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A Thousand Days

Page 132

by Arthur M. Schlesinger

], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; in election of 1956, [>]–[>]; and JFK speeches, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]; at 1960 Democratic National Convention, [>]; and campaign organization, [>], [>]; as Special Counsel, [>], [>], [>], [>]; and task forces, [>], [>], [>], [>]; and Bundy, [>]–[>]; background of, [>]–[>]; Berlin memo of, [>]; prepares Berlin speech draft, [>]; and Bowles, [>]; and nuclear testing, [>], [>], [>]; and disarmament policy, [>]; and UN, [>]; and domestic policy, [>], [>]; and emergency wage-price legislation, [>]; JFK to, on business, [>]; and tax reduction, [>]; Decision-Making in the White House, [>]; describes government meetings, [>]; and ExCom in Cuban missile crisis, [>], [>]; and JFK’s European trip, [>]; and test ban speech, [>]

  Sorensen, Thomas, [>]–[>]

  Souphanouvong, Prince, [>], [>]; as Minister of Economic Planning in Laos, [>]; role of, in coalition government, [>]

  South Africa, [>]–[>]; U.S. policy and apartheid, [>]–[>]; and arms embargo, [>]–[>]

  Southeast Asia, [>]–[>], [>]; Communism in, [>], [>], [>]; U.S. alliances in, [>], [>], [>]–[>]; and Hammarskjöld, [>]; Soviet influence in, [>]; Eisenhower policy in, [>]–[>]; LBJ tour of, [>]–[>]. See also under Kennedy, John Fitzgerald

  South-East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), [>], [>], [>]; and Dulles, [>]

  Southern Christian Leadership Conference, [>], [>]

  Southern Regional Council, [>]

  Souvanna Phouma, Prince, [>], [>]–[>]; and cold war, [>]; and neutralist regime, [>], [>]; and Phoumi, [>]; and Soviets, [>], [>]; Ormsby Gore on, [>]; considers, then cancels, Wàshington visit, [>]; de Gaulle supports idea of neutral coalition under, [>]; and Harriman, [>]; and Laotian independence, [>]; supports U.S. policy in South Vietnam, [>]

  Soviet Union, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]; foreign policy and Cuba, [>], [>], [>]; embassy questions U.S.-Latin America-Cuba policy, [>]; JFK approach to, [>]; as nuclear power, [>]. [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; and Laos, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]; threatens peace treaty with East Germany, [>]; and Berlin, [>], [>], [>], [>]; claims Communism will triumph, [>]–[>]; budget-watching, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]; resumes nuclear testing, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; and Geneva test ban talks, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]; and disarmament, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]; and super-bomb, [>], [>]; Macmillan’s appraisal of, [>]; JFK’s view of conflict with, [>]; and Belgrade meeting of neutrals, [>]; and Africa, [>], [>], [>]; reaction of, to JFK’s pluralistic world concept, [>]–[>]; and Latin America, [>]; and Jagan, [>], [>]; and Castro, [>], [>], [>]; installs nuclear missiles in Cuba, [>]–[>], [>], [>]; JFK’s view of crisis, [>]–[>]; diplomatic reaction of, to U.S. Cuban (missile crisis) policy, [>], [>]; U Thant urges suspension of arms shipment to Cuba by, [>]; and removal of missiles from Cuba, [>]–[>]; and U-2 surveillance of Cuba, [>]; and Western Europe, [>]–[>]; and post-crisis communications, [>]; economic and political changes in, [>]–[>]; and U Thant, [>]; and test ban treaty, [>], [>]; Harriman-Kaysen mission to, [>]–[>]; agricultural crisis, [>], [>]; U.S. sells wheat to, [>], [>]; monolithic unity in, [>]. See also Khrushchev, Nikita S.; Russo-Chinese relations

  Spaak, Paul-Henri, [>]; JFK to, on uncommitted nations, [>]; and Congo, [>]

  Space program, [>]; Soviet, [>], [>], [>], [>]; LBJ’s role in, [>]; proposed Russian-American cooperation in, [>], [>], [>]; and reciprocal aerial reconnaissance from satellites, [>]; UN Declaration of Legal Principles for Outer Space, [>]

  Spanish Civil War, JFK reflects upon, [>]

  Special Assistants, [>], [>], [>]; JFK’s regard for role of, [>]–[>]. See also Bundy; Dungan; Q’Brien; O’Donnell; Reardon; Reuter; Wiesner; Wofford

  Special Forces, U.S. Army, [>]–[>]

  Special Warfare Center, Fort Bragg, [>], [>]

  Spellman, Francis Cardinal, [>]; at Al Smith Dinner, [>]

  Spender, Stephen, [>]

  Spillane, Mickey, [>]

  Spingarn, Arthur B., [>]

  Spivak, Lawrence, [>], [>]

  Sputnik, [>], [>], [>]. See also Space program, Soviet

  Stahr, Elvis: Secretary of Army, [>]; as Rhodes Scholar, [>]

  Staley, Eugene, [>]

  Stalin, Joseph, [>], [>]; 1948 Berlin Blockade, [>]; and easing of tensions, [>]; Khrushchev’s indictment of, [>], [>]

  Stassen, Harold, [>]

  State, U.S. Department of, [>], [>], [>]–[>]; staffing problems, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; and Bowles, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]; and Stevenson Foreign Policy report, [>]–[>], [>]; and Latin America, [>], [>]–[>], [>]; and Bay of Pigs, [>], [>], [>], [>]; and Berlin crisis, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]; and reply to Khrushchev’s aide-mémoire on Berlin, [>]–[>], [>], [>]; reaction of, to Berlin Wall, [>]; JFK’s discontent with, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]; task force, [>]–[>]; effect of bureaucratization on, [>]–[>], [>]; FDR’s attitude toward, [>]; Harriman’s view of bureaucratic tangle in, [>], [>]; ‘rhetoric,’ [>]–[>]; JFK view of, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]; relationship with CIA, [>]–[>]; Neustadt on, [>]; role of Secretary in, [>], [>]; reorganization of, [>]–[>]; and disarmament agency, [>]–[>]; and nuclear matters, [>]; and Macmillan, [>]; and colonialism, [>]; and Laotian neutralization policy, [>]–[>]; and Red Chinese at Geneva, [>]; and Belgrade meeting of neutrals, [>], [>]; and Galbraith, [>]; and West New Guinea, [>]; and Vietnam, [>]; and Africa, [>], [>], [>]; and JFK’s Algerian speech, [>]; Policy Planning Council of, [>]; Bureau of Security and Consular Affairs, [>]; and Dominican crisis, [>]; and British Guiana, [>]; and President’s policy for Italy, [>]; and Harriman, [>]; and test ban treaty, [>]; and NASA request for Soviet-American moon shot, [>]

  Statement on Nuclear Defense Systems, [>]–[>]

  Steel and the Presidency (McConnell), [>] fn.

  Stein, Robert, [>]

  Steinbeck, John, [>]

  Stendahl (The Red and the Black), [>]

  Stem, Philip, [>], [>]; The Great Treasury Raid, [>] fn.

  Stevens, Thaddeus, [>]

  Stevenson, Adlai E., [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; Edward Kennedy on, [>]; Rayburn to, on JFK, [>]; in election of 1956, [>]–[>]; JFK’s opinion of, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; and liberals, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; and LBJ, [>]; pledges neutrality in 1960 election, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; and Democratic party, [>], [>]; as possible 1960 candidate, [>], [>]; at Los Angeles convention, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; Rayburn to, on LBJ, [>]–[>]; and foreign policy affairs, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]; and Democratic activists, [>]; in 1960 campaign, [>], [>]; calls JFK a “contemporary man,” [>]; re State appointment, [>]; and United Nations, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]; and Nitze, [>]; and Cuba, [>], [>]; and Berlin, [>], [>], [>]–[>]; and Graham, [>]; and Ball, [>]; and Bowles, [>]; and nuclear testing, [>]–[>]; and disarmament, [>]–[>], [>], [>]; to JFK on disarmament, [>]–[>], [>]; and China in UN, [>]; and uncommitted nations, [>], [>]–[>]; and Goa, [>]–[>]; and Wilson Wyatt, [>]; criticizes JFK’s Algerian speech, [>]; and Africa in UN, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; to Acheson on Afro-Asian policy, and Angola Resolution, [>]; JFK. to, on steel men, [>]; at Eleanor Roosevelt’s funeral, [>]; as orator, [>]; wit of, [>]; intelligence of, [>]; and Cuban missile crisis, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]; and quarantine policy, [>], [>], [>]; and UN presentation of missile crisis policy, [>]–[>], [>]; and security council debate, [>], [>]; and negotiations, planning for, [>]; and Alsop-Bartlett piece on Cuba, [>]–[>]; and civil rights, [>], [>]; harassment at UN Day meeting, Dallas, [>]

  Stewart, Allan, [>]

  Stewart, Gretchen, [>], [>]

  Stimson, Henry L., [>], [>]

  Stock market, [>]–[>], [>]

  Stone, Dewey, [>]

  Storke, Thomas, [>]

  Strategic Air Command (SAC), [>], [>]; vulnerability of in 1961, [>]; in Cuban missile crisis, [>]

  Strategic Bombing Survey, [>]

  Strategic hamlet program, [>]–[>], [>], [>]; reaction of newsmen to, [>]. See also Vietnam

  Strategy of Place, The (Kennedy), [>]–[>
], [>], [>]

  Strauss, Franz Joseph, [>]

  Strauss, Admiral Lewis, [>]–[>], [>]; and test ban treaty, [>], [>]

  Stravinsky, Igor, [>], [>]

  Stroessner, General Alfredo, [>], [>]; State Department policy toward, [>] fn.; and Alliance for Progress, [>]

  Struelens, Michael, [>], [>]

  Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), [>], [>]

  SUDENE, [>]

  Suez, [>]

  Sugar, Cuban, [>], [>]; U.S. suspension of balance of quota, [>]

  Sukarno, Achmed, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]; and CIA, [>]; and West New Guinea, [>]–[>]; and Robert Kennedy, [>]–[>]; and Federation of Malaysia, [>]–[>]

  Sullivan, William H., [>], [>]; ambassador to Laos, [>]

  Sully, François, [>]

  Sulzberger, Cyrus, [>], [>]

  “Summary of the Three-Year Kennedy Record and Digest of Major Accomplishments of the 87th Congress and the 88th Congress First Session,” [>] fn.

  Summit meetings, [>]; Paris, [>]–[>]; Vienna, [>]–[>]

  Sunday Times (London), [>], [>]–[>]; Literary Supplement article on Pentagon intellectuals, [>]

  Supreme Court, U.S., [>]; and school de-segregation, [>], [>]

  Surface-to-air anti-aircraft missiles. See SAMs

  Surrey, Stanley, [>]; and tax policy task force, [>]

  Sweezy, Paul, [>]

  Swidler, Joseph, [>]

  Symington, James, [>]

  Symington, Stuart, [>], [>], [>], [>]; in primaries (1960), [>]–[>], [>], [>]; and Stevenson, [>], [>]; as possible vice-presidential candidate, [>], [>], [>]; and Clark Clifford, [>]; heads task force on defense organization, [>]; and limited-war thesis, [>] fn.; and Indian aid, [>]

  Syria, [>]

  Szulc, Tad, [>]

  Taconic Foundation, [>]

  Taft, Robert A., [>], [>], [>]

  Taft, William Howard, [>], [>]

  Taft-Hartley Act, [>]

  Taiwan, [>], [>]

  Talbott, Phillips, [>]

  Tales of the South Pacific (Michener), [>]

  Talleyrand (Cooper), [>]

  Talmadge, Herman, [>]

  Tambroni, Fernando, [>]

  Tammany Hall, [>], [>]

  Tanganyika, [>]

  Tannenwald, Theodore, Jr., [>]

  Tariffs, [>]; and Common Market, [>]–[>]; and U.S. economic interests, [>]; and Reuss-Douglas amendment, [>]

  Task forces, [>]; in interregnum, [>]–[>], [>]; accomplishments of, [>]–[>]; in 1961, [>]–[>]. See also individual task forces

  Tate, Allen, [>]

  Tax policy task force, [>]

  Tax reform and reduction, [>], [>], [>] fn., [>], [>], [>]; and Galbraith, [>]–[>]; political difficulties of, [>]–[>]; JFK. promises comprehensive bill for, [>]; and Congress, [>]

  Taylor, A. J. P., [>]

  Taylor, Henry J., [>]–[>]; “Schlesinger Should Go,” [>]; JFK on, [>]

  Taylor, General Maxwell, [>], [>], [>], [>]; JFK chooses as personal adviser on military affairs, [>]; The Uncertain Trumpet, [>]; and counter-insurgency committee, [>]; and Berlin, [>], [>]; and nuclear testing, [>]; Vietnam mission with Rostow, [>]; proposes use of specialized troops in Vietnam, [>], [>]; and ExCom in Cuban missile crisis, [>]; and test ban treaty, [>], [>]; and Vietnam, [>], [>], [>]

  Television, [>], [>], [>]–[>]; JFK-Nixon Debates, [>]; and Minow, [>]; Robert Kennedy’s concern with, [>]; JFK appears on during Cuban missile crisis, [>]

  Teller, Dr. Edward, [>], [>]; and test ban, [>], [>]

  Test ban treaty, [>]–[>], [>]; Geneva, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; troika proposal, [>], [>], [>], [>]; JFK enthusiasm for, [>], [>], [>]–[>]; Khrushchev and JFK discuss at Vienna, [>]–[>], [>], [>]; inspection and control problems, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]. [>], [>]; moratorium, [>], [>], [>]; and Macmillan, [>], [>]; and Vannevar Bush, [>]; and disarmament, [>], [>], [>]; and Eisenhower policy, [>]–[>]; limited, [>], [>], [>]; public opposition to, [>]; and on-site inspection, [>]–[>]; and Kuznetsov, [>]–[>]; and Dean, [>]–[>]; JFK-Khrushchev correspondence re, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; and Dodd, [>], [>]; military and political opposition to, [>]; and Strauss, [>]; and JFK’s American University speech, [>]–[>]; negotiations for, [>]–[>]; and Kaysen, [>]–[>], [>]; and Harriman, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; Khrushchev offers limited, [>]–[>]; and Gromyko, [>]–[>]; withdrawal clause, [>], [>]; accession problem, [>], [>]; and China, [>], [>], [>]–[>]; and France, [>], [>]–[>]; and Congress, [>]–[>]; Moscovites’ reaction to signing, [>]; JFK view of signing, [>]; and general disarmament, [>]; and non-nuclear powers, [>]–[>]; and reduction of tension, [>]; and JFK’s popularity, [>]–[>]

  Texan Looks at Lyndon, A (Haley), [>] fn.

  Texas, [>]–[>]; Democratic party in, [>], [>]; harassment of Stevenson in, [>]–[>]; harassment of LBJ in (1960), [>]; Dallas described, [>]–[>]; impressions of European children of, [>] fn.

  Texas Observer, [>], [>] fn., [>] fn.

  Texas School Book Depository, [>]

  Textiles, [>]

  Thailand, [>], [>]; and SEATO, [>]; and Laos, [>]

  That Was The Week That Was (TV program), [>]

  Thomas, Albert, [>]

  Thomas, George, [>]

  Thomas, Hugh, [>]; on institutional softness of Cuba, [>]; “The Origins of the Cuban Revolution,” [>] fn.

  Thomas, Norman, [>]

  Thompson, Frank, [>]

  Thompson, Llewellyn, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]; favors JFK-Khrushchev meeting, [>]; Khrushchev to, on Laos, [>]; Khrushchev to, on Berlin, [>]; at Vienna summit meeting, [>], [>], [>]; attitude of, toward Berlin, [>]; and nuclear testing, [>], [>]; and ExCom in Cuban missile crisis, [>], [>]

  Thornberry, Homer, [>]

  Thorneycroft, Peter, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  Thurmond, Strom, [>]

  Tibet, [>]

  “Tides of National Politics” (Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr.), [>]

  Tillich, Paul, [>]

  Time, [>], [>], [>], [>] fn.; comments on Frente’s relation to U.S. government, [>]; on recruitment of Cuban freedom fighters, [>]; puts Heller on cover, [>]

  Times Herald, Dallas, [>]

  Timmons, Lane, [>]

  Titmuss, Richard, [>]

  Tito, Marshal (Josip Broz), [>], [>], [>]; reaction of, to assassination, [>]

  Tobin, James, [>]–[>]; as JFK’s economic conscience, [>]; and international payments, [>], [>]–[>]

  Togliatti, Palmira, [>]

  Touré, Sékou, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; admiration of, for JFK, [>]; and Castro, [>]; and Shriver, [>]; and Soviets, [>], [>], [>]; and Cuban missile crisis, [>]; reaction of, to assassination, [>]

  Tractors for Freedom Committee, [>]

  Trade, [>]; Trade Expansion Act, [>] fn., [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]; and Common Market, [>]

  Trade Agreements Act, [>]

  Transition (African magazine), [>]

  Travell, Dr. Janet, [>]–[>], [>]

  Treasury, U.S. Department of, [>], [>]; Neustadt’s suggestions for Secretar)’, [>]–[>]; as key to success of Presidency, [>]–[>]; staffing of, [>]; and Council of Economic Advisers, [>]–[>]; economic view of, [>], [>]–[>], [>]; and foreign securities, [>]; and FDR, [>]; and Latin America, [>]; and tax cut, [>]

  Treaty of Rome. See under European Common Market

  Tree, Marietta, [>]

  Triffin, Robert, [>], [>]; and international monetary reform, [>]

  Trilling, Diana, [>]

  Trinidad, [>], [>], [>]

  Trinity College, [>]–[>]

  Trueheart, William, [>], [>]

  Trujillo, Rafael, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; OAS sanctions against, [>]; assassination of, [>]

  Trujillo, Ramfis, [>]–[>]; and democratic opposition, [>]; U.S. policy toward, [>]

  Truman, Harry S, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; denounces JFK’s youth, [>]; as parliamentarian, [>]; as politician, [>]; experience during 1948 interregnum, [>]; visits JFK, [>]; and National Security Council, [>]; national defense during administration o
f, [>]; and Korean War, [>]; JFK consults before resumption of testing, [>]; Point Four Plan, [>]; and Marshall Plan, [>]; domestic policy, [>]; on White House, [>]; in Schlesinger, Sr., poll of presidential greatness, [>], [>]; at Eleanor Roosevelt’s funeral, [>]; on vice-presidential role, [>]; and the arts, [>]; civil defense measures, [>]; in congressional elections of 1962, [>]; and civil rights, [>], [>], [>]

  Tshombe, Moise, [>], [>]; Kitona agreement, [>]; collapse of resistance of, [>]

  Tuchman, Barbara, [>]

  Tugwell, Rexford B., [>], [>], [>] fn.; and Puerto Rico, [>]

  Tully, Grace, FDR, My Boss, [>]

  Tunisia, [>]; JFK letter to Bourguiba, [>]

  Turkey; and Jupiter missiles, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; removal of missiles from, [>]

  Twentieth Century Fund, [>], [>]

  Twenty-sixth of July movement (Castro), [>]; and Communists, [>]

  Tydings, Millard, [>]

  Tyler, William R., [>], [>]; at JFK-Macmillan meeting in Nassau, [>], [>]; and Italian policy, [>]; and test ban treaty negotiations, [>]

  Udall, Stewart, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; on JFK’s preoccupation with Berlin, [>]; The Quiet Crisis, [>], [>]; and the arts, [>]–[>]; visit to U.S.S.R., [>]

  Uganda, [>]; reaction of, to assassination, [>]

  Ugly American, The (Burdick), [>]

  Ulbricht, Walter, [>], [>]

  Uncertain Trumpet, The (Taylor), [>]

  Uncommitted nations. See Neutral nations

  Underdeveloped nations, [>], [>], [>], [>]; economic assistance to, [>], [>], [>]; and Bowles, [>], [>], [>]; Charles River economists’ analysis of, [>]–[>]; and land reform, [>]–[>]; military assistance to, [>]

  Unemployment, [>], [>]; post-election, [>]; and economic structuralists, [>]; and fiscal school economists, [>]; insurance, JFK urges extension of, [>], [>], [>] fn.; and inflation, [>]; JFK concern with problem of, [>]–[>]; and Negroes, [>], [>]. [>]; and JFK fiscal policy, [>], [>]–[>]; and automation, [>]

  Unión Cívica, [>]

  United Arab Republic, [>]

  United Auto Workers, [>]

  United Nations, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; and Stevenson, [>], [>], [>]; and Bay of Pigs, [>]–[>], [>], [>]; and Red China, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]; and Berlin, [>

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