Ike and McCarthy
Page 36
34. “The Nation,” The New York Times, Aug. 30, 1953; DDE to Sidney Richardson, Aug. 8, 1953, DDEP, no. 379.
35. W. H. Lawrence, “U. S. Lacks Evidence Soviet Can Deliver a Hydrogen Bomb,” The New York Times, Aug. 21, 1953. There are numerous books on the Iranian coup, which remains highly controversial. For a firsthand account by a CIA agent, see Kermit Roosevelt, Counter Coup: The Struggle for Control of Iran (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979).
36. Shanley diary, Aug. 24, 1953, BSP, B2, V (3), 1167, DDEPL.
37. Kieve diary, Aug. 17, 1953. According to Irwin F. Gellman, Richard Nixon’s March 1976 unpublished memoirs at the Nixon Library in Yorba Linda, CA, describe cabinet meetings where Wilson sat next to Eisenhower and smoked; Sherman Adams, interviewed by Michael Birkner, OH-539, DDEPL; Adams’s interview with Herbert Parmet confirms Eisenhower’s attitude, resulting in Adams limiting Wilson’s access “because Eisenhower didn’t want to see him,” OH-523, DDEPL.
38. DDE to Wilson, Aug. 24, 1953, DDEP, no. 394.
39. “U. S. Policy Aide Named,” The New York Times, Sept. 2, 1953; “Seaton to Do His ‘Best,’ ” The New York Times, Sept. 4, 1953; Anthony Leviero, “Eisenhower Sets Up Unit to Implement Security Strategy,” The New York Times, Sept. 4, 1953.
40. “Legion Is Warned on Defense Lags,” The New York Times, Aug. 29, 1953.
41. Hearing, Aug. 31, 1953, Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations, 83rd Congress, vol. 2, US Senate website.
42. Peter Kihss, “M’Carthy Accuses 2 Army Employees,” The New York Times, Sept. 1, 1953.
43. Peter Kihss, “M’Carthy ‘Orders’ Army Bare Files,” The New York Times, Sept. 2, 1953; “Orders Still in Effect,” The New York Times, Sept. 3, 1953; Kihss, “Army Won’t Give Data to M’Carthy,” The New York Times, Sept. 4, 1953; “First Army Denies Data to McCarthy, The Washington Post, Sept. 4, 1953; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 73–74.
CHAPTER 4: THE SECRETARY AND THE SENATOR
1. Lodge to the President, Feb. 23, 1954, HCLP, Lodge-Eisenhower Correspondence, 1950–55, Reel 28, MHS; Lodge, phone call to Stevens, Feb. 24, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, Lucas (2), DDEPL.
2. Emmet John Hughes diary, July 16, 1953, SGMML; Eisenhower comment, recorded in Shanley diary, approx. March 20, 1953, BSP, B1, IV (3), 743.
3. Michael J. Birkner, “Eisenhower and the Red Menace,” Prologue, Fall 2001, 202; William Bragg Ewald, Jr., Who Killed Joe McCarthy? (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984), 3; John Adams maintains that in mid-August—more likely the first week in September—Secretary of the Army Robert Stevens, on vacation at his ranch in Montana, had heard that McCarthy was concerned about subversion at Fort Monmouth and rushed to the nearest telegraph office and wired McCarthy, John G. Adams, Without Precedent: The Story of the Death of McCarthyism (New York: Norton, 1983), 46–47.
4. “Stevens Ready to Aid M’Carthy,” The New York Times, Sept. 8, 1953; “Stevens to Consult McCarthy,” The Washington Post, Sept. 8, 1953.
5. Brownell interview with Ed Edwin, OH-157, no. 3, DDEPL.
6. Telephone Notes, Sept. 8, 1953, FASP, Eyes Only, B8, Secretary of the Army (9); Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 80; Trussel, “Stevens Will Review McCarthy’s Demand,” The New York Times, Sept. 9, 1953.
7. Rogers to Stevens, Sept. 9, 1953, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, Lucas (1); Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 80–81.
8. Hensel to Stevens, Sept. 10, 1953, FASP, Eyes Only, B5, Pike; B8, Telephone Notes, DDEPL; Seaton notes in Sherman Adams Papers, B10, McCarthy Hearings Memoranda, Dartmouth College.
9. C. P. Trussell, “M’Carthy Attacks Army’s Document,” The New York Times, Sept. 10, 1953; “Sees Pattern Repeated,” The New York Times, Sept. 12, 1953; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 82.
10. C. P. Trussell, “McCarthy Broke Security,” The New York Times, Sept. 12, 1953; Stevens to Ridgway, Sept. 12, 1953, FASP, Eyes Only, B8, Telephone notes, Secretary of Army (9); Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 82.
11. Telephone Notes, Sept. 8, 1953, FASP, Eyes Only, B8, Secretary of the Army (9); C. P. Trussell, “Stevens Will Review McCarthy’s Demand,” The New York Times, Sept. 9, 1953; Grutzner, “Army Drops Clerk,” The New York Times, Sept. 17, 1953; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 74, 80.
12. Bishop, Memorandum for the Record, Sept. 14, 1953, FASP, Eyes Only, B6, Memos to McCarthy Subcommittee Investigation.
13. Telephone Notes, Secretary of the Army, Sept. 17, 1953, FASP, Eyes Only, B8 (10); Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 85.
14. “Seaton Sworn In,” The New York Times, Sept. 16, 1953; Gladys Seaton interview, Oct. 17, 1974, OH-390, DDEPL; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 82–83, 230; Adams, Without Precedent, 59.
15. Adams, Without Precedent, 50. On September 18, Secretary Stevens phoned John Adams and formally asked him to serve as the army’s counsel. A businessman with his law degree from the University of South Dakota, Adams had come to Washington as a clerk for the Senate Committee on Armed Services. In 1949, he had joined the Department of Defense as assistant general counsel to H. Struve Hensel. He would begin his new position on Monday, September 28; Michael S. Mayer, Presidential Profiles: The Eisenhower Years (Facts on File, 2010), 4.
16. Stevens to Seaton, Sept. 17, 1953, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, Lucas (1); Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 83–85.
17. “Eisenhower Back at Capital,” The New York Times, Sept. 20, 1953.
18. Telephone Notes, Secretary of the Army, Sept. 21, 1953, FASP, Eyes Only, B8 (10); “M’Carthy Charges Reds Duped Army,” The New York Times, Sept. 22, 1953.
19. DDE, Address, “Forward to ’54” dinner, Sept. 21, 1953, PPP.
20. “M’Carthy Marries Former Staff Aide,” The New York Times, Sept. 30, 1953; John Adams incorrectly notes the wedding as taking place on August 30, Adams, Without Precedent, 47; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 89; DDE, News Conference, Sept. 30, 1953, PPP.
21. Cabinet, Oct. 2, 1953, WHO-OSS Minnich, B1, Misc.—H, EL.
22. Roosevelt to Milton Eisenhower, n.d. (Oct. 1953), DDE to Milton, Oct. 9, 1953, Name Series, B12, Milton Eisenhower, 1952–53 (2–3), DDEPL, and DDEP, no. 460.
23. Harlow to DDE, Oct. 26, 1953, Name Series, B12, Milton Eisenhower, 1952–53 (2), DDEPL.
24. Stevens to Lawton, Oct. 2, 1953, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, Lucas (1); Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 90–91.
25. “Signal Corps Aides Relieved by Army,” The New York Times, Oct. 7, 1953; “Senate Unit Queries Ft. Monmouth Aides,” The New York Times, Oct. 9, 1953; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 91–92.
26. “Spying Is Charged at Fort Monmouth,” The New York Times, Oct. 13, 1953; Adams, Without Precedent, 53.
27. Ranzal, “Army Radar Data Reported Missing,” The New York Times, Oct. 14, 1953; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 92, 98–99; Adams, Without Precedent, 64–66; “Radar Spy Data Awaited,” The New York Times, Oct. 22, 1953; Stetson, “M’Carthy Charges Soviets Got Secrets,” The New York Times, Oct. 23, 1953; “Red Scientists Got Secrets,” The Washington Post, Oct. 23, 1953; McCarthy told the press that the alleged scientist who provided the tape recording was actually thirty years of age, not nineteen.
28. Shanley diary, Oct. 13, 1953, BSP, B2, VI (1), 1196; Press release, Executive Order 10491, signed Oct. 13, released Oct. 14, 1953, Gerald D. Morgan Files, B7, Security Program (2).
29. Ranzal, “Five More Army Radar Aides Suspended,” The New York Times, Oct. 15, 1953; “Rosenberg Called Radar Spy Leader,” The New York Times, Oct. 16, 1953.
30. “Army Denies Tampering,” The New York Times, Oct. 17, 1953; Johnson to Stevens, Oct. 16, 1953, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, Lucas (1).
31. Ranzal, “Radar Witness Breaks Down,” The New York Times, Oct. 17, 1953; Adams, Without Precedent, 53–56; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 94.
32. Stevens to Hoover, Oct. 19, 1953, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, Lucas; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 95; Conklin, “Espionage in Signal Corps for 10 Years Is Charged,” The New York Times, Oct. 18, 195
3.
33. Adams to Hensel, March 24, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B5, G. David Schine Case (3); this memorandum of the October 20 trip to Monmouth was written by Adams in preparation for the 1954 Army McCarthy hearings; Adams, Without Precedent, 74–76; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 97.
34. Conklin, “More than 12 Out in Radar Spy Case,” The New York Times, Oct. 21, 1953.
35. Stevens to Schine, Oct. 21, 1953, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, Stevens’ Calls; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 97–98; Adams, Without Precedent, 58–59.
36. Cohn to Stevens, Oct. 27, 1953, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, Stevens’ calls; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 99–100.
37. Stevens to Cohn, Oct. 28, 1953, FASP, Eyes Only, B9, Tel. Notes, Secretary of Army (11).
38. Seaton to Stevens, Oct. 28, 1953, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, Lucas (2); Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 100–2.
39. Adams to Stevens, Oct. 30, 1953, FASP, Eyes Only, B5, Justice Department Position on Loyalty Boards before Congressional Committees; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 102.
40. Cabinet Meeting, Oct. 30, 1953, Cabinet Series, B2, DDEPL; WHOSS, B1, C-8 (2); Shanley diary, BSP, B2, VI (2), 1251.
41. Adams to Stevens, Oct. 30, 1953, FAS Eyes Only, B4, Lucas, EL.
42. William Conklin, “Monmouth Figure Linked to Hiss Ring,” The New York Times, Oct. 27, 1953; Adams, Without Precedent, 71–74.
43. M’Carthy Asks Unity,” The New York Times, Oct. 22, 1953; “M’Carthy Attacks ‘Bleeding Hearts,’ ” The New York Times, Oct. 29, 1953.
CHAPTER 5: THE TURNING POINT
1. The “New Look” was formalized in National Security Council document 162/2, which Eisenhower approved on October 30, 1953; for a succinct summary of the policy, see the Miller Center, University of Virginia, website.
2. Herbert Brownell, Jr., Advising Ike: The Memoirs of Attorney General Herbert Brownell (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993), 236–37; William Bragg Ewald, Jr., Who Killed Joe McCarthy? (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984), 116–17.
3. Interview with Herbert Brownell, Jr., by Fred I. Greenstein, November 18, 1981, courtesy of John P. Burke, University of Vermont.
4. Lodge to DDE, March 6, 1954, HCLP, Lodge-Eisenhower Correspondence, 1950–55, Reel 28, MHS.
5. DDE to Brownell, Nov. 4, 1953, DDEP, no. 516. Daun van Ee summarizes the background of Eisenhower’s past war actions toward the Soviet Union, stating the general “had endorsed Soviet-American friendship societies during the war and had halted his troops at the Elbe in order to permit the USSR to occupy Berlin. He had traveled to Moscow in August 1945 for friendly meetings with Stalin and had given Marshal Georgy Zhukov almost every war reparation he had sought. In 1946, as Army Chief of Staff, Eisenhower had worked to cooperate with the Russians in trying to establish a combined United Nations force to police the world.” Confirmed via e-mail, March 31, 2015.
6. Executive Order 10501, Nov. 5, 1953, PPP; Anthony Leviero, “Eisenhower Issues New Security Code,” The New York Times, Nov. 7, 1953.
7. “Text of Brownell’s Remarks,” The New York Times, Nov. 7, 1953, and The Washington Post, Nov. 10, 1953; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 118–19; Kent, “Ex-President Accused of Promoting Red ‘Spy,’ ” The Washington Post, Nov. 7, 1953.
8. “Campaign on ‘Red Infiltration’ Issue,” The New York Times, Nov. 7, 1953; Paul Kennedy, “Brownell Charges on White,” The New York Times, Nov. 8, 1953; “Truman Bars ‘Further Comment,’ ” The New York Times, Nov. 9, 1953; W. H. Lawrence, “Byrnes Says Truman Read Report,” and “Texts of Statements by Byrnes and Brownell,” The New York Times, Nov. 10, 1953. Byrnes, the renegade Democrat who had broken with his party to support Eisenhower in 1952, had been Truman’s secretary of state when Harry Dexter White was in office. Byrnes described a meeting with Truman about the FBI report on White and said that the president had concluded that he could not withhold the commission for the position at the International Monetary Fund once a Senate committee had approved it. Brownell followed up on Byrnes’s account with an additional statement justifying his speech because “I believe that the American people are entitled to know these facts.”
9. Brownell, Advising Ike, 239; ACW diary, approx. Nov. 7, 1953, B1 (3), DDEPL; Childs, “Revival of White Case,” The Washington Post, Nov. 11, 1953; Arthur Krock, “In the Nation,” The New York Times, Nov. 12, 1953; author interview with Ann Brownell Sloane, March 20, 2014.
10. “The Case of H. D. White,” The New York Times, Nov. 10, 1953.
11. W. H. Lawrence, “Truman, Byrnes Subpoenaed,” The New York Times, Nov. 11, 1953; “A Smiling Truman Accepts Subpoena,” The New York Times, Nov. 11, 1953; “Text of Truman Talk,” The New York Times, Nov. 11, 1953; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 120–21.
12. W. H. Lawrence, “G. O. P. Chiefs Criticize Velde,” and “Text of Brownell Statement,” The New York Times, Nov. 12, 1953.
13. Herbert Brownell, Jr., interview with Fred I. Greenstein, Nov. 18, 1981, courtesy of John P. Burke, University of Vermont.
14. DDE, News Conference, Nov. 11, 1953, PPP; Robert Albright, “Ike Frowns on Subpoena for Truman,” The Washington Post, Nov. 12, 1953; Irwin F. Gellman, The President and the Apprentice: Eisenhower and Nixon, 1952–1961 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015), 100.
15. Reston, “Patriotism Backed,” The New York Times, Nov. 12, 1953; Brownell, Advising Ike, 241, 301; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 121–22.
16. Cabinet Meeting, Nov. 12, 1953, WHOSS, Cabinet Series; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 122.
17. James Reston, “All Lose in White Case,” The New York Times, Nov. 13, 1953; Reston, “Mr. Brownell Shifts the Indictment,” The New York Times, Nov. 15, 1953.
18. Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years: Mandate for Change (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1963), 315.
19. Milton Bracker, “Truman Rejects Subpoena,” The New York Times, Nov. 13, 1953; W. H. Lawrence, “Senators to Hear Brownell Tuesday,” The New York Times, Nov. 14, 1953; Bracker, “Truman Will Give White Case ‘Facts,’ ” The New York Times, Nov. 15, 1953; Lawrence, “Truman Expected to Assert Tonight He Set Trap,” The New York Times, Nov. 16, 1953; “Campaign on ‘Red Infiltration’ Issue,” The New York Times, Nov. 7, 1953; “McCarthy Criticizes Truman,” The New York Times, Nov. 15, 1953; Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (New York: Doubleday, 1949), 287.
20. “Text of Address by Truman” and W. H. Lawrence, “Address to Nation,” The New York Times, Nov. 17, 1953; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 123–24.
21. James Reston, “Hoover Star in Hearing,” The New York Times, Nov. 18, 1953.
22. Clayton Knowles, “Hall Asserts G. O. P. Views Communism as Big 1954 Issue,” The New York Times, Nov. 16, 1953; Lodge to DDE, Nov. 16, 1953, HCLP, Lodge-Eisenhower Correspondence, 1950–55, Reel 28.
23. DDE, News Conference, Nov. 18, 1953, PPP; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 126–27.
24. “Army Refuses Comment,” The New York Times, Nov. 2, 1953; J. Adams to S. Adams, Feb. 16, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, Efforts on Behalf of Schine; John G. Adams, Without Precedent: The Story of the Death of McCarthyism (New York: Norton, 1983), 76–77; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 119.
25. McCarthy to Stevens, Nov. 7, 1953, FASP, Eyes Only, B6, “Worknotes & Memos” (2); Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 119–20; This is William Ewald’s version of this conversation, although the typed transcript at DDEPL leaves out the Waldorf reference; Ewald probably found the full quote in the difficult-to-read handwritten transcript. In his report to Sherman Adams on Feb. 16, 1954, John Adams reported other times that McCarthy privately expressed irritation about Schine but asked Adams not to tell Cohn, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, Chronology of Efforts for Schine.
26. J. Adams to S. Adams, Feb. 16, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, Efforts on Behalf of Schine; these documents include a detailed breakdown of the passes granted to Schine between Nov. 10, 1953, and Jan. 16, 1954; “Army Drafts Schine, The Washington Post, Nov. 5, 1953; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 115; J. Adams, Without Pre
cedent, 83.
27. “No Spies Found at Monmouth,” The New York Times, Nov. 14, 1954; “M’Carthy to Press Monmouth Inquiry,” The New York Times, Nov. 15, 1953; J. Adams, Without Precedent, 78.
28. J. Adams, Without Precedent, 78–80; Conklin, “Stevens, M’Carthy Trade Spy Views,” The New York Times, Nov. 18, 1953; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 125.
29. President’s Remarks, B’nai B’rith Dinner, Nov. 23, 1953, PPP; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 132–33.
30. “Text of McCarthy’s Speech,” “M’Carthy Accuses Truman in Reply,” and “McCarthy Strikes Back at Truman,” The Washington Post, Nov. 25, 1953; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 133–34.
31. “Eisenhower and Truman Miss Broadcast” and Article I—No Title, The New York Times, Nov. 25, 1953; CD Jackson to Adams, Nov. 25, 1953, CDJP, B28, Governor Adams (2); Jackson Log, Nov. 27, 1953, CDJP, B68 (5); James Reston, “Eisenhower Staff Interprets McCarthy Speech,” The New York Times, Nov. 26, 1953; Brownell, interview with Ed Edwin, no. 3, OH-157, DDEPL; Joseph Alsop, “Matter of Fact,” and Roscoe Drummond, “The McCarthy Speech,” The Washington Post, Nov. 27, 1953.
32. Jackson Log, Nov. 27, 1953, CDJP, B68 (5); Morris, “Eisenhowers Plan a Quiet Holiday,” The New York Times, Nov. 26, 1953; DDE to JFD, Nov. 27, 1953, JFDP, Tel. Call Series, B10 (1); also in DDE diary, Nov. 27, 1953, Phone Calls, B5 (1), DDEPL.
33. Jackson log, Nov. 28–29, 1953, CDJP, B68 (5).
34. Jackson log, Nov. 30, 1954, CDJP, B68 (5); Shanley diary, Nov. 30, 1953, BSP, B2 VI (2), 1310–15; Robert Kieve diary, Nov. 30, 1953, provided to the author by Kieve; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, pp. 140–46, provides detail and biographical information on the participants.
35. Jackson to JFD, Dec. 1, 1953, JFDP, Tel. Call Series, B10, White House (1); James Reston, “Dulles Proclaims M’Carthy Is Wrong,” The New York Times, Dec. 1, 1953.
36. Reston, “Dulles Proclaims M’Carthy Is Wrong”; Chalmers Roberts, “U.S. Policy Declared Jeopardized,” The Washington Post, Dec. 2, 1963; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 148.