–95, 187
see also Nazi Germany
germs, 11, 17, 21, 31, 36, 63, 203
identifying of, 56
Koch’s view of, 89
Gerstein, Kurt, 192, 264
Gestapo, 106, 108, 126, 139, 149, 154, 162, 165, 167, 173, 212, 218, 252
bunker of, 7, 200, 253–54
Fleck seized by, 177–79
headquarters of, 167
murder by, 154, 166
prisons of, 106, 107, 152
spies for, 169
tortures of, 138
ghettos, 5, 90, 96, 108, 137–42, 161, 164–66
German doctors in, 272
hospitals in, 138–39, 156–58, 166, 174
typhus and, 108, 117–19, 121–23, 139–42, 165, 166, 174, 187, 275
Gilchrist, Harry, 38–39
Gildemeister, Eugen, 175–76, 188–90, 194, 202, 271–72
Giroud, Paul, 193–94
Giroud vaccine, 194–95, 233, 238, 300
production process of, 239–40, 242
species used in, 239
Gleich, Perec, 130
Gleichschaltung, 93
Gleiwitz, 283
glucose, 205
Goebbels, Joseph, 174, 185–86
Goeth, Amon, 252
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 4, 9
Goethe oak, at Buchenwald, 8–10, 9, 12, 251
Gold, Ernest, 280
Gönczi, Imre, 227–28
Gönnert, Rudolf, 175, 203
Goodall, E. W., 40
Göring, Hermann, 119, 174
GPU, 130
Grabska, Stefania Skwarczyska, 162, 171
Grand Army, Napoleon’s, 24
Graves, Robert, 27
Grawitz, Ernst-Robert, 192, 220, 233
suicide of, 264, 268
Great Britain:
bombing of, 249
intelligence networks of, 248–49, 264, 266
scientists of, 266
great man theory of science, 58
Greens (criminals), in concentration camps, 197, 199, 205–6, 254
Gregg, Alan, 272
Groër, Franciszek, 55, 113, 132, 157, 170, 279–80
groupthink, 243–44
guinea pigs:
as food, 221
brains of, 239
typhus research with, 157–59, 172, 188, 239, 302
Guinness, Alec, 231
Gustloff-II factory, 8, 259
Gypsies, 224, 225
Haagen, Eugen, 94, 188–89
Haas, Richard, 175–77, 175, 202–3, 272
Habitus, 58
Habsburg Empire, 4, 20
attitude towards Jews in, 46, 53–54
cu
lture of, 49
Habsburg realm, 15–16
Haifa, 280
Hamburg, 11, 63
Hamburg Institute for Naval and Tropical Diseases, 28, 63–64, 94
Handloser, Siegfried, 184, 188–90, 268, 270–71
Hanover, 80
Harvard University, 25, 63
Hautval, Adelaide, 216–17
headache, 21, 185
head lice, 1–2, 13
diet of, 1
heartbeat, 21–22
Heidelberg University, 93
Herbert, Zbigniew, 136
Herschdörfer, Sabina, 16
Herzig, Anna, 97, 117, 161, 170, 278, 289
antagonism towards, 277
Hescheles, Henryk, 130
Hessel, Stéphane, 254, 256, 282
Hewlett-Packard, 50
Heydrich, Reinhard, 106
Highcastle (Lem), 47
Himmler, Heinrich, 79–80, 82, 101, 106, 118, 134, 141, 173, 196–98, 204, 207, 212, 218, 220, 233
Hippocratic oath, 269
Hirszfeld, Ludwik, 28, 41–42, 62, 64–65, 92, 121–22, 140–42, 156–57, 170, 173–74, 215, 272, 276
postwar life of, 284–85
Hitler, Adolf, 23, 77, 80, 109, 175, 180, 185, 186
personal physician of, 268
vaccine views of, 175, 191
Hitler Youth, 172
HIV, 17
Hoechst, 209–10
Holocaust, 4, 118, 141, 192
survivors of, 100, 110, 280
Home Army, 122, 126, 162–63, 165, 173
homosexuals, 100, 203
Hoover, Herbert, 38
Hornstein, Luisa, 108–9
horse chestnuts, 168
horse flesh, experiments with, 227–28
Höss, Rudolf, 215, 219–20
Hoven, Waldemar, 198–99, 202–3, 205, 232–34, 263–64, 268, 269, 271
human body parts, 228, 266
human experimentation, 62, 266–67, 269–70, 288
suffering in, 267
humanism, 60
human pathogens, 17
Hummelsheim, Walter, 237, 248–49
humor, 27, 163, 165, 217, 271
Hungarian Jews, 229
Hungary, 109
hunger edema, 182
Hutsuls, 45, 67
hydrogen cyanide, 67
Hygiene Institute, at Auschwitz, 209
identification papers, 126, 136, 154, 167–68, 169
IG Farben, 175, 186–90, 193–94, 208–9, 221, 271–72
postwar meeting at, 266
vaccine of, 188–90
Ilemnia, 44–45, 65–66
Weigl’s lab in, 45, 66
illegitimacy, in Nazi Germany, 80, 105
Illustrated Daily Courier (Kraków), 39
immune systems, 21, 69, 157, 168
of rabbits, 239
immunity, 20, 62, 69, 107, 192, 204
immunoglobulin, 216
immunological defense, of Nazi soldiers, 11
immunology, 4, 171
incontinence, 21
Indignez-vous (Hessel), 256
informants, 125–26
Insatiability (Witkiewicz), 60
insecticide powders, 186
insects:
as disease carriers, 90
as experimental animals, 20
instincts, 134
Institute for Experimental Therapy, 94
Institute for Maritime and Tropical Diseases, 25, 89, 94, 269
intelligence agencies:
of British and French, 248, 264
of U.S., 264, 266
International Military Tribunal, 248, 265
intuition, in diagnosis, 57–58
Ipek, 29
Iron Curtain, 35, 288
Israel, 4, 283, 294–97
Italy, Italians, 95–96, 106
Ivy, Andrew C., 266–67
Jagiellonian University, 36, 106
arrest of professors at, 106, 131
Weigl at, 275–77
Jahn, Alfred, 160
jail fever, 24
Janowska camp, 137, 139, 153, 169
vaccine testing at, 168–69
Jaworow, 66
Jellinek, Willy, 234, 240–42
Jewish Medical Society of Lwów, 76, 84
Jewish militia, 130
Jews:
as academics, 41, 50, 51, 53, 56, 84
of assimilated culture, 41, 73, 75–77, 111, 116, 130, 171
college quotas against, 75
cultural expression of, 74–75
of Eastern Europe, 90, 138
of Galicia, 15–16
hygiene of, 40, 90–91, 100–101, 108, 118–20, 118
interwar period for, 74–77
of Lwów, 46, 47, 48, 72–76, 108–14, 116, 122, 126–31, 283
Nazi view of, 5, 90–91, 93, 118–20, 192
as plague, 90–91
pogroms against, 34–35, 38, 46, 72–73, 128–31
Polish relations with, 72–77, 83
religious groups of, 48, 67, 73, 116, 128
in Russian Revolution, 34–35, 38–39
self-defense groups of, 75–76
Soviet deportation of, 110–11
in World War I, 15, 38
see also anti-Semitism
John Paul II, Pope, 131, 289
Joint Distribution Committee, 34–35
Journal of Irreproducible Results, 295
JR Geigy AG, 186
Kafka, Franz, 91
Kampf den Seuchen: Deutsche Ärzte-Einsatz im Osten, 120
Kant, Immanuel, 82
Karski, Jan, 163
Kassel area, 281
Katyn forest, 116
Katzmann, Fritz, 134–35, 176, 252, 265
Kazakhstan, 111, 112
Kazan area, 34
kerosene, 29
Kharkov, 114
Khrushchev, Nikita, 3, 114, 283
kibbutz, 280
Kiev, 32, 34–35, 114, 149, 192
killed-typhus vaccine, 193
Kirrmann, Albert, 197, 247
Klein, Marc, 225, 228
Klimov (char.), 24
Klingberg, Markus, 296–97
Knaster, Bronisław, 50, 148–50, 230
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Gregory, 98
Koch, Ilse (the Bitch of Buchenwald), 198–99
Koch, Karl-Otto, 198–200
Koch, Robert, 31, 89, 94
Kochian logic, 87
Kogon, Eugen, 207, 233, 234, 235–37, 240–42, 250, 253, 258–59, 263–64, 268, 270
Ding described by, 240, 258, 262–63
postwar life of, 281
Kohl, Helmut, 274
Kohn, Aleksander, 295–96
kok-saghyz project, 221–22
women in, 222
Kolchak, Alexander, 33
Kosiba, Aleksander, 150
Kraków, 15, 36, 105–8, 131, 138, 149, 166
ghetto of, 166
postwar life in, 280, 284
typhus facility at, 106–8, 165–66, 187–90, 246, 252, 273
underground university of, 131
Weigl in, 275–79
Krämer, Walter, 200
Kreutz, Mieczysław, 150
Kreuzfuchs, Siegmund, 104–5, 263
Kroll, Werner, 120
Krocienko, 275
Kryski, Stefan, 117, 128–29, 231, 288
Krzemieniewski, Helena, 149–50
Krzemieniewski, Seweryn, 149–50
Kudicke, Robert, 106–7, 122, 140–42, 167, 173–75, 271–72
Kuhn, Thomas, 4, 59, 296
Kurzrock, Maksymilian, 138, 167, 168, 169
Lagerälteste, 197
Landau, Léon, 227
Landesberg, Markus, 75
Langbein, Hermann, 218–20
Wirths and, 219–20, 235
Laokoon chemical factory, 158, 168, 177, 241, 286
Laroche-Beaulieu, 194
latent infections, 18
>
latex, 221–22
Lauseto, 186
League of Nations Health Organization, 41, 114
leftists, 197
Leipzig, 79, 81
Lekczyska, Jadwiga, 230
Lem, Stanisław, 47
Lemberg, 14, 139, 174
Lenartowicz, Jan, 54
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 13, 31–35
Leningrad, 114
leptospirosis, 295
Lettich, André, 227
leukergy, 124, 285–96
leukocytes, 286
Leverkusen, 210
Levi, Primo, 221
Levin, Meyer, 260
Lewin, Ezekiel, 129–30
Lewin, Jakub, 225
lice, see body lice; delousing; head lice
lice farm, 202
lice feeders, 69–70, 70, 107–8, 136, 143–45, 143, 144, 148–53, 151, 159–64, 166, 171, 176, 202, 230–31, 252, 274–75
of typhus-infected lice, 143–44
Liebehenschel, Arthur, 220
Linnaeus, Carl, 39
Lister Institute, 25
Löffler bacilli, 86
logic, in medicine, 58
Łomnicki, Antoni, 147–48
London War Office, 265
looting, 132, 213, 220
“Louse Theater,” 70
lousiness, 13, 18, 26, 32, 180–82, 187
Löwy, Ilana, 60
Lublin, 279–80, 284–87, 292
Marie-Curie University in, 285
Luftwaffe, 8, 120, 188–89
Lukasiewicz, Jan, 50
lungs, animal, in vaccines, 194, 204, 233, 237–39, 240, 244–47, 270, 281
Lwów (Lviv), 1–3, 5, 6, 14, 15, 39–40, 42–56, 84, 188, 275, 277, 302
antifascist movement in, 76
anti-Jewish laws of, 128
archery association of, 77
Botanical Garden of, 71, 116, 172
bourgeois life in, 42–45, 51
cafe culture in, 45, 47, 49–54, 73, 149
campus anti-Semitism in, 75
Catholic Seminary in, 164
Citadel of, 139–40
ethnic conflict in, 74, 128
General Hospital of, 54
ghettos in, 137–40, 157–59, 167–70, 177
golden age of, 42, 50–52
history, architecture of, 45–50
Institute for Typhus and Viral Research in, 136, 139, 189, 290, 300
Jan Kasimir University of, 131–32
Jewish Lazarus Hospital in, 138
medical community of, 138, 158
Mother and Child Hospital in, 113, 157
as multiethnic crossroads, 45–49, 73–74, 112–13
murder campaign in, 169
Nazi occupation of, 109, 125–40, 143–78, 272
nostalgia for, 47–53
oil industry of, 47, 52, 126
pogroms in, 46, 72–73, 128–31, 129
Polytechnic of, 116, 131–32, 147, 153
postwar life in, 275, 277, 279, 282, 283–84
professionals in, 75, 131–32
riots in, 73–74
Sanitation and Bacteriological Laboratory in, 113
Social Security Hospital of, 55, 76
Soviet occupation of, 110–17, 111, 125–27, 131
as Ukrainian city, 283–84
